Nomenclature of IR

Summary

This lecture delves into the nomenclature of the field of international studies, exploring why various terms like 'International Politics', 'International Relations', 'International Studies', and 'Global Politics' are used. It discusses the contested nature of the discipline's name, the historical development of these terms, and their implications on the focus of study, ranging from state-centric views to broader global perspectives. The lecturer emphasizes the importance of incorporating a global viewpoint while acknowledging the enduring relevance of state-centric theories in understanding international dynamics.

Takeaways

• 📚 The script discusses the nomenclature of the discipline of International Relations, addressing why there are multiple terms and the reasons for their use.
• 🌐 It differentiates between 'International Politics', 'International Relations', 'International Studies', and 'Global Politics', explaining the nuances and historical context of each term.
• 🏛 The term 'International' was coined by Jeremy Bentham in 1780 to encapsulate relations among nations, emphasizing the state-centric nature of the system.
• 🏙️ 'International Politics' is often associated with post-World War II scholars and focuses on the political interactions between sovereign states, particularly the power dynamics and the struggle for power.
• 🎲 The Billard Ball model illustrates the anarchical state-centric approach of international politics, where states are viewed as independent and autonomous entities.
• 🕊️ 'International Relations' is a broader term that includes not only political but also economic, social, cultural, and scientific interactions between states and other actors.
• 🌟 'International Studies' broadens the scope further to include societies, cultures, languages, and systems of government, focusing on a planetary perspective and humanity issues.
• 🌍 'Global Politics' emerged with the recognition of increased globalization and interdependence, challenging the state-centric approach and incorporating non-state actors.
• 🔄 The script highlights the importance of incorporating a global perspective in International Relations to account for the influence of global issues and actors.
• 🏛️ Despite debates, the state remains a primary actor in international engagement, providing security, representation, and facilitating globalization.
• 🌏 The discipline of International Relations is still evolving and needs to include non-western forms of knowledge to become a truly global discipline.

Q & A

Why are there multiple nomenclatures for the discipline of international relations?

There are multiple nomenclatures for the discipline of international relations because scholars and academics use terms like 'International Politics', 'International Relations', 'International Studies', and 'World Politics' to describe different aspects and focuses within the field. Each term emphasizes different elements, such as political, economic, social, or cultural interactions among nations.

What does the term 'International' originally mean and who coined it?

The term 'International' was coined by the British political philosopher Jeremy Bentham in 1780 to capture relations among nations in a single word. It was used in his book 'The Principles of Morals and Legislation' to describe interstate or international politics.

What is the difference between a nation and a state?

A nation may have a common history, culture, language, and geography, but it is not a state unless it has five elements: geography, population, government, sovereignty, and international recognition. Sovereignty is considered the most important element as it gives the status of a state.

Why is the term 'International Politics' often associated with the post-Cold War period?

The term 'International Politics' was used mostly in the post-Cold War period because it emphasizes the politics between and among sovereign nation-states. Scholars like Morgenthau, known as the father of modern realism, focused on power as a key element in international politics, describing it as a struggle for power in an anarchic system.

What is the Billard Ball model and how does it illustrate the concept of international politics?

The Billard Ball model is a visual representation of international politics where sovereign states are compared to billiard balls. They are independent, autonomous entities that operate under the condition of anarchy, colliding with each other due to their independent and sovereign nature. This model illustrates the anarchical state-centric approach in international politics.

How does the concept of 'Anarchy' in realism differ from the common understanding of chaos or disorder?

In realism, 'Anarchy' does not mean chaos or disorder. Instead, it refers to the absence of any international authority that could control sovereign states. This anarchical state-centric approach is a key feature of the international system as understood by realist scholars.

What is the difference between 'International Politics' and 'International Relations' in terms of their scope?

International Politics focuses mainly on the political aspects of interstate relations, emphasizing power, self-help, and survival. In contrast, International Relations is broader, encompassing all kinds of interactions between and among sovereign states, including political, economic, social, cultural, and scientific interactions.

What is the significance of the term 'International Studies' in the context of the discipline?

International Studies focuses on a wider scope that includes societies, cultures, languages, and systems of government. It goes beyond state interactions to consider global and humanity issues, emphasizing a planetary perspective and the impact on the globe.

How does the concept of 'Global Politics' challenge the state-centric approach?

