The health of India's healthcare sector | Context India
Summary
TLDRContext India's final episode on the COVID-19 crisis in India examines the healthcare system's collapse during the second wave. It discusses the lack of public health investment, oxygen shortages, and the vaccine policy's challenges. The show features interviews with K. Sujata Rao, ex-Health Secretary, and BJP spokesperson Sudan Shu Mittal, debating India's preparedness and response. The episode concludes with pandemic-inspired music reflecting India's cultural resilience.
Takeaways
- 🏥 The Indian healthcare system faced a severe crisis during the second wave of COVID-19, with hospitals struggling due to a lack of oxygen and medical resources.
- 📉 Prior to the pandemic, India's healthcare system had weaknesses, including insufficient investment in public health and a heavy reliance on the private sector.
- 🌐 The Delta variant of the coronavirus significantly intensified the spread of COVID-19 in India, leading to a higher demand on healthcare resources than anticipated.
- 🛑 India's response to the first wave of COVID-19 included the world's largest lockdown, which helped contain case numbers but also contributed to complacency before the second wave.
- 💉 India has a robust vaccine manufacturing capacity, but domestic vaccination efforts were initially slow, and the second wave necessitated a halt in vaccine exports to meet domestic demand.
- 💼 There were missteps in India's vaccination policy, including the involvement of the private sector in vaccine administration, which led to underutilization due to cost concerns.
- 🚀 India's vaccination drive has since made significant progress, with 925 million doses administered by October 2021, and innovative measures like drone delivery to remote areas.
- 📉 The pandemic exposed the chronic underinvestment in India's healthcare system, with public financing of health remaining around 1% of GDP and high out-of-pocket spending.
- 🤝 There is a call for increased state funding in healthcare, with experts suggesting at least 3% of GDP should be allocated to public healthcare financing.
- 🎤 The script features pandemic-inspired music from Indian artists, showcasing the cultural response to the crisis.
- 🔮 While India's experience during the pandemic was devastating, there is optimism that lessons have been learned and the country is better prepared for future health challenges.
Q & A
What is the main focus of the 'Context India' series?
-The 'Context India' series focuses on delivering a considered analysis of India, its politics, and its people, with each episode examining a specific facet of the country's biggest crisis since independence, the COVID-19 pandemic.
What were the main issues in India's healthcare sector highlighted by the second wave of COVID-19?
-The main issues highlighted were insufficient investment in public healthcare, a severe shortage of oxygen in many parts of the country, and concerns regarding India's vaccine policy.
What is the significance of the delta variant in the context of India's second wave of COVID-19?
-The delta variant turbo-charged the spread of COVID-19 in India during the first half of 2021, contributing to the overwhelming pressure on the healthcare system and the high number of cases and deaths.
How did India's healthcare system fare during the first wave of COVID-19 compared to other countries?
-India weathered the first wave relatively well, implementing the largest lockdown in the world, which helped contain case numbers despite the chaos caused by its sudden announcement.
What were some of the factors that contributed to the intensity of India's second wave of COVID-19?
-Factors included weaknesses in the health system, dismantled temporary hospitals, fragmented center-state coordination, election fever, large gatherings for festivals and elections, and the emergence of the delta variant.
What role did India's vaccine manufacturing capacity play in the global COVID-19 response?
-India's vaccine manufacturing capacity is one of the highest in the world, and its supplies were crucial for many countries' vaccination campaigns, including the COVAX program backed by the WHO and UNICEF.
What was the initial state of India's domestic vaccination drive in early 2021?
-India's domestic vaccination drive was slow in the early months of 2021 compared to other countries, but the second wave demanded faster action, leading to changes in the vaccination policy.
How did the Indian government address the issue of vaccine shortages and the slow immunization drive?
-On March 25, India halted all exports of vaccines to meet domestic demand. The government made several changes to the vaccination policy, although there were missteps and challenges in bringing the immunization network up to full capacity.
What was the controversy regarding the involvement of the private sector in India's vaccination policy?
-The controversy centered around the government's decision to involve private hospitals in vaccination efforts, with concerns about high costs charged by private hospitals for vaccines that were free through the state.
How has India's vaccination drive progressed since the peak of the second wave?
-India's immunization drive has made significant progress, with 925 million doses administered by the start of October 2021. Efforts to expand distribution, such as using drones for remote locations, and increased domestic production capacity have allowed India to resume exporting vaccines.
