SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN SOSIOLOGI DARI MASA KE MASA
Summary
TLDRThis script explores the history and development of sociology, from ancient Greek philosophers to modern scholars. It highlights key figures like August Comte, Herbert Spencer, and Emile Durkheim, and discusses the evolution of sociological theories and methodologies. The script also touches on the impact of political revolutions and industrialization on the field, and the emergence of new sub-disciplines in the 21st century.
Takeaways
- 😀 Sociology has a long history, dating back to ancient Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle who pondered on designing just and happy societies.
- 📚 The term 'sociology' was coined in the 19th century, with August Comte introducing it as a scientific study of society in his book 'Course in Positive Philosophy' in 1838.
- 🌏 Ibn Khaldun, a 14th-century scholar from the Middle East, wrote about social solidarity and human civilization, contributing to early sociological thought.
- 🏛️ European thinkers like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau discussed organizing society for harmonious living through the concept of the 'social contract'.
- 🔬 Herbert Spencer applied Darwin's theory of evolution to sociology, introducing the idea of social evolution in his book 'Principles of Sociology'.
- 📘 Emile Durkheim detailed the scientific methodology of sociology in his work 'The Rules of Sociological Method', emphasizing the importance of empirical research.
- 🌐 The development of sociology as a modern scientific discipline began in the 19th century, influenced by the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.
- 🏙️ Urbanization and industrialization in the United States led to significant social changes, sparking interest in studying these phenomena through sociology.
- 👨🏫 Karl Marx, though not a sociologist by profession, had a profound impact on sociological theory with his ideas on class struggle and economic and political changes.
- 📚 Max Weber critiqued the scientific methods of sociology, arguing that social sciences should focus on subjective social actions, differentiating them from the objectivity of natural sciences.
- 🌟 Talcott Parsons' work, particularly 'The Structure of Social Action', significantly influenced sociological theory in the 20th century, particularly in the United States.
Q & A
What does the term 'sociology' imply when understood as the study of society?
-When 'sociology' is understood as the study of society, it implies a discipline that has been around since ancient times, with early philosophers like Plato and Aristotle contemplating the design of just and happy societies.
Who is Ibnu Khaldun and what did he contribute to the early understanding of society?
-Ibnu Khaldun was a 14th-century scholar from the Middle East who wrote about social solidarity ('ashobiyah') and the civilization of human beings, contributing to the early understanding of societal structures and development.
What is the significance of the 'social contract' in the organization of society?
-The 'social contract' is a term used by Western European philosophers like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau to describe how society can be organized for harmonious living under a system of governance.
How did the 19th-century political and industrial revolutions influence the development of sociology as a modern scientific discipline?
-The political revolution in France and the Industrial Revolution in European countries led to dramatic changes in social life, prompting the development of sociology as a modern scientific discipline that aimed to understand and analyze these societal changes.
Who was August Comte and what was his contribution to the establishment of sociology?
-August Comte was a French intellectual who coined the term 'sociology' in his book 'Course in Positive Philosophy' published in 1838. He emphasized sociology as a positive, rational, and empirical science that could be studied using scientific methods similar to natural sciences.
What is the significance of Herbert Spencer's 'Principles of Sociology'?
-Herbert Spencer's 'Principles of Sociology' is significant as it applied Darwin's theory of biological evolution to sociology, introducing the concept of social evolution, which was widely accepted at the time.
What was the main focus of Lester F. Ward's 'Dynamic Sociology'?
-Lester F. Ward's 'Dynamic Sociology' was the first book on the design of social action that society should undertake to progress, focusing on the proactive role of society in shaping its own development.
How did Emile Durkheim's 'The Rules of Sociological Method' contribute to the scientific methodology of sociology?
-Emile Durkheim's 'The Rules of Sociological Method' detailed the scientific methodology of sociology, establishing it as a discipline that could be studied empirically with a focus on social facts and their causes and functions.