Global Politics, as identified with the works of Joseph Nye and Robert Cohen, challenges the state-centric approach due to increased globalization and global interdependence. It argues for a borderless and transplanetary approach, recognizing the influence of transnational corporations and non-governmental organizations on international politics.

What are the key implications of the Billard Ball model for understanding international politics?

The Billard Ball model implies a clear distinction between domestic politics (order) and international politics (anarchy). It also acknowledges that not all states are of the same size, reflecting the uneven distribution of power in international politics, which leads to political conflicts and resolutions within the purview of international politics.

Why is the term 'International Relations' still considered appropriate despite the debates and disputes?

Despite the debates and disputes, the term 'International Relations' is still considered appropriate because it incorporates a global perspective and acknowledges the importance of states in the international system. It also recognizes the emerging issues and actors that influence international politics, making it a more comprehensive term for the discipline.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Nomenclature Debate

This paragraph introduces the topic of nomenclature within the discipline of international studies. It raises two key questions: why there are multiple nomenclatures for the discipline and what justifies these differences. The lecture will explore the contested nature of the term 'international relations', contrasting it with 'international politics', 'international studies', and 'global politics'. The historical use of the term 'international' by Jeremy Bentham and the state-centric focus of the discipline are highlighted, with a promise to delve into the evolution of these terms and their implications on the field.

05:01

🌍 Understanding International Politics and Anarchy

The second paragraph delves into the concept of 'International Politics', emphasizing its focus on the interactions between sovereign nation-states. It explains the realist perspective, where power and self-interest are central, and introduces the billiard ball model to illustrate the anarchical nature of international relations. The paragraph also discusses the role of states as the primary actors in international politics, their pursuit of self-help for national interest, and the significance of military, security, diplomacy, and balance of power in shaping state interactions.

10:03

🔍 Distinguishing International Relations from Politics

This paragraph contrasts 'International Politics' with 'International Relations', highlighting the broader scope of the latter. It explains that while 'International Politics' focuses on conflictual aspects of state interactions, 'International Relations' encompasses a wider range of interactions, including economic, social, cultural, and scientific exchanges. The paragraph also discusses the multi-disciplinary nature of 'International Relations', including different approaches to studying the field, such as disciplinary, interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, and transdisciplinary.

15:04

🌏 Broadening the Scope: International Studies and Global Politics

The fourth paragraph introduces 'International Studies' and 'Global Politics' as broader concepts within the discipline. 'International Studies' is described as focusing on societies, cultures, languages, and systems of government, with an emphasis on planetary and humanity issues. 'Global Politics', on the other hand, is associated with the works of Joseph Nye and Robert Keohane, who argue for a move away from state-centric approaches due to globalization and interdependence. The paragraph also discusses the impact of transnational corporations and non-governmental organizations on world politics.

20:04

🏛 The Search for a Correct Nomenclature

In this paragraph, the discussion turns to the search for an appropriate term for the discipline. It argues against the notion that the state is obsolete in the face of globalization, emphasizing the continued relevance of states in facilitating globalization, providing military security, and representing national communities in international forums. The paragraph also acknowledges the importance of incorporating global perspectives into the study of international relations, while recognizing the limitations of the discipline in covering non-western forms of knowledge.

25:07

📘 Conclusion: Embracing Global Perspectives in International Relations

The final paragraph concludes the lecture by reiterating the importance of including global perspectives in the study of international relations. It acknowledges the debates and disputes within the discipline but posits that such contestations are essential for advancing human knowledge. The paragraph suggests that while the term 'international relations' will be used, it should be complemented by a global perspective to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the field.

Keywords

💡Nomenclature

The term 'nomenclature' refers to the system or set of names used in a particular discipline. In the context of the video, it is used to discuss the various names given to the field of study that focuses on relations among nations, such as 'International Politics', 'International Relations', 'International Studies', and 'Global Politics'. The video explores why there are multiple terms and what each term signifies about the nature and scope of the discipline.

💡International Relations

International Relations is a field of study that examines the relationships between countries, including political, economic, social, and cultural interactions. The video discusses how this term is often used interchangeably with 'International Politics', but it emphasizes a broader scope that includes non-political interactions and a multi-disciplinary approach.

💡International Politics

International Politics is a term that focuses on the political aspects of relations between sovereign states. The video explains that this term is often associated with the realist school of thought, emphasizing power dynamics, conflict, and the struggle for power among nations. It contrasts with 'International Relations' by highlighting the competitive and conflictual nature of state interactions.