What are the key lessons and recommendations from specialists and policy advisors regarding India's healthcare system post-pandemic?
-Specialists and policy advisors advocate for a boost in state funding, suggesting at least 3% of GDP should be allocated to public healthcare to improve infrastructure, equipment, drugs, supplies, and particularly the health workforce.
Outlines
🏥 The Indian Healthcare System's Struggle with COVID-19
In the first paragraph, the host, Frey de Souza, introduces the series 'Context India' focusing on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India. The episode specifically examines the Indian healthcare sector's collapse during the second wave of the virus. Key issues discussed include underinvestment in public healthcare, oxygen shortages, and India's vaccine policy. The conversation includes interviews with Ke Sujata Rao, former Secretary of Health, and Sudan Shu Mittal, BJP spokesperson. The segment also features pandemic art, specifically music by Punjabi indie singer Vipul Verma, reflecting the cultural response to the crisis. The narrative highlights the tweets from hospitals in New Delhi indicating oxygen shortages and the devastating impact of the Delta variant on India's healthcare system.
🛑 Dismantling of Preparedness and Vaccine Policy Challenges
The second paragraph delves into the weaknesses of India's health system, the lack of preparedness after the first wave, and the fragmentation of center-state coordination. It discusses the impact of elections and festivals on virus spread, the importance of immunization drives, and India's role as a vaccine manufacturer. The narrative covers the slow start of India's domestic vaccination, the halt of vaccine exports, and the challenges in scaling up the immunization network. It also touches on the controversial involvement of the private sector in vaccinations and the high costs that affected vaccine uptake, leading to a slow immunization drive.
📈 Public Health Financing and the Pandemic's Impact
In the third paragraph, the discussion centers on the need for increased public financing in healthcare to address the inadequacies exposed by the pandemic. It emphasizes the stagnation of public health funding as a percentage of GDP and the high out-of-pocket expenses leading to poverty. The conversation includes an exchange between K. Sujata Rao and Sudan Shu Mittal, where Rao criticizes the lack of public health leadership and the government's failure to utilize the window of opportunity to prepare for the second wave. Mittal argues that the pandemic was an unknown entity that affected the entire world, and India performed admirably given the circumstances.
🚑 The Central Government's Role in Healthcare Infrastructure
The fourth paragraph focuses on the responsibility of the central government in the lack of healthcare infrastructure, such as oxygen and hospital beds, during the pandemic's second wave. It includes a debate between Rao and Mittal about the government's preparedness and response to the crisis. Rao argues for better public health leadership and decision-making transparency, while Mittal defends the government's efforts, stating that the scale of the pandemic was unpredictable and that the government made sincere efforts to tackle the situation.
🛡 Controversies and Preparedness for Future Waves
The fifth paragraph discusses the controversies surrounding the government's handling of the pandemic, including allegations of suppressing information and prioritizing political goals. It also addresses the question of preparedness for potential future waves, with Rao emphasizing the need for better data transparency and modeling, and Mittal expressing optimism about India's vaccination program and the lessons learned from the pandemic.
🎶 Artistic Reflections on the Pandemic
In the final paragraph, the script shifts focus to the artistic community's response to the pandemic, highlighting the diversity of languages and perspectives in their work. The episode concludes with a song titled 'Mahamari,' which translates to 'pandemic,' written and performed by Vipul Verma, showcasing the cultural and emotional impact of the crisis on India.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Context India
💡Healthcare System
💡Pandemic
💡Oxygen Shortage
💡Vaccine Policy
💡Delta Variant
💡Public Health
💡Immunization Drive
💡Health Financing
💡Pandemic Art
💡Vaccination Network
Highlights
Context India explores the Indian healthcare sector's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the second wave's impact.
Discusses issues of insufficient investment in public healthcare, oxygen shortages, and India's vaccine policy.
Features an interview with K. Sujata Rao, former Secretary of Health for the Government of India, and Sudan Shu Mittal, BJP spokesperson.
Examines the Indian healthcare system's weaknesses and its inadequate response to the pandemic's demands.
Reports on the oxygen crisis during India's second wave, with hospitals running out of supply and its deadly consequences.
Analyzes the Delta variant's role in intensifying the second wave of COVID-19 in India.