What impact did Karl Marx have on the development of sociological theory, despite not identifying as a sociologist?
-Karl Marx, although not identifying as a sociologist, had a significant impact on sociological theory with his works on class struggle, which influenced the development of sociological theory and gave rise to Marxist streams within sociology.
How did Max Weber's critique of the scientific method in sociology differ from the positivist approach of the 19th century?
-Max Weber criticized the positivist approach in sociology, arguing that the natural science methods were not relevant to social sciences, which should consider humans as subjects and include elements of subjectivity, in contrast to the objectivity emphasized in natural sciences.
What is the significance of the Chicago School in the development of American sociology in the 20th century?
-The Chicago School was significant in the development of American sociology in the 20th century, as it dominated the field in the 1930s with figures like Albion Small, who initiated the prestigious 'American Journal of Sociology', and later contributed to expanding the methodological aspects of sociology.
What are some of the contemporary sub-disciplines of sociology that have emerged in the 21st century?
-Some of the contemporary sub-disciplines of sociology that have emerged in the 21st century include digital sociology, tourism sociology, health sociology, sports sociology, literary sociology, legal sociology, economic sociology, and gender sociology.
How has the scope of sociology expanded in the contemporary era?
-The scope of sociology has expanded in the contemporary era by moving away from the tradition of positivism and embracing a broader range of subjects and disciplines, including the study of dynamic societal aspects such as those in the information society.
Outlines
📚 The Origins and Development of Sociology
This paragraph traces the roots of sociology back to ancient Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle, who pondered the design of just and happy societies. It then moves to the 14th century, highlighting the contributions of Ibn Khaldun on social solidarity and human civilization. The paragraph further discusses the early modern period with European thinkers like Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau, who wrote about organizing society through social contracts. The scientific development of sociology as a modern discipline began in the 19th century, post the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution. August Comte, a French intellectual, is credited with coining the term 'sociology' in his 1838 book, emphasizing its rational and empirical nature. Herbert Spencer and Lester Frank Ward are also mentioned for their contributions to the field, with Spencer applying Darwin's evolutionary theory to sociology. Emil Durkheim's detailed explanation of the scientific methodology of sociology in 'The Rules of Sociological Method' is highlighted, marking a significant development in the field.
🌐 The Evolution of Sociology in the United States
This paragraph delves into the popularity of sociology in the United States, particularly during the 1930s, with the Chicago school dominating the field. Albion Woodbridge Small is noted for initiating the prestigious 'American Journal of Sociology'. Pitirim Sorokin is highlighted for expanding the methodological aspects of sociology. The paragraph also mentions other influential sociologists like William Aiesec Thomas, Robert Zafar, Charles Horton Cooley, George Herbert Mead, Jane Addams, and others who contributed to the field. Talcott Parsons is recognized for his significant impact on sociological theory with his 1937 book 'The Structure of Social Action', influenced by Durkheim and his interpretation of American society. The debate between objectivity and agency, structure and agency, and micro and macro perspectives in sociology is discussed. The paragraph concludes with a mention of the contemporary era, where sociology has diversified into various sub-disciplines such as digital sociology, tourism sociology, health sociology, and others, reflecting the broad scope of the discipline in the 21st century.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Sociology
💡August Comte
💡Positivism
💡Social Contract
💡Karl Marx
💡Max Weber
💡Chicago School
💡Emile Durkheim
💡Structural Functionalism
💡Postmodernism
Highlights
Sociology has been a field of study since ancient times, with philosophers like Plato and Aristotle considering how to design a just and happy society.
Ibn Khaldun, a 14th-century scholar, wrote about social solidarity and human civilization, contributing to early sociological thought.
In the 17th century, Western European philosophers like Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau discussed organizing society for harmonious living under a social contract.
The modern scientific development of sociology began in the 19th century, post the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.
August Comte, a French intellectual, coined the term 'sociology' in his 1838 book, emphasizing a rational, empirical approach to social study.
