Biomolecules Mind maps 🧠with PDF in just 10 minutes 😍 NEET 2024🔥ONE SHOT Revision
Summary
TLDRThis educational video offers a concise overview of biomolecules, essential chemicals in living organisms, using a mind map. It explains the experimental process of analyzing biomolecules, distinguishing between micro and macro molecules based on size and solubility. The video delves into carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, highlighting their structures and functions. It also covers enzyme action, factors affecting enzyme activity, and enzyme classifications, providing a foundational understanding for students in biology.
Takeaways
- 🧬 Biomolecules are chemical substances found within living organisms, including proteins, lipids, fats, and carbohydrates.
- 🔬 Experimental proof of biomolecules involves grinding tissue with trichloroacetic acid to create a slurry, which is then strained to separate acid-soluble and acid-insoluble fractions.
- 🌟 Micromolecules, with a size less than 1,000 Daltons, are found in the filtrate, while macromolecules, larger than 1,000 Daltons, are in the retentate.
- 🍬 Carbohydrates are classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides based on the number of sugar units they contain.
- 🥚 Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, each with a unique side chain (R group) that determines its properties.
- 🌈 Proteins have a hierarchical structure consisting of primary, secondary (e.g., alpha-helices, beta-pleated sheets), tertiary, and quaternary structures.
- 💧 Lipids are divided into glycerol and fatty acids, with distinctions between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, including MUFA and PUFA.
- 🧬 Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, are central to the study of genetics, while nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.
- 🌱 Metabolites are categorized into primary and secondary metabolites, with the latter including a variety of drugs and other compounds.
- 🔄 Enzymes catalyze reactions by reducing activation energy, and their activity is influenced by factors such as temperature and pH.
- 🔍 Enzymes are classified into groups like oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, and isomerases, and some are conjugated enzymes with both protein and non-protein components.
Q & A
What are biomolecules?
-Biomolecules are chemicals present in living organisms, including proteins, lipids, fats, and carbohydrates, which are found inside living tissues.
How can the chemical composition of a living tissue be analyzed?
-The chemical composition of a living tissue can be analyzed by grinding the tissue with a mortar and pestle using trichloroacetic acid to obtain a slurry, which is then strained through a muslin cloth to separate the filtrate (acid-soluble fraction) from the retentate (acid-insoluble fraction).
What is the difference between micro molecules and macro molecules based on the script?
-Micro molecules are molecules with a size less than 1,000 Daltons, typically found in the filtrate, such as simple carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleotides. Macro molecules are larger, with a size more than 1,000 Daltons, and include nucleic acids, proteins, and complex carbohydrates, found in the retentate.
What are the basic components of carbohydrates?
-Carbohydrates are made up of monosaccharides, which can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides based on the number of sugar units present.
What are the two main types of polysaccharides mentioned in the script?
-The two main types of polysaccharides are homopolysaccharides, which are made up of a single monomeric unit, and heteropolysaccharides, which have different types of repeating units.
What is an amino acid and what is its basic structure?
-An amino acid is the basic building block of proteins, with a basic structure consisting of a carbon atom (C), an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a variable side chain (R group) that determines the properties of the amino acid.
How many different types of amino acids are there in proteins?
-There are 20 different types of amino acids that make up proteins, each with a unique R group or functional group.
What are the four levels of protein structure mentioned in the script?
-The four levels of protein structure are primary (linear), secondary (alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets), tertiary (the overall 3D structure), and quaternary (the structure formed by multiple polypeptide chains).
What are the two main components of lipids?
-Lipids are mainly composed of glycerol (a type of alcohol) and fatty acids (carboxylic acids), which can be saturated or unsaturated.
What is the basic unit of nucleic acids?
-The basic unit of nucleic acids is the nucleotide, which is composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.
What are the two types of metabolites mentioned in the script?
-The two types of metabolites are primary metabolites, which are essential for the normal functioning of the cell, and secondary metabolites, which include compounds like drugs and other specialized substances.
What is the function of an enzyme in a biological reaction?
-An enzyme's function is to reduce the activation energy required for a reaction, allowing substrate molecules to react more efficiently and form products.
What are the factors that affect enzyme activity?
-Factors that affect enzyme activity include optimum temperature and pH levels. Enzymes can become denatured at high temperatures or become inactive at low temperatures, and pH levels outside their optimal range can also reduce their activity.
What is the difference between simple enzymes and conjugate enzymes?
-Simple enzymes consist only of a protein part, while conjugate enzymes, also known as holoenzymes, have both a protein part (apoenzyme) and a non-protein part (cofactor), which may include a prosthetic group or a metal ion.