Highlights the paradox of India's healthcare system, with a weak public sector and a profit-driven private sector.
Reviews India's initial success in containing the first wave of COVID-19 and the subsequent challenges of the second wave.
Criticizes the lack of preparedness and the fragmented center-state coordination during the second wave.
Details India's vaccine manufacturing capacity and its role in global vaccination efforts.
Discusses the halt of vaccine exports from India to meet domestic demand during the crisis.
Explores the controversy of involving private hospitals in vaccination efforts and the challenges it posed.
Notes the rapid progress of India's immunization drive and efforts to expand vaccine distribution.
Advocates for increased state funding in healthcare to address the underinvestment in India's healthcare system.
Reflects on the long-term impact of the pandemic on India's healthcare sector and the need for systemic improvements.
Concludes with a discussion on India's preparedness for potential future waves of COVID-19 and the importance of learning from past experiences.
Features pandemic-inspired music and art from India, showcasing cultural responses to the crisis.
Transcripts
hello and welcome to context india i'm
frey de souza coming to you from mumbai
on context india we take the time to
deliver a considered analysis of this
country its politics and its people in
each episode in this series we are
taking a close look at a specific facet
of what has perhaps been the biggest
crisis india has faced since
independence the kovit pandemic
this our fourth and final episode we are
examining the indian health care sector
that crumbled under the pressure of the
second wave of cobit 19.
we will be looking at issues of
insufficient investment in public health
care the severe shortage of oxygen in
many parts of the country and india's
vaccine policy
i'll be speaking with ke sujata rao
former secretary of health for the
government of india and sudan shu mittal
national spokesperson of the bjp
at the close of this week's episode will
be an excerpt from a piece of pandemic
art music created in india through the
kobit months this week we're featuring
punjabi indie singer vipul verma
[Music]
in april and may 2021
indian social media space was flooded
with messages like these
[Music]
the second wave of kovid in india was
wreaking havoc and it seemed as though
the country's healthcare system was
going under
on the 1st of may 2021 these were the
tweets being posted by hospitals in the
capital new delhi
we have just run out of oxygen
we are currently surviving on some
oxygen cylinders
over the next 10 minutes that will also
run out about half an hour after this
video message was issued by the
executive director of a private hospital
in new delhi
12 patients there
died when the oxygen ran out
it wasn't the first time during the
second wave that a lack of oxygen
resulted in deaths
the delta variant of the corona virus
turbo charged the spread of kovari in
india in the first half of 2021.
healthcare systems around the world had
struggled with the virus in 2020 there
were stories of medics in new york
wearing garbage bags as ppe
in the uk in january 2021 soldiers were
deployed to chronically understaffed
intensive care awards in the same month
regions in brazil struggled with oxygen
shortages and critically low hospital
capacity
however the crisis in india's healthcare
sector was of a magnitude the country
hadn't seen before
the delta variant alone doesn't explain
the seemingly collapse of so many
hospitals at the most crucial phase of
the pandemic
the indian healthcare system had several
weaknesses even before the kobet
pandemic struck
it did have
some strengths
in the sense that
a rural primary healthcare system was
established right after
independence
but it was very inadequately resourced
and over a period of time failed to
serve the functions it needed to urban
primary healthcare system was still
neglected
right from the very beginning
under the false premise that there would
be adequate number of doctors in urban
areas to serve the urban population so
the healthcare system in india is really
a paradox between a weak
under funded and neglected public health
system and the private sector that is
growing constantly there is also very
deep dependence on the private sector
which caters to a very large proportion
of healthcare delivery in the country so
what we've really ended up with is on
one hand very sub optimal care that is
provided through a weakened uh
public health system and on the other
hand we have the private sector which
operates obviously on a
profit driven model and is operating in
a regulatory vacuum compared with many
other countries india weathered the
first wave of kovid well the government
implemented the largest lockdown in the
world which despite creating chaos due
to its sudden announcement helped
contain case numbers
what happened after the first wave
however very likely contributed to the
intensity of the second wave
it was
in the second wave
that the biggest challenge was thrown at
india's health system a combination of
several factors
first of all we had several weaknesses
in the health system
the level of preparation that we mounted
in the latter half of 2020s in terms of