Herbert Spencer, influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution, introduced the concept of social evolution in his 1876 book 'Principles of Sociology'.
Lester Frank Ward's 1883 book 'Dynamic Sociology' is considered the first on the design of social action for societal progress.
Emile Durkheim detailed the scientific methodology of sociology in his 1895 book 'The Rules of Sociological Method'.
Karl Marx, though not a sociologist by profession, had a significant impact on sociological theory with his class struggle theories.
Max Weber criticized the scientific methods of 19th-century sociology, arguing for a more subjective approach in social sciences.
Sociology in the 20th century saw rapid development in the United States, influenced by industrialization and urbanization.
The Chicago School dominated early 20th-century American sociology, with Albion Small initiating the prestigious 'American Journal of Sociology'.
Pitirim Sorokin contributed significantly to expanding the methodological aspects of sociology.
Talcott Parsons' 1937 book 'The Structure of Social Action' had a significant impact on sociological theory, influenced by Durkheim.
Sociology in the Parsonian era focused on macro debates between objectivity, agency, structure, and micro-macro dynamics.
The Frankfurt School, including critical intellectuals like Adorno and Horkheimer, criticized positivistic sociology for ignoring transformative and emancipatory aspects.
Towards the 21st century, sociology faced challenges from postmodernism, globalism, post-positivism, postcolonialism, and other emerging schools of thought.
George Ritzer formulated sociology as a double-paradigm science, indicating a broad and flexible scope.
The 21st century marks sociology as a very fluid and broad science, extending its study beyond industrialization and urbanization to dynamic societal aspects like information society.
Contemporary sociology in the 21st century is characterized by the proliferation of sub-disciplines such as digital sociology, tourism sociology, health sociology, and others.
There is a trend in contemporary sociology to move away from positivism, rejecting the relevance of natural laws in social science.
Globally, faculties of social sciences are teaching sociology independently of its founding fathers, with figures like Michel Foucault and Slavoj Žižek gaining popularity over Auguste Comte and Émile Durkheim.
Transcripts
ia menyuruh penuh ilmu pengetahuan
tentang masyarakat telah ada
berabad-abad lamanya sebelum Istilah
sosiologi dikemukakan jika sosiologi
dipahami sebagai studi tentang
masyarakat maka sosiologi sudah ada
sejak zaman Yunani kuno filsuf besar
pada masa Yunani kuno seperti Plato dan
Aristoteles telah memikirkan tentang
bagaimana cara mendesain masyarakat yang
adil dan bahagia Kemudian pada abad
ke-14 ilmuwan dari Timur Tengah yang
bernama Ibnu Khaldun menuliskan tentang
solidaritas sosial ashobiyah dan
peradaban manusia pada periode awal abad
punch
Khan di Eropa Barat Thomas Hobbes John
Locke dan jean-jacques rousseau telah
menulis tentang Bagaimana mengorganisir
masyarakat agar hidup harmonis dalam
satu sistem pemerintahan melalui istilah
yang dikenal dengan kontrak sosial
sejarah perkembangan sosiologi sebagai
ilmu pengetahuan modern yang ilmiah
dimulai pada abad ke-19 pasca meletusnya
revolusi politik di Perancis dan
terjadinya Revolusi industri di
negara-negara Eropa brush The promise of
energy industry
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Hai sebagai ilmu pengetahuan sosial yang
