The Black Panther Party: Crash Course Black American History #39

CrashCourse
24 May 202213:48

Summary

TLDRクラッシュコースのブラックアメリカ歴史の中で、ブラックパンサー党が重要な役割を果たしました。1966年、ヒューイ・ニュートンとボビー・シールによって創設され、短期間で大きな影響を与えました。彼らはブラックアメリカ人の権利と自己決定を求め、社会的な支援プログラムを通じてコミュニティに貢献しました。しかし、内部の分裂やFBIの陰謀、警察との対立が彼らを苦しめ、1982年に解散しました。彼らの貢献はブラックアメリカ人の権利闘争に深い影響を与え、複雑な歴史的背景を持ちながらも、その貢献は軽視されるべきではありません。

Takeaways

  • 📚 ブラック・パンサー党は、1966年にフイー・ニュートンとボビー・シールによって創立され、短期間で大きな影響を与えました。
  • 🎓 ニュートンとシールは、カリフォルニア州オークランドのメリット・カレッジで出会い、ブラック歴史の教育を促進するために活動を開始しました。
  • 🗣️ ブラック・パンサー党は、ブラックアメリカ人が内部植民地として生きていると主張し、自己決定を通じて解放を目指しました。
  • 🌟 ブラック・パンサー党は、マルクス主義理論や世界各地の反植民地運動からインスピレーションを受け、ゲリラ戦術を有効な社会変化の戦略と考えていました。
  • 📋 ブラック・パンサー党は、彼らの「10ポイント・プログラム」で目標、哲学的見解、政治的目的を明確にしました。
  • 🏥 ブラック・パンサー党は、コミュニティを支援するために無料の医療診療所や学校の朝食プログラムを設立しました。
  • 🔫 パンサー党員は、警察の活動を監視するために、身に着けている銃を持っていたことが知られています。
  • 📈 パンサー党は、特に都市部の大きな少数派コミュニティに人気があり、ロサンゼルス、ニューヨーク市、フィラデルフィアなどで急速に拡大しました。
  • 🚨 1967年には、ニュートンはオークランド警官ジョン・フライを射殺したとされる事件があり、その影響でFBIの注目を集めました。
  • 💔 パンサー党には内部の問題もあり、男性主義やセクシーズムの問題が組織全体に影響を与えました。
  • 🔍 FBIのCOINTELPROは、政治的に進歩的なグループを監視するために使用され、ブラック・パンサー党もその対象となりました。
  • 🌐 ブラック・パンサー党は、ブラック人種の権利、平等、自己防衛に関する重要な議論を全国的、国際的に引き起こし、現代のブラック自由闘争にも深い影響を与えています。

Q & A

  • ブラックパンサー党はいつ創立されましたか?

    -ブラックパンサー党は1966年にHuey NewtonとBobby Sealeによって創立されました。

  • ブラックパンサー党の初期の名前は何でしたか?

    -初期の名前は「ブラックパンサー党 for Self-Defense」でした。

  • ブラックパンサー党はなぜ創立されましたか?

    -彼らはブラックアメリカ人が内部植民地として生きていると信じ、自己決定を通じてブラック植民地を解放することを目指し、アメリカや世界全体を変革するというより大きな目標に合わせて創立されました。

  • ブラックパンサー党の10ポイントプログラムには何が含まれていますか?

    -自由、完全雇用、資本家による私たちのブラックおよび圧迫されたコミュニティの略奪の終結、適切な住宅、真のアメリカ社会の性質を明かす教育、完全な無料の健康ケア、警察の暴力とブラック人や他の色の人、アメリカ国内のすべての圧迫された人々への殺害の直ちな終結などが含まれています。

  • ブラックパンサー党はなぜ社会プログラムを立ち上げましたか?

    -彼らはブラックコミュニティを支援するために集団的資源を集めることを目指し、健康診療所の無料提供や学校の子供たちのための無料朝食プログラムを開始しました。

  • ブラックパンサー党はどのようにして地域の警察活動を監視しましたか?

    -彼らは銃を隠さずに持っており、ブラック住む地域の地元警察の活動を監視しました。

  • ブラックパンサー党の内部にはどのような問題がありましたか?