temporary hospitals started uh becoming
uh dismantled and
then we also saw the centre-state
coordination becoming fragmented and
frayed
because a
variety of reasons not the least of
which were was that because election
fever was on and the virus super highway
to travel across india with the large
crowds gathering for festivals for
religious gatherings and for elections
and
at this time the variance also came in
a key element of the global covid
response strategy has been immunization
drives india's vaccine manufacturing
capacity is one of the highest in the
world and supplies from india were a
crucial factor in the plans put together
by many countries for their own
vaccination campaigns
19 vaccines global access a covax
program backed by the world health
organization and unicef signed
agreements with india in august and
september 2020 for 200 million doses of
vaccine medication
in february 2021 the director general of
the who tweeted this
by mid april 2021 india had donated and
sold a combined of a total of 66 million
doses to nearly 100 countries india's
domestic vaccination drive in the early
months of 2021 had been slow compared to
other countries
but the second wave demanded action on
the 25th of march india halted all
exports of vaccines those supplies were
needed to meet domestic demand
bringing the immunization network up to
full capacity in a short period of time
was not easy though there were many
changes that were made to the
vaccination policy
and along the way there were many
missteps there was of course lack of
preparation when it came to the
production of the vaccine which led to a
situation of shortages and slowed down
the immunization drive at the early
stages another controversial aspect of
the vaccination policy has been
how the government has chosen to at
various points involve the private
sector so that's private hospitals
specifically
in vaccination
that policy announced in mid-april 2021
meant the private hospitals were allowed
to purchase and administer vaccines by
august however the health minister
mansook mandavia reported in parliament
that only seven to nine percent of the
vaccines reserved for private healthcare
companies were being utilized
a key reason for the lack of uptake was
cost many indians were reluctant to pay
high prices being charged by private
hospitals for vaccines that were being
administered for free by the state
less than six months since the peak of
the second wave of kovid in the country
india's immunization drive had made up a
remarkable amount of ground
according to government data at the
start of october 2021
925 million doses have been administered
in the country
in an effort to expand distribution
drones were being tried out to deliver
vaccines to remote locations
and with domestic production
capabilities having increased india was
able to resume exporting vaccines there
are certain strengths to
india's vaccination drive which is one
of the largest in the world
uh
for one it has created very high levels
of of awareness about covet and phobia
vaccination in the public another
positive outcome is that due to the
sheer scale of the drive a lot of
healthcare workers and other kind of
district administrators and you know
staff even in remote areas have been
enlisted
and have been working closely for the
success of the program
we've also achieved to some degree uh
you know the capability of strengthening
the whole chain uh for distribution of
the vaccines while the scale and
strength of india's vaccination network
has been noteworthy the second wave
exposed the chronic under investment and
inequalities in the country's healthcare
system overall
in the aftermath specialists and policy
advisors have advocated a boost in state
funding over
the past few decades
we have seen
public financing of health
stagnate around one percent
of the gross domestic product
it has risen now in the recent years
there is still a high out of pocket
spending that is incurred by a number of
people resulting in poverty so we do
need
much greater health financing at least
three percent of the gdp
as public financing of health care
without that all the vital elements of
the health system
which need to function effectively
whether it is infrastructure equipment
drugs and supplies and particularly the
health workforce will not fall into
place
kovit devastated numerous countries but
india's experience especially during the
second wave was one of the most shocking
pandemic ordeals the covert impact both
in the short and the long term
will be significant especially so in the
health care sector
and so i'm discussing the challenges
india faces with k sujata rao former
secretary of health for the government
of india and sudan
spokesperson of the bjp
welcome to context india my first
question is to the both of you india has
an admirable record when dealing with
the likes of polio smallpox why is it
then that we weren't able to deal with
the pandemic better miss rao
yeah you are right absolutely that you
know we did a tremendous job in dealing
with those two uh pandemics and also in
hiv aids and we have we've done well in
tb and malaria and other
viral infections but this pandemic
really came in as a surprise because it
was very very infectious and also very
lethal and