Outlines
🧬 Biomolecules and Their Analysis
This paragraph introduces the concept of biomolecules, which are chemicals found in living organisms such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. It explains the experimental process of analyzing these molecules by grinding tissue with trichloroacetic acid to create a slurry, which is then filtered through a muslin cloth to separate into an acid-soluble fraction (micro molecules, <1,000 Daltons) and an acid-insoluble fraction (macro molecules, >1,000 Daltons). The paragraph also covers the basic classification of carbohydrates into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides, and briefly touches on proteins and their amino acid building blocks.
🌟 Advanced Biomolecule Structures and Metabolites
The second paragraph delves deeper into the structures of proteins, including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures, with hemoglobin given as an example of a quaternary structure. It then discusses lipids, distinguishing between glycerol and fatty acids, and further classifying them into saturated and unsaturated types, including MUFA and PUFA. Nucleic acids are introduced with DNA and RNA, and the composition of nucleotides is explained. Metabolites are categorized into primary and secondary, with an emphasis on the importance of understanding secondary metabolites for exams. Enzyme action is described, including the formation of enzyme-substrate complexes and the factors affecting enzyme activity such as temperature and pH. The paragraph concludes with a mention of enzyme classification and the concept of conjugate enzymes, which consist of a protein part and a non-protein part.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Biomolecules
💡Acid Soluble Fraction
💡Micromolecules
💡Macromolecules
💡Carbohydrates
💡Proteins
💡Lipids
💡Nucleic Acids
💡Metabolites
💡Enzymes
💡Conjugate Enzymes
Highlights
Introduction to the concept of biomolecules as chemicals present in living organisms, including proteins, lipids, fats, and carbohydrates.
Explanation of the experimental method to analyze the chemical composition of living tissues using TR chloro acetic acid.
Differentiation between micro molecules and macro molecules based on size, with micro molecules being less than 1,000 Daltons and macro molecules more than 1,000 Daltons.
Examples of macro molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and complex carbohydrates, and micro molecules like simple carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleotides.
Classification of biomolecules into bio macro molecules and bio micro molecules.
Carbohydrates are composed of monosaccharides and can be classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Description of monosaccharides, disaccharides like sucrose and fructose, and the distinction between homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides.
Introduction to proteins and the basic structure of amino acids, including the variable R group that determines the type of amino acid.
Different types of amino acids, including aromatic, acidic, basic, and neutral amino acids, and their importance in examinations.
Protein structure levels: primary, secondary (Alpha sheets, beta pleated), tertiary, and quaternary structures.
Lipids are divided into glycerol and fatty acids, with distinctions between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, and the basic unit of nucleic acids is the nucleotide.
Differences between nucleotides and the types of sugars present in DNA and RNA.
Metabolites are categorized into primary and secondary metabolites, with a focus on the importance of the secondary metabolites table for examinations.
Enzyme action involves the enzyme-substrate complex, enzyme product complex, and the separation of enzyme and product.
Factors affecting enzyme activity, including optimum temperature and pH, and the consequences of deviations from these optimal conditions.
Classification of enzymes into oxy, reductase, transferase, hydrolases, isomerases, and examples for each class.
Conjugate enzymes, also known as Holo enzymes, consist of a protein part (Apoenzyme) and a non-protein part (co-actor).
Importance of understanding the difference between co-enzymes and prosthetic groups, with examples provided.
Role of metal ions in enzymes, with zinc as an example of a significant metal ion.
Transcripts
so hey aspirin this is basat your
biology Master teacher welcome to Vidant
n English now in this video we'll be
summarizing the entire chapter of your
biomolecules with the help of a mind map
in few minutes starting off with a basic
definition that is chemicals present in
the living organisms are known as
biomolecules that is proteins lipids
fats carbohydrates all of these are
molecules which are found inside the
living tissue is called as
biomolecules now there needs to be an
experimental proof to confirm this yes
there is that is method to analyze the
chemical composition that is if you are
given with a living tissue that is a rat
tissue or a plant tissue all you need to
do is be a scientist that is take the
tissue and completely grind it in a
mottin pistel with the help of a acid
that is called as your TR chloro acetic
acid to obtain a slurry so when you
obtain a slurry you need to stain it you
need to strain it with the help of a
musling cloth imagine if this is your
Beaker you take a muslin cloth on top of
it and you add your slurry on it now
once you add the slurry some amount of
slurry will slide down and this part is
called as your
filtrate now what we present on the top
is called as retentate it is called as
what retentate now the same filtrate is
also called as your acid soluble
fraction why because whatever chemicals
or whatever the molecule which are
present in the filtrate are technically
soluble in your acid so they are also
called as what acid soluble now again
the above above one is called as acid
insoluble because they're not soluble
inside the TR chloro atic acid now
whatever we find here in the filate are
called as micro molecules why do you say
micro molecules because the size is less