    -内部では、男性優位のジェンダーロールや暴力や女性に対する暴力に対する批判、情報通と疑われたメンバーの殺害など、多くの問題がありました。

  • FBIのCOINTELPROプログラムとは何ですか?

    -COINTELPROはFBIの秘密の反インテリジェンスプログラムで、政治的に進歩的なグループを監視するために使用されました。

  • ブラックパンサー党の女性メンバーはどのような役割を果たしましたか?

    -Elaine Brown、Kathleen Cleaver、Assata Shakur、Ericka Hugginsなどの女性メンバーは、党の新聞の編集者や党の唯一の女性主席としてのリーダーシップ役割を果たしました。

  • ブラックパンサー党はなぜ1982年に解散しましたか?

    -内部の紛争と外部の圧力、政府の監視の重圧の下、組織は公式に1982年に解散しました。

  • ブラックパンサー党の貢献とは何でしたか?

    -ブラックパンサー党はブラックパワーを国内外に広めることに貢献し、ブラック人の公正な扱い、平等、自己防衛の権利に関する重要な質問を提起しました。

Outlines

00:00

😀 ブラックパンサー党の誕生と目的

1966年にHuey NewtonとBobby Sealeによって創設されたブラックパンサー党は、短期間でアメリカの歴史と文化に大きな影響を与えました。彼らはブラックアメリカ人がアメリカ国内の植民地として生きていると信じており、自己決定を通じてブラック植民地を解放することを目指しました。彼らの目標は、アメリカを変革し、最終的には世界を変革することで、人種や階級の不平等を是正することです。彼らの思想はマルクス主義理論や全世界の反植民地運動から影響を受けており、ゲリラ戦や武装したグループによる社会変革の有効性を信じていました。彼らは世界中のブラック解放闘争がブラックアメリカ人の闘争とつながっていると考えており、彼らの10ポイントプログラムは、ブラックアメリカ人や圧迫されたコミュニティの自由と権利を求める具体的な要求を挙げています。

05:00

🏥 ブラックパンサー党の社会活動と内部問題

ブラックパンサー党は社会活動を通じて、コミュニティを支援し、無料の健康診査や学校の朝食プログラムを開始しました。これらのプログラムは、アメリカの多くの地域で存在する現在の学校の朝食プログラムのモデルとなりました。しかし、党は内部の問題にも直面しており、例えば1969年にAlex Rackleyが党内の他のメンバーによって殺害された事件や、党の創設者であるHuey Newtonが警察官John Freyを射殺した事件があります。また、外部からの圧力もあり、FBIのCOINTELPROによって監視され、組織の解体に関与しました。

10:04

🚨 ブラックパンサー党の変遷と解散

Huey Newtonが刑務所から帰還した後、ブラックパンサー党は彼がSealeと共に創設した当初の組織とは大きく変わっていました。内部の分裂や外部の圧力、特にFBIによる秘密工作により、組織は苦しんでいました。1974-1977年にElaine Brownが党の唯一の女性主席として活動し、性的差別や男性優位の価値観に直面しました。しかし、FBIのCOINTELPROの活動が1970年代に暴露され、組織は1982年に公式に解散しました。ブラックパンサー党は、ブラックパワー運動を国内外で著名にして、ブラック人種の公正な扱い、平等、自己防衛の権利に関する重要な問題を提起しました。彼らの貢献は深く、しかし完璧ではないため、過剰に理想化したり、アメリカの情報機関による干渉を無視して誤解すべきではありません。

Mindmap

Keywords

💡ブラックパンサー党

ブラックパンサー党は、1966年にヒューイ・ニュートンとボビー・シールによって創設された政治組織です。彼らはアメリカ合衆国内のブラックアメリカンの権利と自由を保証することを目指し、短期間で大きな影響を与えました。彼らは自己防衛を主張し、社会的な変化を促進するために活動し、ビデオの主題であるブラックアメリカンの解放と権利の闘いに大きな役割を果たしました。

💡ブラックアメリカン

ブラックアメリカンとは、アメリカ合衆国の黒人住民のことを指します。ビデオでは、彼らの権利と平等を追求する闘争が焦点とされており、ブラックパンサー党はその闘争において重要な役割を果たしました。彼らの歴史的背景と現在の状況がビデオの主題と密接に関連しています。