we were really part of god
mr vital my opening question to you as
well given india's expertise in dealing
with
health pandemics why didn't india deal
with the pandemic better
if you look at the enormity of the
pandemic
it's not just india this spread that
took the entire world
by surprise
if you look at the developed economies
developed countries look at how many
deaths they had
look at how many cases they had and look
at how many deaths which took place in
india
so to say that india did not handle it
is you know erroneous because this is
something which was completely unknown
to the entire world
and if you look at casualties elsewhere
given the size of the indian population
and the casualty all the number of cases
and the size of the population india did
fairly well i mean settle the uh you
know on a competitive scale india did
brilliantly
look at look at the look at the number
of vaccinations india has been able to
achieve so in the perspective if you
look at how things have happened and how
india has done
i think
we've we've done an admirability your
argument that this was an unknown may
have been true in the first wave of 2020
but in the second wave of 2021 we had a
very clear idea of what this virus was
and how it moved around and let me if i
may please call out some statistics
according to the u.n human development
report 2020 india ranked 155 out of 167
countries on hospital bed availability
according to data by the union health
ministry march 17 2020 we had one doctor
per 11 600 indians these statistics show
that we could have been better prepared
if our health care
was stronger which it was not mr
mitchell fight there are two two
different things you are addressing
one is the infrastructure of the country
now the infrastructure of a country is
never built in six months or one year or
two years so yes india given its
population and given its economy has
inadequacy in the infrastructure there
is no denial on that
the issue is how did we deal with the
second wave i mean these are proportions
which nobody could in the world
anticipate there is an infrastructure
issue which because india being a
developing economy has its limitation
but
looking at the infrastructure which was
available
and looking at the vaccination which has
been done the vaccination program has
been so successful and that has led to
the containment of what could have been
the third way this route do you agree
with mr um mithal's argument here
i'm afraid i'd have to respectfully
disagree yes uh this this was a new
virus that really hit us very
uh sharply and we were a little
unprepared for such an attack and much
more unprepared for the second attack
which is of course unforgivable given
the fact that not only have we gone
through way one but we also saw a new
variant that popped up in between and uk
was suffering hugely again with the
backlash of that in december so we ought
to have expected the second wave and got
ourselves ready there was undeniably a
lot of complacency that drove the second
day of disaster
now where i say why i disagree is that
yes it's true that the health system
is weak in india it's fragile largely
because of the political neglect over
the last 77 years whatever from 1947
because the amount we spent on it is so
miniscule and it continues today but if
you ask me one reason why we
failed to do as well as we could have
and we had the capacity and the
knowledge to do better was because of
the failure of the public health
harder not being there public health
leadership not being there in india it
was literally driven by technical
people who are not public health
specialists advising the pm advising the
policy makers and they made several
missteps which could easily have been
foreseen by any public health expert
so you know there were some mistakes
made and he paid clearly for that and at
least now what i worry about
statements made by political leaders
like mr mitchell is when you feel that
oh it was overwhelming and we did very
well it's a nice feel-good factor that
okay we battled it out but in that we
forget that we need to see that it never
happens again but as of as a point i
would like to say that i think that we
need to be more humbled by the
experience we've gone through
many of the deaths and suffering could
have been avoided we could have we had
the capacity and the knowledge in india
to be to have done better
if only the public health leadership was
allowed
in space and
if that lesson is not
then i would say this experience is not
lost on us mr vital during the second
wave people weren't just dying of covet
they were reportedly dying of a shortage
of oxygen and a shortage of hospital
beds
what responsibility does the central
government bear for that
you know as i said the inadequate
health infrastructure is a legacy issue
really to apportion it to the government
of the day would be most unfair
you don't uh
make hospital beds in a day i mean it's
it's not like putting up a tent
the government did well in uh not only
the census damage i would say all the
state governments did equally well in
trying to augment the
medical availability of beds see when
you are planning you you look at the
first wave 8 000 cases a day is maximum
you would say probably what can it go to
it can go to 12 000 it can go to 14 000.
