PutraMOOC | PRT2008M Topic 6 Innovation and Challenges in Agriculture (Part 1/6)
Summary
TLDRシバ・バラスンDRAM氏が農業における革新と課題について語りました。昔ながらの食糧生産から、グリーン・レボリューションを経て、現代では環境保護と持続可能な食糧生産が求められます。最新技術を活用した新しい農業は、食品生産だけでなく、環境と調和したエコロジーの創造に重点を置いています。農業はビジネス・ドリブンで創造性豊かで、植物工学や組織培養技術が高収益種苗の大量生産を可能にしています。
Takeaways
- 🌱 農業は最も古い職業の一つであり、食品生産を目的とした基本的な活動から始まり、長い歴史の中で興味深いパラダイムシフトを経験しています。
- 🌟 緑の革命は農業における重要な時代で、優良な種苗、化学肥料や農薬の大量使用、および灌漑技術の発展を通じて生産を大幅に増加させることを目指しました。
- 🚜 現代の農業は、食品生産だけでなく、環境保護や良性生態系の創造を含む多角的なサービスに重点を移しています。
- 💡 農業はビジネス駆動型であり、利益を得るために農業コミュニティに新しい興味と創造性を持たせることが重要です。
- 🌾 開発された国では食品供給が十分で、季節を問わず新鮮な果物や野菜を年間を通じて消費できます。
- 📈 食品の価格は上昇していますが、相対的にリーズナブルであり、特に開発された国では家計に大きな割合を占めません。
- 🍫 コーヒー、紅茶、チョコレート、香辛料など、世界中で利用可能な特別な食品があります。
- 🛠️ 効果的な保存技術があり、農産物の多くはより長期にわたって保存できます。
- 🔧 機械化により労働効率が向上し、農民は広範な土地を耕作して効率的に作物を生産できます。
- 🌿 土壌保全にも大きな改善があり、土壌の栄養素の枯渇や自然現象による侵食を防ぐ取り組みが行われています。
- 🌱 種子の品質が高まり、ハイブリッドやクローン、品種改良を通じて高い収量を実現する種苗が開発されています。
- 🌿 組織培養技術は、植物の細胞を体外で培養し、大量の植物苗を短期間で生産できる革新的なアプローチです。
Q & A
農業におけるイノベーションの重要性とは何ですか?
-農業は最も古い職業の一つであり、時代を通じてさまざまなパラダイムシフトを経験しています。イノベーションは、食糧生産の基本的な活動から環境保護や持続可能な食糧生産に至るまで、農業の多様化と進化を促進する重要な要素です。
グリーン・レボリューションとは何であり、どのような影響を与えましたか?
-グリーン・レボリューションは、1960年代後半から1970年代にかけて起こった農業の変革であり、優良な栽培材料や化学肥料、農薬、および灌漑技術の使用により、食糧生産を大幅に増加させました。これは人間の飢餓問題に対処する目的で行われ、農業の顔を大きく変えました。
現代の農業におけるハイテク技術の役割は何ですか?
-現代の農業では、他の分野で開発されたテクノロジーを利用して、食糧や非食糧サービスの生産を一気に飛躍的に向上させています。これにより、農業は単なる作物栽培や家畜飼育から、環境保護や良性生態系の創出に関わる広範な分野へと拡大しています。
新農業の特長は何ですか?
-新農業は、食糧生産だけではなく、農業サービス、環境保護、生態系の創出を含む多角的な概念です。農業はビジネス駆動型であり、利益を追求するだけでなく、創造性や多様性も高まっています。
農業における「尊厳効果」とは何を指しますか?
-「尊厳効果」とは、農業が単なる労働から、創造性やビジネス机会に富んだ分野へと変化し、農業コミュニティの関心と情熱を喚起する効果を指します。
発展した国々において農業が果たしている役割とは何ですか?
-発展した国々では、農業は豊富な食糧供給、年間を通じて新鮮な果物や野菜の入手、さらには高価なコーヒーやチョコレートなどの特産品の生産に貢献しています。
農業における持続可能性の重要性とはどのようなものですか?
-持続可能性は、農業が未来の世代にも恩恵を与えられるように、環境保護と生態系の保護を重視することに重点を置く重要概念です。
組織培養技術とは何であり、農業にどのような影響を与えていますか?
-組織培養技術は、植物の細胞を体外で培養し、大量の植木材料を短時間で生産する無性生殖手法です。これは、高価な作物の需要に応えるための重要な技術であり、農業の効率化と高品質な作物の供給に寄与しています。
農業における栽培管理の3つの重要な分野とは何ですか?
-農業における栽培管理の3つの重要な分野は、施肥、病気・害虫対策、および灌漑です。これらは農業生産において必要不可欠な要素であり、作物の高品質と高収益を保証する上で欠かせません。
高品質の種子が農業生産にどのような影響を与えることがありますか?
-高品質の種子は、植物の育成と収穫において基本的であり、高収益をもたらすだけでなく、継続的に高品質の作物を生産する能力を高めます。
農業における機械化の利点は何ですか?