💡自己決定

自己決定は、ブラックパンサー党が主張した重要な概念です。彼らはブラックアメリカンが自らの運命を決定する権利を持つべきだと主張し、ビデオではそれが彼らの活動の根底にあると説明されています。自己決定は、彼らが内殖民地として扱われていたと感じていたブラックアメリカンの解放に不可欠な要素として提唱されました。

💡マルクス主義

マルクス主義は、ブラックパンサー党の思想に影響を与えた理論です。彼らはマルクス主義の理論を研究し、社会変革のための戦略としてゲリラ戦争の有効性を主張しました。ビデオでは、彼らが世界中のブラック解放闘争とどのように結びついているかを説明する際にマルクス主義が重要な役割を果たしていると述べています。

💡内殖民地

内殖民地という概念は、ブラックパンサー党がブラックアメリカンがアメリカ合衆国内にいる状況を表現するために使った言葉です。彼らはブラックアメリカンがアメリカの「母国」内にある内殖民地として扱われ、労働力と資源が純粋に剥削されていると主張しました。ビデオでは、この概念が彼らの活動と目標にどのように関連しているかを説明しています。

💡ブラックパンサー党の10ポイントプログラム

ブラックパンサー党は、彼らの目標と要求を10ポイントプログラムとしてまとめました。ビデオでは、そのプログラムの各ポイントが紹介されており、それがブラックアメリカンの権利と自由を追求する彼らの活動の中心に位置しています。例えば、彼らは完全な雇用、適切な住宅、教育、健康保険などの具体的な要求を挙げています。

💡コインテルプロ

コインテルプロは、FBIによって運用された秘密の反情報プログラムです。ビデオでは、FBIがブラックパンサー党を共産主義組織と扱い、国内の安全保障に対する脅威と見なしたことから、彼らを監視し、組織を解体しようとしました。このプログラムは、ビデオの主題であるブラックパンサー党の活動とその影響に重要な影響を与えました。

💡エルドリッジ・クリーバー

エルドリッジ・クリーバーは、ブラックパンサー党のメンバーであり、一時期は党のリーダーとしても知られました。ビデオでは、彼が1968年の自伝「ソウル・オン・アイス」で彼の人生と刑務所での時間を語り、その著書が党の影響力を広げたと紹介されています。また、彼の自伝における暴力と女性に対する描写は批判も受けています。

💡エリン・ブラウン

エリン・ブラウンは、1974-1977年にブラックパンサー党の唯一の女性主席として活動しました。ビデオでは、彼女が党内でのセクシズムと差別に直面しながらも、党を率いる役割を果たしたと紹介されています。彼女の活動は、ビデオの主題であるブラックアメリカンの権利と平等を追求する闘争において重要な意味を持ちます。

💡ブラックパワー

ブラックパワーは、ブラックアメリカンが自己決定と平等を追求する運動を指す言葉です。ビデオでは、ブラックパンサー党がこの運動を全国的、そして国際的な注目を集める存在として重要な役割を果たしたと述べています。彼らの活動は、ブラックアメリカンの権利と自由を追求する闘争において重要な意義を持ちます。

Highlights

The Black Panther Party was founded in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, with a significant impact on US history and culture despite its short lifespan and small membership.

Initially known as the 'Black Panther Party for Self-Defense,' the organization began through campus activism in response to the university's failure to acknowledge African Americans' role in American West settlement.

Newton and Seale were influenced by the teachings of Malcolm X and the Black nationalist and post-colonial movements, framing their organization's tenets around the idea of Black Americans as an internal colony exploited by the 'mother country'.

The Black Panther Party's Ten-Point Program outlined objectives for Black liberation, including freedom, full employment, an end to capitalist exploitation, decent housing, education, free healthcare, and an end to police brutality.

The Black Panthers were inspired by global anti-colonial movements and Marxist theory, believing in the effectiveness of guerilla warfare for social change.

The organization engaged in community support through social programs such as free health clinics and free breakfast programs for school children, which inspired similar initiatives nationwide.

The Black Panthers were known for their armed presence, monitoring local police in Black neighborhoods, which contributed to their controversial image.

