El CUBISMO explicado: características, etapas, autores y obras🎨

Summary

El Cubismo es un movimiento artístico nacido en Francia en 1907, caracterizado por técnicas pictóricas innovadoras que mostraban múltiples puntos de vista de la realidad y el uso de figuras geométricas. Se alejó de la representación tradicional, buscando una percepción mental del objeto. Influenciado por esculturas africanas y el pensamiento científico, Pablo Picasso y Georges Braque lo crearon. Cubismo se desarrolló en etapas como el Analítico y el Sintético, con artistas como Juan Gris y Fernand Léger contribuyendo a su evolución. Este movimiento fue fundamental para futurismo, surrealismo y técnicas abstractas, cambiando la historia del arte y ofreciendo nuevas perspectivas en la pintura.

Takeaways

• 🎨 El Cubismo es un movimiento artístico nacido en Francia en 1907, caracterizado por la representación de múltiples puntos de vista y el uso de figuras geométricas como el círculo, cilindro y cubo.
• 🖌️ Los pintores cubistas, como Picasso y Braque, rechazaban definir completamente las figuras en sus obras, lo que a menudo hace que las pinturas sean difíciles de entender.
• 👤 Picasso's 'Mujer con un mandolín' (1910) es un ejemplo famoso del Cubismo, mostrando partes del cuerpo de una mujer desde ángulos diferentes.
• 🤔 El Cubismo se basó en un ejercicio mental, donde los artistas representaban objetos no como eran, sino como los imaginaban.
• 🔑 El término 'Cubismo' fue creado por Louis Vauxcelles inicialmente como una crítica, pero el movimiento fue fundamental para el surgimiento del futurismo, el surrealismo y otras técnicas abstractas.
• 🌟 Pablo Picasso y Georges Braque fueron los principales iniciadores del Cubismo, influenciados por la escultura africana, el desarrollo tecnológico y el pensamiento científico de Einstein.
• 🖼️ Las obras de Picasso en el Cubismo se caracterizan por colores neutros y representaciones innovadoras de seres y elementos tradicionales.
• 🌈 Braque, en contraste con Picasso, utilizó colores vibrantes en sus pinturas cubistas, buscando dar profundidad a través del color.
• 🔍 Los Cubistas exploraron formas abiertas, mostrando objetos desde varios ángulos y mezclando el primer y el fondo de la obra.
• 📚 Cubismo estuvo dividido en etapas: Primitivo (1907-1909), Analítico (1910-1912) y Sintético (1913-1914), cada una con sus propias características y avances.
• 👥 Además de Picasso y Braque, otros artistas como Juan Gris, Fernand Léger, Louis Marcoussis y Albert Gleizes contribuyeron significativamente al desarrollo del Cubismo.

Q & A

¿Cuándo nació el movimiento del Cubismo en Francia?

El movimiento del Cubismo nació en Francia en 1907.

¿Qué elementos caracterizan las técnicas pictóricas del Cubismo?

Las técnicas pictóricas del Cubismo se caracterizan por el uso de nuevas perspectivas de la realidad y la utilización de figuras geométricas como el círculo, el cilindro y el cubo.

¿Por qué a veces las pinturas cubistas pueden ser difíciles de entender?

Las pinturas cubistas pueden ser difíciles de entender porque los artistas se negaban a crear obras donde las figuras estuvieran completamente definidas, y buscaban mostrar objetos desde múltiples puntos de vista.

¿Cómo se puede entender una obra como 'Niña con un mandolín' de Pablo Picasso?

Para entender una obra como 'Niña con un mandolín', se debe mirar cada pieza por separado y luego organizarlas como un todo, considerando que algunas partes del cuerpo de la mujer están en perfil mientras que otras están desde la frente.

¿Cómo se relaciona el Cubismo con el desarrollo de ideas modernas?

El Cubismo se relaciona con el desarrollo de ideas modernas porque los artistas no representaban objetos como eran o como parecían, sino como los imaginaban, lo que reflejaba un cambio en la percepción artística y la valoración de la creatividad.

¿Quién creó el término 'Cubismo' y en qué contexto?

Louis Vauxcelles creó el término 'Cubismo' al principio del siglo XX para nombrar aquellas pinturas que consideraba inferiores, ya que decía que los artistas de este movimiento solo dibujaban cubos deformes.

¿Cómo influyó el Cubismo en otros movimientos artísticos posteriores?

El Cubismo fue esencial para el surgimiento del futurismo, el surrealismo y otras técnicas abstractas, al cambiar la forma en que se entendía la representación artística.

¿Cuáles fueron las influencias clave en el nacimiento del Cubismo?

El Cubismo nació con la intención de que los pintores no imitaran la naturaleza, y para su nacimiento fue importante la influencia de la escultura africana, el desarrollo tecnológico y el pensamiento científico, especialmente la teoría de Albert Einstein sobre la percepción de colores, movimientos y formas.