-機械化は、農業における労働効率を高め、広大な土地をより効率的に耕作し、作物の生産を向上させる利点をもたらします。
土壌保護の重要性とはどのようなものですか?
-土壌保護は、土壌の栄養素の枯渇や浸食を防ぎ、耕作地の価値を維持し、長期的な農業生産に寄与する上で不可欠な要素です。
Outlines
🌱 農業のイノベーションと課題
シヴァ・バラスンDRAMが農業におけるイノベーションと課題について語ります。農業は最も古い職業の一つであり、パラダイムシフトを経てきました。昔は基本的な食品生産活動でしたが、食品生産量の大幅な増加を目指してグリーン・レボリューションが起こり、化学肥料や農薬の大量使用、灌漑技術の開発が行われました。それにより、農業は人間の飢餓問題に対処する手段となりました。現在では、農業は食品生産だけでなく、環境と生態系の保護を含めた新しい農業へと発展しています。
📈 農業の進歩と創造性
発展した国々では食品供給が十分で、新鮮な果物や野菜が全年供給されています。食品の価格は相対的に安価であり、特に発展した国では食品費が生活費の大部分を占めません。さらに、コーヒーや紅茶、チョコレート、香辛料など、特産食品も世界中で入手可能となりました。農業は創造性の高いビジネスとして、新しい農業从业者を引き付け、農村社会に活気に溢れています。
🌾 農業の栽培から収穫までの管理
シヴァは生産農業に焦点を当て、植え付けから収穫までの過程における重要な管理面について触れます。重要な3つの分野は施肥、病虫害管理、および灌漑です。また、ハイブリッド種、クローン、または品種改良された種子を使用することで、高収益が期待できます。組織培養技術は、植物の葉、根、または茎から細胞を取り出し、体外で培養して苗を育てることができます。これにより、大量の栽培材料を迅速に生産することができます。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡革新
💡農業
💡グリーン・レボリューション
💡ハイテク技術
💡環境保護
💡ビジネス駆動
💡創造性
💡食品供給
💡保存技術
💡機械化
💡土壌保護
Highlights
Agriculture has undergone a paradigm shift from basic food production to a more complex and innovative field.
The Green Revolution introduced superior planting materials, chemical use, and irrigation technologies to increase food production significantly.
Modern agriculture employs cutting-edge technologies originally created for other fields, revolutionizing food and non-food production.
New agriculture encompasses not only food production but also agricultural services and creating a sustainable ecology.
Agriculture has become business-driven, focusing on profitability and attracting a new group of practitioners.
The 'dignification effect' in agriculture refers to the increase in excitement and creativity within the field.
Abundant food supply is now a reality in both developed and developing countries, with year-round availability of fresh produce.
Food affordability has been maintained despite rising costs due to energy issues.
Speciality foods like coffee, tea, chocolate, and spices have become globally accessible.
Agricultural preservation technologies have improved, allowing for longer storage of perishable produce.
Mechanization in agriculture has led to higher labor efficiency and larger land cultivation.
Soil conservation has seen improvements, though nutrient mining and erosion remain challenges.
Agricultural inputs for quick solutions are widely available, enhancing crop growth and soil health.
Agronomic management focuses on fertilization, pest and disease control, and irrigation as key areas in production agriculture.
High-quality seeds, including hybrid and tissue culture varieties, are crucial for high-yield crops.
Tissue culture allows for rapid and controlled production of planting materials, meeting the demand for high-value crops.
Transcripts
hi
i'm siva balasundram and i'm going to
talk to you about innovation and
challenges
in agriculture now agriculture
is perhaps
one of the oldest professions
agriculture has gone through a very
fascinating
paradigm shift and what started out as a
basic
activity for food production
you know there was a time when people
grew crops
purely for food production and you know
food is our basic need
then of course with time agriculture
started changing image and that's when
people were more concerned with
increasing their food production
at a very significant
rate and that's how we got what is known
as the green
revolution the green revolution was a
very interesting era because that's a
time when
practitioners of agriculture were using
superior planting materials
there was a lot of use of
chemicals in
in the sense that people started looking
at
high volumes of fertilizer and pesticide
applications
and of course irrigation technologies
were also
developed so this was an era where
the objective was really to increase or
to multiply your production
in such a way that could
deal with the issue of human hunger
and and so agriculture had a facelift
now this era of green revolution took
place sometime in the
late 60s and went on through
the 70s and in fact today what we have
is really the spin-offs of the green
revolution
where we we have a very uh exciting
suit of cutting-edge technologies
that are being employed in agriculture
and so these technologies are giving
a newer face to agriculture
where people are harnessing the
available technologies in which were
created for other
fields and and so
production of food or even non-food
services have taken a leap
now this brings us to where we are
now and where we might be heading
forward
that is what we call as the new
agriculture
now the new agriculture is very
fascinating because it's just not about
food production anymore
it includes agricultural services
it's given a whole new meaning to
agriculture
at one time it was just about growing
the crops or raring animals
and within that confines of whatever
parameters but today we are dealing with
the environment and we are dealing with
creating a very benign ecology
you know to facilitate the agriculture
which
we have um you know in terms of
crop production animal production
and also services you know such as
agrotourism
and and so on so so the the meaning of
agriculture today has really really
taken
um a huge shift and
you know the shifting paradigms of
agriculture
has never been more dramatic
than as of now because we have
a situation where we all agree that food
is important especially feeding a
growing planet
we also agree that we have to produce
food
in a very sustainable manner and and for
that
we we have to interact with the
environment and we have to
protect the ecology all right
now agriculture is fascinating for more
than one reasons
agriculture today is business driven
that means nobody really crops or tills
the
soil as a hobby anymore you know people