Huey Newton's alleged killing of an Oakland police officer in 1967 brought significant controversy and media attention, painting the Panthers as a militant group.

Eldridge Cleaver became the leader of the Black Panthers during Newton's trial and Seale's imprisonment, with his memoir 'Soul on Ice' becoming a bestseller and reflecting his political philosophies.

Cleaver's memoir was criticized for its depictions of violence and women, highlighting issues of patriarchy and sexism within the Black Panther Party.

The Black Panthers faced internal turmoil, including the murder of Alex Rackley by fellow members who suspected him of being an informant.

The FBI, under J. Edgar Hoover, targeted the Black Panthers as a communist organization and a threat, leading to the group becoming a focus of the FBI's COINTELPRO program.

Elaine Brown served as the first and only female chairwoman of the Black Panther Party, facing sexism and discrimination while leading the organization.

Despite internal strife and external pressures, the Black Panther Party continued to function, raising important questions about Black people's rights to fair treatment and equality.

The organization officially dissolved in 1982, but its legacy in the Black freedom struggles of the 1960s and 1970s remains profound and complex.

Crash Course's coverage of the Black Panther Party provides a nuanced understanding of its impact, contributions, and challenges, avoiding overly-romanticized or minimized views.

Transcripts

play00:00

Hi, I’m Clint Smith and this is Crash Course Black American History.

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In the history of the fight for Black liberation there have been Black political organizations

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who have been around doing this work for decades.

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Organizations, for example, like the NAACP and the National Urban League were founded

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in the early 20th century and still exist today.

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And these groups, which have been in existence for over a century, have helped bring about

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some incredibly important policy changes when it comes to the civil and political rights

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of Black Americans and have also served as a platform from which Black people could make

play00:33

their concerns known.

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But sometimes, an organization doesn’t have to have existed for a long time in order to

play00:40

have a huge impact on the history of this country.

play00:42

An example of that is the Black Panther Party.

play00:46

Founded in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, the Black Panther Party reached its peak just

play00:51

four years later in 1970.

play00:54

The organization had an impact on US history and culture that far exceeded its relatively

play00:58

short lifespan and small membership.

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Let’s take a look to understand why.

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[intro music]

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Let’s start with the Black Panther Party’s origin story in the Thought Bubble.

play01:16

Originally known as the “Black Panther Party for Self-Defense,” the organization started

play01:20

through the campus organizing of Seale and Newton.

play01:23

They met in Oakland California in 1961 while they were both students at Merritt College.

play01:28

In the tense atmosphere following the 1965 assassination of Malcolm X, Newton, Seale

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and other student activists organized the “Black History Fact Group.”

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The group was founded in part as a response to the university failing to acknowledge the

play01:41

role of African Americans in settling the American West in the 1800s.

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Among their goals was to urge the school to offer courses in Black history and to establish

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a Black Studies Department.

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Newton and Seale also joined the college’s Soul Students Advisory Council, whose stated

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goal was to “develop Black student leadership, advocate for a more inclusive curriculum and

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to connect the university to the community.”

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Disputes within the group would lead Newton and Seale to eventually resign.

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But their struggle to continue the work of radical Black political organizing didn’t

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end there.

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Newton and Seale pivoted their goals.

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Rather than looking to join another political organization, they decided to form their own.

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Students of the teachings of Malcolm X, they founded the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense

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(later the Black Panther Party) in 1966 following the murder of unarmed teenager Matthew Johnson

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at the hands of the San Francisco police.

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Thanks, Thought Bubble.

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According to historian Robyn C. Spencer, Newton and Seale framed the tenets of their new organization

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around the belief that Black Americans were living in an internal colony within the larger

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“mother country” of the United States.

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Borrowing from Black nationalist and post-colonial movements of the time, they posited that the

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relationship between the Black colony and the “mother country” was, according to

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Spencer “...one of pure exploitation of labor and resources.”

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Therefore they sought to liberate the Black colony through self-determination as part

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of a larger goal to “...transform America and eventually the rest of the world,” which

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aligned with their larger vision of correcting racial and class inequalities.

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Seale and Newton were also interested in how Black liberation struggles worldwide were

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interconnected to the struggles of Black Americans.