💡State-Centric

The concept of 'state-centric' refers to an approach that prioritizes the role of sovereign states in international affairs. The video mentions that 'International Relations' is often seen as state-centric, meaning that it primarily considers the interactions between states and views the state as the primary actor in the international system.

💡Anarchy

In the context of International Politics, 'anarchy' refers to the absence of a central authority that can govern the actions of sovereign states. The video uses this term to describe the condition under which states operate, where each state is an independent and autonomous entity, leading to a system characterized by power struggles and the potential for conflict.

💡Billard Ball Model

The Billard Ball Model is a metaphor used in the video to illustrate the interactions between sovereign states in the international system. It likens states to billiard balls moving independently and potentially colliding with each other, symbolizing the independent and sometimes conflicting nature of state interactions in a state-centric system.

💡Global Politics

Global Politics is a term that encompasses a broader perspective than International Politics, taking into account the effects of globalization and the influence of non-state actors. The video discusses how this term reflects a shift towards recognizing the interconnectedness of the world and the impact of transnational corporations and non-governmental organizations on international affairs.

💡Transnational Relations

Transnational Relations is a concept that highlights the interactions and connections that cross national borders, often involving non-state actors. The video mentions this in relation to 'Global Politics', emphasizing how these relations challenge the traditional state-centric view of international affairs and contribute to a more integrated global system.

💡International Studies

International Studies is a term used in the video to describe a broader academic field that includes not only the study of state interactions but also societies, cultures, languages, and systems of government. It is distinguished from 'International Relations' by its focus on a more comprehensive view of global issues and its inclusion of non-state actors and societal aspects.

💡Global Governance

Global Governance refers to the systems and processes through which global issues are managed and decisions are made, often involving a mix of state and non-state actors. The video discusses this concept in the context of 'Global Politics', highlighting the need for a governance model that goes beyond the interests of individual states to consider the broader interests of humanity and the planet.

💡Contestation

Contestation in the video refers to the debates and disagreements over the terminology and conceptual frameworks used in the study of international affairs. It is noted that such debates are not only common but also essential for advancing knowledge in the social sciences, as they challenge existing ideas and encourage the development of new perspectives.

Highlights

Introduction to the nomenclature of the discipline, focusing on why there are many nomenclatures and the reasons for their use.

Discussion on the contested nomenclature of international relations, highlighting the differences in terminology used by scholars.

Historical origin of the term 'International' by Jeremy Bentham in 1780 to describe relations among nations.

Explanation of the state-centric nature of international relations and the concept of sovereignty as a key element of a state.

Introduction of the term 'International politics' and its association with post-World War II period and realism in political thought.

Description of the billiard ball model illustrating the anarchical state-centric approach in international politics.

Emphasis on power, self-help, and survival as key concerns in international politics and the focus on war and peace issues.

Differentiation between 'International politics' and 'International relations' in terms of scope and focus on conflictual vs. cooperative interactions.

Introduction of the term 'International studies' and its broader scope beyond state interactions to include societies, cultures, and global issues.

Discussion on the emergence of 'Global politics' and the challenges to the state-centric approach due to globalization and interdependence.

Presentation of the CWAY model of complex interdependence as a framework for understanding global politics.

Critique of the idea that states are no longer relevant, arguing that they remain central to globalization, security, and economic exchanges.

Argument for the incorporation of a global perspective in international relations to address emerging issues and actors.

Acknowledgment of the importance of existing theories in international relations that focus on nation-states.

Call for international relations to be more inclusive of non-western forms of knowledge and perspectives from the global South.

Reflection on the value of contestation and debate in advancing knowledge within social science disciplines.

Conclusion advocating for the use of the term 'international relations' with a global perspective to encompass a wider understanding.