it can go to 62 000. you don't
anticipate that it will go to 38 000 or
40 000 cases a day in a city like delhi
when you get the statistics of doctors
per million population or beds yes
it is a fact this country has inadequate
infrastructure because it's a developing
country it has limited resources these
resources are spread over all all
sectors
but
how did we respond to the challenge is
the most important issue yes there was
an oxygen shortage because nobody
anticipated that this kind of an oxygen
requirement could be there i'm not
saying bjp government did this the
opposition government did this no no i'm
not getting into that at all because i
think every government realizing the
enormity of the situation
made its the best effort to really
tackle the issue which they did they
could have they were delays yes they
were delays they were as i said there's
no benchmark of perfection yes things
could always have been better for
everything
but
did was there sincerity yes there was
sincerity was there a genuine effort yes
there was a general effort was
ultimately
uh
the effort succeeded yes that is it i
take it to miss rao who has worked with
the health ministry for over two decades
mr if you want to respond to mr um you
know mr mitchell's point that it was no
way to predict the number of cases that
our cities actually saw creep up on a
daily basis you know
it is a fact and i agree with him there
that you can never really i mean a
health system can only be
expel
expanded or readied up to a point uh
even the best health system like italy
had was overflowing with patients onto
the streets is largely because the way
which and this variant really hit us but
far more cases than the system could
open yes it's true that you could never
expect the kind of demand for oxygen
that came up due to foreign it was way
beyond and uh beyond expectations and
our ability to be ready but we ought to
have been ready the problem is that our
modeling was so poorly done because data
was not put out so we didn't have good
modeling and that went to bring in the
complacence saying babe
everything is okay there's nothing to
worry and wave two was not expected and
that's where we fail and that's the
reason why we ought to be transparent
and give the data out because only the
country can only benefit by more data
being
made available in the public domain so
better research comes in the kind of
modeling exercises that were based on
which decisions were taken is truly
appalling and completely indefensible so
yes it was overwhelming i do agree 40
000 cases that dave
is something that that you know every
day so many patients coming in was
difficult but was the effort educate no
it was not and had we been aware that
this kind of calamity could happen we
would have been better prepared like we
are now for third wave this kind of
preparation is what we ought to have
done when we got that window uh thanks
to the uh forward cases coming down
from november december january february
the four months we that went in
was a wasted opportunity mr mithal a
question for you and i'm reading out of
the new york times dated september 14
2021 which said senior officials uh from
the government forced scientists at
elite institutions to downplay the
threat of kovid
to prioritize mr modi's political goals
what is your response to this i think it
is a typical case of venom being stood
new york times has never questioned the
us government
when it came to seven and a half lakh
deaths in u.s
new york times has questioned its
government i believe that's a factual
error you know verbosity comes very easy
i can make any kind of allegations it
must be something which is backed by an
empirical evidence it is backed by
something a mere statement being quoted
by new york times becomes gospel truth
so when we look at ourselves we look at
ourselves with facts and figures i am
thankful to sujati to concede that these
were not things which could have been
anticipated miss rao uh i i come back to
you to respond to uh mr mithal do you
also believe that uh the government did
a fair job in making those decisions you
know i would want to get into this blame
game i'm i do feel that even the best of
us if you were there there would have
been some element of
confusion and delays because of the
nature of the pandemic and the way it
rolled out but having said that there
were some
situations that could have been averted
as i said if they'd had a far more
inclusive and more transparent way of
decision making and discussions and even
in a vaccine policy i agree with mr
mitchell we have done very well i mean
it is amazing that we've been able to
cover 900 million people with a single
shot but only 25 of our population has
two shots which is full protection so
there is a long way to go and we could
have achieved a much better
the previous ambition of the prime
minister to have us all vaccinated
completely by december could have been
realized had we
taken did what we did in april had we
done it
way back last year in november itself
and in january 4th when the two vaccines
were approved people have placed orders
and there were so many other uh steps
that could have been uh
taken up at that time my question to mr
mithal of all of the decisions being
made by government now do you think we
are adequately prepared for a third wave
of anything else that might hit our
public health sector i think the proof
of the pudding is isn't it seating while
the third wave has hit a lot of
countries how it is affecting india is
for everybody to see and the reason why
it has been contained is largely because
of the vaccination program which the
country has undertaken i would also say
that because of the third way being
contained it has given the nation a
confidence that the resolve of uh
fighting up in the menace like a
pandemic can be
successfully
solved if if you have the resolution
determination which the government with
the country is shown
and i i am very optimistic that uh the
lessons which
uh this unexpected uh
hair to unknown
disease
has uh given the nation those lessons
have been well understood well
well learned
and the government and the people of
this country are prepared for it
thank you both for speaking to us and
for giving us your time
and finally there are a multitude of
artists in india who created work
through the long months of the pandemic
we wanted to feature some of the varied
languages they work in and the
perspectives they bring
this week we're closing with an excerpt
of a song in punjabi titled mahamari
which translates to pandemic it was
written and performed by vipul varma
thank you for watching context india
here on al jazeera english
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