¿Qué pintores fueron los iniciadores del Cubismo?

Pablo Picasso y Georges Braque fueron los iniciadores del Cubismo, decidiendo diseñar obras que se ajustaran a la nueva realidad.

¿Cómo se caracterizan las obras de Georges Braque en comparación con las de Picasso?

Las obras de Georges Braque se caracterizan por ser muy coloridas, utilizando tonos como el amarillo, el verde y el rojo oscuro, y buscaban dar profundidad a las obras a través del color, contrastando tonos brillantes con tonos neutros.

¿Qué representaba el Cubismo en términos de la percepción del espacio y el tiempo?

El Cubismo representaba una respuesta a la experiencia cambiante del espacio, el movimiento y el tiempo en el mundo moderno, explorando formas abiertas, fusionando primer y segundo plano y mostrando objetos desde varios ángulos.

¿Cuáles fueron las fases del Cubismo y cuáles son sus características?

El Cubismo estuvo dividido en fases como el Primitivo Cubismo (1907-1909), caracterizado por el uso de colores neutros y la representación de objetos y personas; el Analítico Cubismo (1910-1912), también conocido como Hermetic Cubism, donde los artistas analizaban eventos cotidianos de manera fragmentada; y el Sintético Cubismo (1913-1914), donde se incluyó el collage y se utilizó una variedad de materiales para dar textura a las pinturas.

¿Qué artistas, además de Picasso y Braque, destacaron en el Cubismo?

Además de Picasso y Braque, artistas como Juan Gris, Fernand Léger, Louis Marcoussis, Albert Gleizes y Diego Rivera destacaron en el Cubismo, aportando sus propias técnicas y estilos al movimiento.

¿Cómo se diferenciaba el estilo de Cubismo de Diego Rivera de sus murales más conocidos?

Diego Rivera, aunque más conocido por sus murales, tuvo un brillante periodo Cubista en los años 1910 en París. Sin embargo, se cree que él no estaba particularmente orgulloso de estas obras y trató de mantenerlas en secreto, ya que más adelante continuó experimentando con otras técnicas vanguardistas como el postimpresionismo.

Outlines

00:00

🎨 El Nacimiento y Características del Cubismo

El Cubismo, nacido en Francia en 1907, fue una revolución artística que empleó técnicas pictóricas innovadoras para mostrar múltiples perspectivas de la realidad. Se caracterizó por el uso de figuras geométricas y la rechazo a definir completamente las figuras en las obras. Pablo Picasso y Georges Braque, influidos por la escultura africana, el desarrollo tecnológico y el pensamiento científico de Einstein, crearon esta técnica que desafiaba las convenciones artísticas tradicionales. Picasso, con su obra 'Mujer con un Mandolín', y Braque, con su uso de colores y texturas, pusieron de manifiesto la idea de ver las cosas no como son, sino como se imaginan, lo que llevó a una comprensión más abstracta del arte.

05:02

🖌️ Influencias y Desarrollo del Cubismo

El Cubismo fue una respuesta a la necesidad de no imitar la naturaleza en el arte. La escultura africana, el avance tecnológico y el pensamiento científico influyeron en Picasso y Braque para crear obras que reflejaran una nueva realidad. Picasso, con su pintura 'Les Demoiselles d'Avignon', y Braque con sus paisajes y objetos cotidianos, exploraron nuevas formas de representar la realidad. El Cubismo se dividió en etapas: el Cubismo Primitivo, el Analítico, y el Sintético, cada una con sus propias características y avances en la técnica artística.

10:05

🌐 Características y Etapas del Cubismo

Los cubistas experimentaron con la percepción de objetos y espacio, abandonando la perspectiva y la realismo. Se enfocaron en la naturaleza imaginada y la representación de múltiples puntos de vista. La importancia de los contenidos y la representación de escenas cotidianas fue clave en el Cubismo. Las etapas del movimiento, desde el Cubismo Primitivo con su uso limitado de colores, hasta el Analítico con su estructura de rompecabezas y el Sintético con la introducción de técnicas de collage y la incorporación de materiales diversos, reflejan la evolución del movimiento y su impacto en el arte del siglo XX.

15:07

👨‍🎨 Representantes y Obras del Cubismo

El Cubismo, aunque de corta duración, tuvo un impacto duradero en el arte, dando lugar a nuevas expresiones artísticas. Picasso y Braque fueron los principales exponentes, pero también se destacaron artistas como Juan Gris, con su técnica de collage y su incorporación de elementos caricaturescos, y Fernand Léger, conocido por su uso deprimarias y su representación de figuras mecánicas. Otros artistas como Louis Marcoussis, Albert Gleizes y Diego Rivera también contribuyeron al movimiento con sus propias interpretaciones del Cubismo, demostrando la riqueza y diversidad de esta corriente artística.