Transcripts

[Music]

hello students today we'll be talking

about the nomenclature of the discipline

which is the very first question of the

first unit while talking about the

nomenclature we will be basically

focusing on two important questions the

first is why there are so many

nomenclatures used for the discipline

and secondly what are the reasons we use

different nomenclatures for the

discipline we will be proceeding like

this first we will be talking of the

contested nomenclature for the

discipline second we'll be talking of

international politics and international

relations and then we'll be different

sitting between the two third we'll be

talking of international studies fourth

we will be covering of the emergence of

global politics and how that has

affected the earlier use of the term

International politics and international

relations then we'll be ending our

discussion with certain import and

concluding points let us now focus on

the contested nomenclature of the

discipline when you see the nomenclature

of any other social science discipline

you will find that the nomenclature of

international relations is highly

contested and even debated many

International Scholars call it

differently some call it as

International politics some call it as

international relations some call it as

international studies and even some call

it as world political

definitely there is a overlap in the

focus of all these nomenclatures and

that is the reason why many scholars

including academics use these

nomenclatures interchangeably but these

nomenclatures are different from each

other the objective International was C

by the British political philosopher

jery Bentham in the year 1780 to capture

relations among nations in a single word

and that he wrote In the book the

principles of morals and

legislation International in this sense

means

International so I'm using hyen in

between the two International or

Interstate Politics As a student of

political science you may be knowing the

difference between a nation and a

state a nation may have a common history

common culture common language common

geography but it is not a state unless

and until it has five elements of State

the first is geography the second is

population the third is government the

fourth is sovereignty and the fifth is

international

recognition out of these five elements

sovereignty is considered the most

important one because that gives you the

status of a state similarly when we say

international relations basically it

refers to the state Centric nature of

the system and that is the reason why we

call International System as a state

system when we say it as a state system

it basically refers to the composition

of various Sovereign and autonomous

States let me now focus on International

politics International politics term was

used mostly in the postc world period

for international Scholars like

maranto who is known as the father of

modern realism in international Politics

the core of international politics was

the politics between and among the

sovereign nation states and that is the

reason why he chose to write the title

of the book as politics among nations

for the realist and particularly for

maranto power is understood at the key

element in international politics and

that's why International politics was

described as a struggle for power

international system was divided into a

collection of states and functioning

under the condition of Anarchy when I'm

saying Anarchy or for the realist

Anarchy doesn't mean chaos or disorder

rather Anarchy means there was the

absence of any International Authority

that could control the sovereign states

this anarchical state centic approach

can be Illustrated through a model

called bilard B

model let me show you the Billard ball

model of international politics you can

see how these balls are there and they

can be equated with the working of the

sovereign state system they are

different from each other at the same

time you know they are operating in the

same principle under the international

politics states are compared with

billiard balls and are viewed as

independent

and autonomous entities sovereign states

behave like a collection of bil Worlds

moving over the table and colliding with

each other because you all are sovereign

states because you are all independent

states so you behave in a very different

kind and there is the possibility that

you may Collide you may class with the

other states so that is what the Bard

model says collusion linked basically to

the military and security matters you

know when your military issues and my

military issues are different and we

consider the same thing as important so

it is natural that we collide with each

other power self-help and survival are

the key concerns so as I said you know

nations are self-seeking entities and

the more you acquire power the more you

would be able to secure your National

interest and because all are independent

states all are sovereign states so the

only way you can secure your National

interest is through the policy of

self-help and you always fear that other

states May attack you other states May

occupy you that's why you always think

survival as your key concern

International politics is basically

oriented mainly around issues of War and

Peace so because there is a possibility

of collusion there is a possibility of

War so basically you know you as a

scholar of international politics

focused on these issues diplomacy

balance of power and possible military

action constituted the principal forms

of State interaction right so these were

considered as different foreign policy

tools by the realist particularly for

The Sovereign and Powerful Nation

States The Bard B model has two key

implications first it accepts that there

is a clear distinction between the

domestic politics and international

politics so when we talk of domestic

politics we are talking of order and

when we're talking of international

politics we are talking of Anarchy and

secondly not all Bard balls are of the

same size because of the uneven

distribution of power in International

politics political conflicts the reasons

behind those conflicts conflict

resolution fall within the perview of

international politics so these were the

main issues for which the scholars of

international politics worked and

researched focus on competition and

conflictual side of State interaction so

if you look at the issues like War peace

diplomacy balance of power and many

other things so basically those who

highlighted those issues they talked

about or they covered about the

conflictual and competitive nature of

the states intergovernmental