rasional dan empiris sosiologi berusia
relatif lebih mudah ketimbang ilmu
sosial lainnya seorang tokoh intelektual
Perancis bernama August Comte
Mencetuskan istilah sosiologi yang saat
itu memiliki konotasi fisika sosial
dalam bukunya yang berjudul course the
philosophy positif pada tahun 1838 dalam
teori hukum tiga tahap ya konten
menegaskan bahwa sosiologi adalah ilmu
yang berada pada tahap positif positif
yang ia maksud adalah rasional empiris
dan bisa diteliti dengan metode-metode
ilmiah sebagaimana natural science
berada di tahap positif artinya
meninggalkan unsur-unsur teologi sedang
metafisis metodologinya mengikuti
hukum-hukum dalam ilmu alam sehingga
dinamakan fisika sosial setelah itu pada
tahun 1876 seorang intelektual Inggris
bernama Herbert Spencer menuliskan buku
yang berjudul principles of sociology of
sel adalah orang yang percaya pada teori
evolusi Darwin ia menerapkan hukum
evolusi biologi pada sosiologi bensin
mengenalkan teori besarnya tentang
evolusi sosial yang diterima secara luas
beberapa tahun kemudian pada tahun 1883
seorang intelektual dari Amerika Serikat
yang bernama lechter Framework menulis
buku yang berjudul Dynamic sosiology
buku tersebut dianggap sebagai buku
pertama tentang Desain tindakan sosial
yang harus dilakukan masyarakat menuju
kemajuan berikutnya pada 1895 Emil
durkheim menerangkan secara detail
metodologi ilmiah sosiologi dalam
bukunya yang berjudul The Rules of
sociological Method sosiologi berkembang
pesat di Eropa Barat pada abad 19
perkembangan tersebut banyak dipengaruhi
oleh revolusi politik dan revolusi
industri yang mengubah tatanan kehidupan
sosial secara dramatis minat kaum
intelektual untuk mengetahui perubahan
sosial masyarakat saat itu menjadi poin
penting dalam sejarah perkembangan
sosiologi Salah satu tokoh berpengaruh
dalam sosiologi adalah seorang
intelektual Inggris bernama Karl Marx
meskipun ia tidak pernah mengklaim
dirinya sebagai sosiolog namun
karya-karyanya memiliki dampak ekonomi
dan politik yang besar bagi laju
perubahan sosial di Eropa teorinya
tentang perjuangan kelas mempengaruhi
perkembangan teori sosiologi bahkan
sampai hari ini teori-teori marxis
melahirkan aliran marxisme dalam
sosiologi pada abad ke-20 seorang
intelektual Jerman bernama Max Weber
mengkritik metode ilmiah sosiologi yang
muncul pada abad ke-19 Weber berpendapat
metode ilmu alam tidak relevan
diterapkan pada ilmu sosial ilmu sosial
menjadikan manusia sebagai subjeknya
sehingga terkandung unsur subjektivitas
dalam ilmu sosial Hal ini berbeda dengan
ilmu alam yang mengedepankan unsur
objektivitas menurut Weber sosiologi
seharusnya meneliti tindakan-tindakan
sosial yang bersifat subjektif pada abad
ke-20
juga berkembang pesat di Amerika Serikat
pada saat itu industrialisasi dan
urbanisasi terjadi secara besar-besaran
di perkotaan Amerika Serikat akibatnya
terjadi perubahan sosial dengan eskalasi
yang besar masyarakat desa dan kota
terlihat mencolok perbedaannya kondisi
demikian mematikan intelektual Amerika
untuk mengkaji gejala-gejala sosial yang
timbul akibat perubahan sosial tersebut
sehingga sosiologi menjadi salah satu
studi ilmu sosial yang paling diminati
pada saat itu sejarah perkembangan
sosiologi di Amerika Serikat sampai
tahun 1930-an didominasi oleh aliran
Chicago school dengan tokoh utamanya
Albion woodbridge mal yang sekaligus
menjadi inisiator jurnal sosiologi
paling prestisius di dunia sampai saat
ini yaitu American journal of sociology
pada fase berikutnya perkembangan
Chicago school melahirkan tokoh besar
yang bernama pitirim sorokin Ia banyak
berkontribusi memperluas aspek