Keywords

💡Cubismo

El Cubismo es un movimiento artístico nacido en Francia en 1907, caracterizado por la utilización de técnicas pictóricas innovadoras que mostraban diferentes puntos de vista de la realidad. Se relaciona con el tema del video al ser el núcleo del mensaje, el cual se centra en la evolución de las técnicas artísticas y su impacto en el desarrollo de ideas modernas. Ejemplos en el guion incluyen las obras de Picasso y Braque, quienes buscaron representar la realidad de una manera no tradicional.

💡Técnicas pictóricas

Las técnicas pictóricas son los métodos y habilidades utilizadas por los artistas para crear obras de arte. En el contexto del Cubismo, estas incluyeron la representación de objetos desde múltiples ángulos y la utilización de figuras geométricas como el círculo, el cilindro y el cubo. Estas técnicas son fundamentales para entender la forma en que el Cubismo cambió la percepción de la realidad en el arte tradicional.

💡Figuras geométricas

Las figuras geométricas son formas matemáticas básicas como el círculo, el cilindro y el cubo que se utilizaron en el Cubismo para descomponer y reconstruir las representaciones de objetos y seres vivos. Estas figuras son clave en el script al ilustrar cómo los artistas cuestionaron la percepción tradicional del espacio y la forma en el arte.

💡Pablo Picasso

Pablo Picasso es uno de los artistas más famosos del mundo y uno de los iniciadores del Cubismo. En el video, se menciona su obra 'Mujer con un Mandolín' (1910), que ejemplifica el uso de estructuras como un rompecabezas y muestra cómo Picasso desafiaba las convenciones artísticas tradicionales al representar figuras desde diferentes puntos de vista.

💡Georges Braque

Georges Braque es otro pionero del Cubismo, quien colaboró con Picasso en el desarrollo de esta técnica artística. A diferencia de Picasso, Braque se caracteriza por sus pinturas coloridas que buscaban dar profundidad a las obras a través del uso de colores brillantes contrastados con tonos neutros.

💡African sculpture

La escultura africana tuvo una influencia significativa en el nacimiento del Cubismo, ya que mostró a los artistas que la belleza artística podía ser reinterpretada y que las obras no necesitaban ser perfectas para transmitir un mensaje. Esto se refleja en el script al discutir cómo los artistas como Picasso fueron influenciados por culturas diferentes para innovar en su arte.

💡Tecnología

El desarrollo tecnológico, especialmente la invención de la cámara fotográfica, influenció el Cubismo al hacer que los artistas comprendieran los cambios en el mundo y cómo las fotografías estaban reemplazando a los retratos. Esto se menciona en el guion como un factor que llevó a los artistas a buscar nuevas formas de representar la realidad en el arte.

💡Pensamiento científico

El pensamiento científico, en particular las teorías de Albert Einstein sobre la relatividad y la percepción de los colores, movimientos y formas, fue esencial para que los artistas del Cubismo entendieran que la percepción humana de estos elementos era subjetiva y variaba. Esto se destaca en el script como un factor clave que influenció la forma en que los artistas representaban la realidad en sus obras.

💡Perspectiva

La perspectiva es una técnica utilizada en el arte para representar el espacio en tres dimensiones. Los artistas cubistas, como se describe en el script, abandonaron la perspectiva tradicional y se alejaron del modelado realista de las figuras, optando por una representación más abstracta y fragmentada de la realidad.

💡Naturaleza desde la imaginación

El concepto de 'Naturaleza desde la imaginación' se refiere a la filosofía de los artistas cubistas de representar la naturaleza no como la venían viendo diariamente, sino como la imaginaban. Esto se ilustra en el guion a través de la descripción de cómo los artistas usaban figuras geométricas para crear sus pinturas, lo que les permitía una representación más abstracta y personal de la realidad.

💡Fases del Cubismo

El Cubismo se desarrolló en varias fases, cada una con características distintivas que contribuyeron a su evolución. Las fases mencionadas en el script son el Cubismo Primitivo, el Analítico y el Sintético. Cada una de estas fases refleja un cambio en el enfoque de los artistas y su forma de representar la realidad, desde la experimentación inicial hasta la integración de técnicas y materiales más diversos.

Highlights

Cubism was born in France in 1907, characterized by new pictorial techniques and the use of geometric figures.

Cubist paintings often appear difficult to understand due to the refusal to define figures completely.

Pablo Picasso's 'Girl with a Mandolin' exemplifies Cubism with its puzzle-like structure.

Cubism was a mental exercise where painters portrayed objects as they imagined them, not as they saw them.

The term 'Cubism' was initially derogatory, coined by Louis Vauxcelles to describe what he saw as misshapen cubes.