organizations and non-governmental

organizations were studied for their

impact on the political relations of

states the scholars who use the term

International politics considers

Politics as an autonomous discipline so

the scholars who particularly talk of

international politics they highlight

only the political aspects of the

interaction between and among the

sovereign

states now let me focus on international

relations the scholars who use the term

international relations focus on all

kinds of interactions between and among

the sovereign states those kind of

interactions may be political maybe

economic maybe social maybe cultural

maybe

scientific it also includes State

interactions with intergovernmental

organizations transnational corporations

and non-governmental organiz but for

these schar state is considered as the

only significant actor so other actors

are there but they are not considered as

primary like the

states interaction is always

asymmetrical rather than symmetrical so

there are other kinds of actors but

their inter action with the state is not

based on equality rather it is based on

inequality or asymmetrical relationship

no transnational Corporation or NOS can

rival the states in terms of its coip

power so state is not only the entity

that possesses sovereignty it also

possesses query power which

differentiate it from all other actors

those who focus on coop itive side of

interaction they basically talk about

International relation so we can make a

difference here between those who focus

on the conflictual side of State

interaction so they use the term

International politics and those who

talk about the Cooperative relations

between the sovereign states or among

the sovereign states they use the term

international

relations those who consider the term

international relations they highlight

the multi-disciplinary character of the

discipline you know there are different

kinds of approaches we use in political

science in international relations first

is what is called disciplinary approach

the second is called interdisciplinary

approach the third is called

multidisiplinary approach and the fourth

is called transdisciplinary approach so

when you do research or study your own

discipline and you don't bother what is

happening in other disciplines that is

called disciplinary approach

interdisciplinary means more than one

but limited to two so when two subjects

influence each other in terms of

research in terms of ideas in terms of

theory in terms of methodology that is

called interdisciplinary approach the

third is called multidisiplinary

multidisiplinary means more than two

discipline when there is a research give

and take between different social

science disciplines such as history

political science economics or sociology

that is called multidisiplinary

approach right in the multidisiplinary

approach you borrow ideas Concepts

methods and theories from other

disciplines and also influence those

disciplines when we talk of

transdisciplinary approach it is based

on two features first it is based on the

unity of knowledge that is it doesn't

believe in the existence of artificial

boundaries between and among different

social science disciplines second it

also believes that there is a research

give and take between social sciences

Natural Sciences medical Sciences Arts

and Humanities or any other discipline

so they're open for ideas Concepts

methods and theories from any other

discipline for the sake of totality of

knowledge or comp comprehensive

knowledge so after discussing what is

international politics and international

relations you can yourself make a

difference between the two for instance

international relations Is much wider

and broader in scope than International

politics we already discussed that in

international politics only the

political aspects of Interstate

relations are highlighted but in

international relations not just

political

but nonpolitical interactions are given

priority so there is a difference

between the two now let me talk about

International Studies Scholars

particularly focuses on this term

because of its wider scope those who use

international studies as a nomenclature

for our discipline they basically focus

on societies cultures languages and

systems of government

so just see how this International

Studies term is different from

international relations because they

focus only on state interactions and to

a limited extent States interactions

with non-state entities but here they

not only focus on the states and

non-state actors they also focus on

societies cultures language and

comparison between different forms of

government their focus is not limited

rather they focus on planetary and

Humanity issues and their impact on the

globe so basically they're talking not

just about the states and States

interactions with non-state entities

rather they're talking of the humanity

they're talking of the globe they're

talking of the whole planet also see the

big picture not just the details if

something is happening they not only

just go through why it is is happening

rather they look at the big picture they

analyze the big picture they consider

the big picture but for the scholars of

international studies they will not just

look at the Ripple rather they they will

look at the whole pond so that

differentiate international relations

and International Studies from each

other now let me talk about global

politics basically the whole concept of

global politics is identified with the

works of Joseph n and Robert Cohen in

their famous work called transnational

relations and World politics which they

published in the year

1972 they are of the view that it is

difficult to sustain the state Centric

approach due to increased globalization

and Global

interdependence you know how the present

world is not only interconnected it is

also closely linked with each other you

know how the concept of globalization

Information Technology Revolution

economic liberalization they have made

it possible for the whole world to get

integrated and interconnected they are

also of the view that the transnational

corporations and non-governmental

organizations exert influence on the

working of international politics

although in a different way and through

different

approaches you can site the example of

alqaeda

Amnesty International Google Facebook

infosis Reliance and other how they save

World politics and in what way they are

playing an important role in world

Politics the concept of global politics

is also based on mixed Factor model and

the cway model of complex

interdependence given by Joseph NY and