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They were avid readers of Marxist theory and studied anti-colonial movements from around

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the world.

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They believed that guerilla warfare could be an effective strategy for social change

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and that small groups of armed people could lead the charge.

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Their politics were also informed by struggles for self-determination across the world in

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places like Vietnam, Zimbabwe (known then as Rhodesia), South Africa and Mozambique.

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After the Black Panthers were founded Newton and Seale outlined the group’s agenda, philosophical

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views, and political objectives in their Ten-Point Program.

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The Program’s objectives state: 1.

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We want freedom.

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We want power to determine the destiny of our black and oppressed communities.

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2.

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We want full employment for our people 3.

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We want an end to the robbery by the capitalists of our black and oppressed communities.

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4.

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We want decent housing, fit for the shelter of human beings.

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5.

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We want decent education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American

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society.

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We want education that teaches us our true history and our role in the present-day society.

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6.

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We want completely free health care for all black and oppressed people.

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7.

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We want an immediate end to police brutality and murder of black people, other people of

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color, all oppressed people inside the United States.

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8.

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We want an immediate end to all wars of aggression 9.

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We want freedom for all black and oppressed people now held in US federal, state, county,

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city, and military prisons and jails.

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We want trials by jury of peers for all persons charged with so-called crimes under the laws

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of this country.

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10.

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We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice, peace, and people’s community control

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of modern technology.

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After creating this ten point platform, they decided on a name, borrowing from the Lowndes

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County Freedom Organization in Lowndes County Alabama, a political group that used the image

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of the Black Panther in their materials and was led by activists including Stokely Carmichael

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and John Hulett.

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In addition to their 10-point program, the Black Panthers were also actively engaged

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in their community through a number of social programs that looked to pool collective resources

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to support the Black community.

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This group of programs served as a rallying cry and human rights manifesto, aiming to

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correct centuries of harm inflicted on all oppressed people.

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The Black Panthers’ vision was at once practical, demanding things like healthcare and housing,

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while simultaneously being revolutionary in its scope.

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Among their most popular programs were the establishment of free health clinics in 13

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African American communities across the country and the implementation of free breakfast programs

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for school children in different parts of the US.

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The free breakfast program started by the Black Panthers became an inspiration for the

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breakfast programs that still exist in schools across the country.

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The Black Panthers were also known for carrying unconcealed, loaded weapons and monitoring

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the activities of local police in Black neighborhoods.

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As they continued to engage in political activism and social change, their popularity grew across

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the country, especially in urban centers with large minority communities like Los Angeles,

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New York City, and Philadelphia.

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Additional chapters were established in places like Chicago; Indianapolis; Detroit; Des Moines,

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Iowa; Paterson, New Jersey; and Wichita, Kansas.

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By 1968, approximately 2 years after they were founded, the Panthers had roughly 2,000

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members across the country.

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But the burgeoning political movement that sought to guarantee the rights and freedoms

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of Black people also attracted a fair amount of controversy, especially as it relates to

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their interactions with the US government and the police.

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For example in October of 1967 Newton allegedly killed Oakland police officer John Frey.

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This followed a period of armed interactions with police officers since one of the principal

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tenets of the Black Panthers was the right to self defense in the face of white supremacist

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violence.

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In May of 1967 Newton had sent more than 2 dozen armed Panthers to the California State

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Capitol in Sacramento to protest the passing of a law that would take away their right

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to openly bear arms.

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Ronald Reagan was governor of California at that time and vehemently opposed the Panthers,

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who he believed served as a threat to his “law-and-order” campaign.

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The resulting news coverage painted the Panthers as a militant group and the new leaders of

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the Black Power movement.

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By the morning of October 28th 1967, Newton estimated that Oakland police had pulled him

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over more than 50 times since 1966.

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That morning, he was pulled over by police and within minutes Newton was on the ground

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with a bullet in his stomach, officer John Frey was fatally wounded, and another officer

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was injured.

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Newton was named as the shooter and handcuffed while still in the hospital.

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During this period in 1967 while Newton awaited trial and Seale was serving a six month sentence

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as a result of the Black Panthers’ protest in Sacramento, a member named Eldridge Cleaver

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(who had joined the group in 1966) took over as the new leader of the Panthers.