than 1,000 Daltons now what about the
return Tate here they are called as
macro molecules because their size is
more than 1,000 Delton simple examples
in your macro molecules are going to be
your nucleic acids your proteins and
complex carbohydrates now what about
your filtrate in filtrate we find simple
carbohydrates we find amino acids we
find your nucle nucleotides that's it
now students that is your field rate and
return return trate based on that the
biome molecules are divided into two
types that is bio macro molecules bio
macro molecules micro and macro clear
the next thing which you need to
understand is the carbohydrates
carbohydrates are made up of
monosaccharides now what are
carbohydrates carbohydrates are
basically hydrates of carbon hydrates of
carbon that is your it could have a
separate o Bond next to it it can also
have alide or it can also have Ketone
next to it now based on the
classification we have your
monosaccharides disaccharides
oligosaccharides polysaccharides that is
basically number of sugar units present
if it is monosaccharide it only has one
unit that is example triose similarly we
have disaccharides such as sucrose and
fructose let me know in the comment
section what is sucrose and fructose
made up of also then we have
polysaccharides polysaccharides are
again divided into two types that is
your homopolysaccharides and
heteropolysaccharides
homopolysaccharides are made up of only
single monomeric unit repeated monomeric
unit single example cellulose enin
cellulose inin glycogen all these are
examples of your homopolysaccharide
other example is kittin also then we
have hrop polysaccharides they have
different type of repeating units
example nagam which is found in your
pepo glycon apart from that agar is also
an example for that then we have your
proteins before we go to the proteins
everyone should understand a little bit
about amino acids that is the basic
structure of amino acid everyone should
know that is your carbon
C NH h 2 and H and R now this R is
variable depending upon what this R is a
functional group whatever functional
group is present depending upon the
amino acid changes example if H is there
it is glycine similarly you also have
Serene and alinin in your structural in
your ncrt apart from that we have
totally 20 different amino acids means
20 different types of functional groups
apart from that in the amino acids we
should also know the aromatic amino
acids tryptophan tyrosin fenal Anin we
should also know acidic amino acids
basic amino acids and neutral amino
acids with example very important that's
what they'll ask you in examination let
me know in the comment section also
which is the example for your basic
amino acid okay then we have proteins
students in proteins only thing which
you need to remember is the structure of
protein that is primary structure
secondary structure tertiary structure
and coary structure primary structure is
linear in your secondary structure we
have Alpha sheets and beta plated this
TR structure and quad structure is made
up of many different chains example is
your hemoglobin then we have lipids
lipids mainly are div into two types
glycerols and fatty acids glycerols are
basically a type of alcohol also called
as your trihydroxy propane is one
example there then we have fatty acids
fatty acids are basically carboxilic
acid with a functional group example
example going to be your saturated and
unsaturated in saturated we have a
single Bond lipids and in your
unsaturated we have your double bond and
triple bond here mua and pufa you need
to know what is that then we have your
nucleic acids we have DNA RNA and
nucleotide now DNA and RNA you would
have studied deeply in your Mo base of
inheritance so same thing can
incorporate be here then we have
nucleotide is made up of three units
that is a nitrogenous base a pentos
sugar and a phosphate group also you
should know the difference between
nucleotide and nucleotide very important
then we have what type of sugar present
in DNA and RNA that you need to know
then we have metabolites mainly two type
of metabolites primary metabolites and
secondary metabolites students a table
from your ncrt for second metabolites is
the the most important table for your
metabolites and your examination
questions are come from that table
example Conan there are drugs and
different things are there remember that
table apart from that the one more table
is your protein table the functions of
proteins that glute four remember that
then we have enzyme action enzyme action
first we learn the enzyme action and
enzymes that is enzyme plus substrate
enzyme substrate complex enzyme product
complex and enzyme and product are
separate what does it tell you it tells
you simple enzyme is basically doing one
function that is it is reducing the
activation energy so that enzyme can
compounds can become products react
become product then we have your factors
affecting your enzyme activity that is
every single enzyme needs Optimum
temperature and temperature and pH
Beyond which it doesn't work it's like
very lazy
that is for example temperature becomes
very high all the proteins will denat
that is enzyme will denature if
temperature becomes very low the enzymes
becomes inactive the same goes for pH
then we have classification that is oxy
reductase transferase hydras lias isomer
and lias example for each one is very
important one more thing we missed out
here is types where the questions have
been repeatedly coming that is simple
enzymes conjugate enzymes now what are
these conjugate enzymes also called as
Holo enzymes in conjugate enzym there
are two parts protein part and
non-protein part your protein part is
called as AO enzyme nonprotein part is
called as co-actor where we have
something called as prosthetic group
examples very important we have
co-enzyme exam example again very
important we also have different metal
ions there example very important
example is zinc there there it is the
entire biomolecules in a few minutes
students let me know in the comment
section whatever questions I asked and
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