metodologi sosiologi sejumlah ahli
sosiologi pasca World
lebih Amerika Serikat misalnya seperti
William aiesec Thomas Robert Zafar
Charles Horton cooley George Herbert
mead Jane Adam Sherlock Perkins Gilman
Ana Julia Cooper Mariana Weber Beatrix
Potter web dan William Edward burger
Dubois secara kontras unsur objektivitas
sosiologi justru berkembang di Amerika
Serikat melalui karya tokoh besar
bernama talcott parsons pada 1937
watsons menerbitkan buku yang berjudul
the structure of social action secara
signifikan buku ini berpengaruh besar
pada perkembangan teori sosiologi
parsons banyak dipengaruhi oleh durkheim
dan lebar interpretasinya terhadap
masyarakat Amerika Serikat mempengaruhi
perkembangan teori sosiologi Amerika
beberapa tahun kemudian Banten sebanyak
mengelaborasikan teori fungsionalisme
struktural dalam menganalisis sistem
sosial sosiologi yang berkembang di
Amerika pada periode parsonian adalah
sosiologi makro perdebatan antara
objektivitas sub
aktivitas agency struktur dan mikro
makro dalam sosiologi berlangsung sejak
abad 20 sampai hari ini Sejumlah aliran
pemikiran ekstrim yang condong pada
subjektivitas mengkritik keras sosiologi
Pada awal berdirinya sosiologi
positivistik yang dicetus oleh Comte
belakangan mulai ditinggalkan salah satu
aliran pemikiran paling keras yang
mengkritik sosiologi Comte adalah de
France for school yang terdiri dari
intelektual kritis dari Jerman
defraggler menapaki periode
popularitasnya pada pertengahan abad 20
kritik paling pedas yang dilontarkan
adalah sosiologi positivistik tidak
berkontribusi apa-apa pada sejarah
manusia karena mengabaikan aspek
transformatif dan emansipatoris yang
seharusnya menjadi agenda sosiologi
ilmu-sosial tidak bisa Netral melainkan
harus berpihak pada cita-cita
transformasi sosial menjelang abad 21
sosiologi sebagai ilmu pengetahuan
modern mendapat serangan bertubi-tubi
dari aliran-aliran sosiologi seperti
postmodernisme
globalisme post-positivisme
postkolonialisme dan lain sebagainya
memasuki abad ke-21 sejarah perkembangan
sosiologi menuju variasi aliran
pemikiran dan disiplin yang semakin
banyak George memformulasikan sosiologi
sebagai ilmu pengetahuan yang
berparadigma ganda artinya jarak pandang
Sosiologi tidak tunggal sehingga
sosiologi secara historis adalah ilmu
pengetahuan yang luas cakupannya abad
Milenium menandai sosiologi sebagai ilmu
yang sangat cair dan luas objek
kajiannya tidak sebatas pada perubahan
struktur sosial dalam konteks
industrialisasi urbanisasi perdesaan dan
perkotaan melainkan juga sampai pada
aspek dinamika masyarakat yang sifatnya
kekinian misalnya seperti sosiologi pada
masyarakat informasi sosiologi abad 21
adalah sosiologi kontemporer indikasi
semakin meluasnya ruang lingkup
sosiologi bisa dilihat dari
berkembangbiaknya subdisiplin yang
menjadi cabang sosiologi beberapa
diantaranya yang bisa disebutkan adalah
sosiologi digital sosiologi turisme
sosiologi kesehatan sosiologi olahraga
sosiologi sastra sosiologi hukum
sosiologi ekonomi sosiologi gender dan
sosiologi kontemporer lainnya
kecenderungan lain yang bisa
diidentifikasi adalah semakin menjauhnya
sosiologi dari tradisi positivisme
sejarah perkembangan sosiologi di era
kontemporer cenderung menolak relevansi
hukum-hukum alam pada ilmu sosial saat
ini fakultas fakultas Ilmu Sosial
diseluruh dunia Mulai mengajarkan
sosiologi terlepas dari bapak pendirinya
tak heran tokoh-tokoh seperti Michel
foucault biar bordir dan slavoj zizek
lebih diminati ketimbang August Comte
dan Emil durkheim
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