Robert Quan as you can see in the next

slide you know

this is how we can understand the cway

model here there are so many lines but

there're not a clearcut line and each

line is connected with the other in a

very complicated way in a very different

way other Scholars who believe in the

concept of global politics they argue

for a borderless and transplanetary

approach basically you know how the

concept of globalization concept of

economic liberalization how it has made

the boundaries irrelevant how the

concept of sovereignty is losing its

importance so this is how they are

talking of the borderless and

transdisciplinary world so the concept

of global politics has multiple meanings

first Global means worldwide that is the

whole planet or the whole of humanity

not we can divide them into different

parts or different units you can take

the example of United Nations that has

chained Universal membership and it is

also called as a global organization we

also talk about global issues like

environment terrorism or the issue of

global capitalism second Global means

comprehensive that is worldwide Regional

National sub Regional and so on so when

we say comprehensive it doesn't mean we

believe in The Great Divide that is the

division between the domestic politics

and international politics finally those

who focus on global politics they also

focus on global not International

governance earlier we focused on

International governance that was a lose

kind of governance model meant for the

interstate relations but the concept of

global governance is a model that not

only looks at the interest of the state

rather it also looks at the interest of

State State actors and also the

non-state

actors now let me focus on the search

for a correct nen clature after

discussing the whole concept of

international politics international

relations international studies and

World politics definitely you may be

thinking that what should be the correct

nomenclature for our discipline let me

explain that those who are talking of

the borderless world or state is dead

and the sovereignty is irrelevant we

still think that these are all fanciful

ideas because it is the states who

facilitated the globalization process

and projects so you can't think of

globalization without the role of the

states so still we are governed by the

states although other International

actors are there but the states they

have retained their Monopoly and they're

still dictating the terms of

international engagement secondly the

states are also considered as primary

providers of military security this you

can find in the context of the present

war between Russia and Ukraine or Hamas

and Israel so we may be talking of

different actors in international

politics but when it comes to military

security it is the state that provides

security to its citizens then it is the

states that articulate this National

communities voices so if you have to

take a position in international

organization if you have to take a

position in international politics so it

is your state that represent the

population and take a common view on the

basis of its population so if India

wants to take a position on Kashmir so

it is the Indian state that has to take

that position if Pakistan has to take a

position in Kashmir they have to take a

position in the United Nations and that

position is taken by the Pakistani State

the states are indispensable to global

economic exchanges you must have seen in

recent years how America and the

countries belonging to the West they

have imposed economic sanctions against

Russia to dissuade it from its war from

Ukraine so the global and international

are complimentary to each other and

should not be seen as

rivals we have seen how the importance

of the term International is still there

because of the importance given to the

states also we cannot forget the

emerging issues the emerging actors that

also in a very significant way influence

the working of international

politics so now let me end the

discussion with some important

concluding points first IR should

incorporate glob global perspective as

we have discussed because there are many

things pointed out by the global

perspective that we can't ignore for the

study of international relations so it

is needed that international relations

should also incorporate those issues and

concerns highlighted by the global

perspective approach secondly we should

not forget that relevant research and

theorization has been done in

international relation

so those who talk about realist Theory

those who talk about liberal Theory

those who talk about Marxism you know

they have all done work keeping in view

of the states or focusing on the states

so Global issues are important so also

theories and perspectives that base

their analysis on the nation states

second do you think that international

relations is a global discipline it is

actually not because it doesn't give

importance to nonwestern forms of

knowledge particularly the perspective

from the global South in terms of their

history in terms of their culture in

terms of their writings in terms of of

their civilization so these are not

reflected in the present concept of

international relations in fact the

debates and disputes we have discussed

in the context of the nomenclature of

the discipline might have caused

confusion and frustration to you because

you still may be thinking that what is

this that now we don't agree to the

nomenclature of a discipline why there

is international relations why there is

international politics why there is

World politics why there is

international studies and you may be

still approaching that still we are not

agreeing to a common point that whether

it is actually International or not you

may now be thinking that we have settled

with the term international relations

and we can use this term without any

controversy without any debate but

international relations Is Yet To Be A

truly Global discipline because it still

doesn't cover the nonwestern forms of

knowledge derived from their history

culture civilization and

writings you may also finding it's

confusing and frustrating that there are

lots of controversies and debates in the

field but it must be mentioned that

contestation advances human knowledge

there may be debate there may be

discussion there may be argument there

may be counterargument but this is how

we advance our knowledge in social

science disciplines so we would be using

the term international relations for our

discipline but at the same time we will

follow it with a Global Perspective

which we have discussed earlier so thank

you for your patient hearing

[Music]