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In 1967 he married fellow Black Panther member Kathleen Neal.

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Cleaver’s critically acclaimed 1968 memoir Soul on Ice, which told the story of his life

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and time in prison, sold over one million copies within two years.

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Cleaver had studied the works of writers such as Thomas Paine, Voltaire, Karl Marx, and

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Richard Wright while incarcerated, which influenced his own personal philosophies and political

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writings.

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However there was criticism of Soul on Ice for its depictions of violence and women.

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Specifically, Cleaver admits in the text to committing serial rape of women, beginning

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with Black women in poor communities “for practice” before beginning the serial rape

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of white women.

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Cleaver’s admissions in Soul on Ice point to larger societal and systematic issues of

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patriarchy and sexism: namely the pervasive disregard of violence towards women.

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And these issues, which were present within the Black Panther Party, would serve as an

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ongoing challenge for the organization as a whole.

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Additionally, troubles with law enforcement continued to plague the Black Panthers.

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First Newton was convicted of voluntary manslaughter in 1968 and sentenced to 2-15 years in prison.

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However on May 29th 1970, the California Court of Appeals overturned the conviction and the

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next few trials ended with deadlocked juries.

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The Black Panthers he returned to, even after just a few years, had shifted dramatically

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in some ways from the organization that he had founded with Seale.

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For example: there was now a growing group of white radicals who had joined the group’s

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ranks.

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And under the leadership of Cleaver and others, the rhetoric of self-defense had shifted to

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include an ideology that embraced revolutionary violence.

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Additionally the group faced inner turmoil.

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In 1969 Alex Rackley was murdered by other members of the Black Panthers who suspected

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that he was an informant.

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Seale and other Panthers faced charges in New Haven Connecticut for that alleged murder.

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But it wasn’t only internal issues plaguing the organization, external forces also impacted

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the group, such as the assassination of Black Panther Party members Fred Hampton and Mark

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Clark by the FBI and local police in Chicago in 1969.

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See, by 1969 the FBI under its first director J. Edgar Hoover had declared the Panthers

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a communist organization and an enemy of the United States government.

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In 1968, Hoover had called the Panthers “One of the greatest threats to the nation’s

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internal security.”

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Because of this the Panthers became the target of the FBI’s COINTELPRO, a secret counterintelligence

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program used to surveil politically progressive groups.

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But the organization continued to function, with Elaine Brown serving as chairwoman of

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the Black Panther Party from 1974-1977.

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She was the only woman to hold this role and often faced sexism and discrimination for

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asserting herself and leading the party.

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Gender roles within the party were often quite restrictive, but women such as Brown, Kathleen

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Cleaver, Assata Shakur, and Ericka Huggins held leadership positions within the organization

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including as editors of the party’s newspaper.

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Still, COINTELPRO agents managed to infiltrate events and the personal lives of prominent

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members of the party.

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In the 1970s a Senate committee led by Frank Church, a Democrat from Idaho, exposed the

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FBI and COINTELPRO.

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As scholar Penial E. Joseph has described it, the FBI and COINTELPRO had a “...clandestine

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role in the dismantling of the Black Power, New Left, and antiwar movements” and revealed

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“...further evidence of the pitfalls of unchecked government power.”

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Under the weight of internal strife and external pressures and surveillance, the organization

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officially dissolved in 1982.

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The Black Panther Party helped to bring Black Power to national and international prominence

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and raised important questions about Black people’s right to fair treatment, equality,

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and self-defense.

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It’s not an organization that was perfect, and it shouldn’t be overly-romanticized

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in ways that ignore some of its institutional and interpersonal failings.

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At the same time it’s legacy shouldn’t be minimized or mischaracterized because of

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the multiple forms of state-sanctioned interference it experienced from American intelligence

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agencies.

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Their contribution to the Black freedom struggles of the 1960s and 1970s and today were profound.

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And that means sitting with all of the complexity that comes with it.

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Thanks for watching, I’ll see you next time.

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Crash Course is made with the help of all these nice people and our animation team is

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Thought Cafe.

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Crash Course is made possible by all of our viewers and supporters.

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Thanks to those who bought the 2021 Crash Course Learner Coin, and to our Patrons on

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Patreon.

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