are concerned about
making money making profits and and for
that
you have to attract a whole new uh
group of practitioners you have to
create that that overwhelming interest
among
farming communities and so there's a lot
of excitement
and there's also a huge element of
creativity
involved in agriculture today and that's
like that's why i like to
term it as the dignification effect you
know where
where things are exciting things are
colorful
things are you know
different from what it used to be all
right
of course creativity is
subjective um
this diagram this picture show captures
that
very well
now let's try and and take a step back
and see
how have we uh how far have we really
progressed
we have um abundant
food supply in the developed world
especially in the developer world you
know we have also
adequate food in developing countries
uh food is everywhere you know in fact
today people say
yeah it's true that are some places
food is not enough but there's also a
lot of places where food is
more than enough so this has been a very
huge progress you know for agriculture
and of course there's also fresh fruits
and vegetables all year round
you know so we
we we can consume this kind of foods
all year round without having to wait
for a particular season you know
in fact today for example rice
rice is a grain crop
and there are there are systems where
rice can be grown three times a year and
and that's a huge
spin-off in terms of progress
and of course food is also affordable
relatively speaking people
you know they don't spend a huge chunk
of their
income in trying to put food on the
table
especially in the developed world yes i
agree that
food cost has risen dramatically over
the past
several years due to energy issues and
so on
but in general we can say it's safe to
say that food
has remained affordable in in more ways
than one
okay and then of course we have
speciality foods
such as coffee tea chocolate
and spices around the world
and and this is no longer a very niche
um
commodity anymore it can be found in
many parts of the world
over you know so so this is an example
of how
we have actually progressed in leaps and
bounds
and of course we have effective
preservation technologies
that allow much of our agricultural
produce which are highly perishable
to be stored for a longer time
then of course we have mechanization to
produce high labor efficiency
and and this has enabled farmers
the world over to to crop larger
acres of land and to produce
their outputs in a very efficient manner
and we also have recorded great
improvements in soil
conservation as you can see soil
loss has been a huge problem in fact it
still
is today arable land has been losing its
value simply because
the soil fertility levels have dipped
and this has been you know to a large
extent
uh caused by nutrient mining and
you know growing crops on the same land
over and over without
a good supply of nutrients
so so this has caused a lot of
nutrient mining and at the same time
physical effects
of heavy rainfall incidents and
and and other natural
interventions have caused um
erosion which is causing our soil
to no longer be soiled they turn into
sediments
okay now agricultural
inputs for quick solutions are readily
available today
we have various types of products
that enhance crop growth
and soil health so
so this provides for a very
healthy way for
for us to produce our crops efficiently
all right now in this talk
i'm going to focus on production
agriculture
and the concept here is there is
the one end of planting that's the
beginning
and of course there's the other end of
harvesting
so what happens from planting to
harvesting
is what we term as
agronomic management and in agronomic
management
these are among the three very important
and critical
areas that we often look at one is
fertilization
and of course the other is pest and
disease control
and of course the third one is
irrigation
so these are i would call the very
necessary
inputs in production agriculture so so
in this talk i will touch
a little bit on planting right up to
harvesting in a very embedded way
especially for harvesting because it's
embedded in
new technologies that are available
today
and and i will also
discuss with you about the agronomic
management
now if we look at
the beginning you know that is planting
of course in order for us to have
high quality crops we should have high
quality seeds
seeds these days are
in hybrid formats they are in clonal or
even varietal
arrangements so we have seeds that are
able to produce
high yields due to very intense
breakthroughs in plant breeding programs
you know
plant breeders have worked very hard to
come up with seeds that
that can not only produce high yields
but they can produce high yields in a
very continuous manner
okay so we have superior planting
materials in that in that sense
and then of course we have a technology
called tissue culture
which is also very fascinating in the
sense that
it is able it's it's able to churn out
planting stock or planting materials
in a very rapid manner tissue culture is
an asexual approach
to plant propagation you can
basically take any cell out of the plant
the cell can come from a leaf from a
root or from the stem
and you can culture this cell
in vitro and you can actually grow
a seedling so and these seedlings are
produced under control environment
and therefore you can mass produce you
can produce
a large volume of planting material
to facilitate your your farming
okay and many high value crops are
adopting these technologies today
tissue culture micro propagation
in order to keep up with the demand for
such crops
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