Cubism was essential for the emergence of futurism, surrealism, and other abstract techniques.

Cubism aimed to break away from traditional art and the imitation of nature.

African sculpture influenced Cubism by challenging the concept of artistic beauty.

Technological development, particularly the photographic camera, influenced Cubism by highlighting the changing world.

Albert Einstein's scientific thought influenced Cubism by showing different perceptions of colors, movements, and shapes.

Pablo Picasso and George Braque were the initiators of Cubism, aiming to represent reality in a new way.

Picasso's 'Les Demoiselles d'Avignon' is considered foundational to Cubism, featuring African masks and angular lines.

Georges Braque was a key figure in developing Cubism, known for his colorful and interpretive paintings.

Cubism experimented with open forms and multiple viewpoints, responding to the modern experience of space and time.

Cubists abandoned traditional perspective and realism in favor of a more imaginative portrayal of nature.

Cubism emphasized the content and emotional connection of everyday scenes over traditional subject matter.

Cubism had three stages: Primitive, Analytical, and Synthetic, each with distinct characteristics and developments.

Juan Gris contributed to Cubism with his colorful and flat paintings, and the inclusion of caricature effects.

Fernand Léger was known for his Cubist paintings featuring robots and machines, symbolizing the consumption of humanity.

Louis Marcoussis, though primarily a Cubist, also explored other artistic techniques such as engraving and impressionism.

Albert Gleizes was a Parisian artist who transitioned from Impressionism to Cubism, influenced by artists like Marcel Duchamp.

Diego Rivera, known for his murals, also had a Cubist period influenced by his time in Paris during the movement's peak.

Transcripts

Cubism is an artistic manifestation that was born in France in 1907. This movement

was characterized by the use of new pictorial techniques that showed other points of view

of reality. Likewise, he stood out for the use of geometric figures, such as the circle,

the cylinder and the cube. The purpose of this new technique was to change the elements

that were used in traditional art. Cubist painters refused to create

works where the figures were completely defined. For this reason,

the paintings made by the cubists –sometimes– are difficult to understand. An example is

Pablo Picasso's painting entitled Girl with a Mandolin (1910), which has the structure

of a puzzle that has not yet been put together. What is interesting about this work is that some parts

of the woman's body are in profile, while the others are from the front. How

to understand it? The idea is to look at each piece separately and then organize them as a whole.

It is claimed that the Cubist movement was based on a mental exercise, since painters

did not portray objects as they were or as they looked, but as they imagined them. Therefore,

cubism was a manifestation that valued the development of modern ideas.

The term cubism was created at the beginning of the 20th century by Louis Vauxcelles to name

those paintings that he considered inferior, since he said that the artists who belonged to

this movement only drew misshapen cubes. However, this artistic manifestation was

essential for the emergence of futurism, surrealism and other abstract techniques.

Initiators of Cubism Cubism was born with the purpose that

painters do not imitate nature when creating their works. For this

artistic movement to be born, the influence of African sculpture,

technological development and scientific thought was important. For example: thanks to African sculpture,

painters realized that the concept of artistic beauty could be modified: works did not have

to be perfect to convey a message. On the other hand, technological development

–especially the invention of the photographic camera– made artists

understand that the world was changing, since photos were replacing portraits.

Scientific thought—specifically that put forward by Albert Einstein—was essential

for the authors to understand that people perceive colors,

movements, and shapes in different ways. Following those aspects, Pablo Picasso and

George Braque decided to design some works that will fit the new reality.

Pablo Ruiz Picasso (1881-1973) He is one of the best known painters in the

world. He was born in Malaga, a city located in Spain. He moved to Madrid to study at the

San Fernando Royal Academy of Fine Arts; but in 1900 he moved to Paris, where he continued his studies.

At first his artistic works were classical, but in 1906 he began to produce his painting Les

Demoiselles d'Avignon, which – according to critics – founded Cubism. This painting was

exhibited in 1907 and is composed of 5 nude women: 4 are standing and 1 is sitting.

Apparently, 3 ladies have their faces disfigured; but when they are

observed in detail, it is perceived that they wear African masks. This work stands out for

being flat at first sight; however, the angular lines give it depth.

Piccaso's cubist works are characterized by having neutral colors, black,

gray, white and brown stand out; but he also used dark blue and red.

His purpose was to represent in a different way the beings or elements that he considered had

been widely used in traditional art, which is why he focused on painting women and still lifes.

Georges Braque (1882-1963) This artist was one of

Pablo Picasso's main followers, even joining him in developing cubist painting. He was born in

Le Havre, a town in France. His artistic life began in his father's workshop,

where he was related to primary and compound colors. In 1889 he

moved to Paris to study at the Humbert Academy and the School of Fine Arts.

Unlike Picasso, Braque's cubist paintings are characterized by being very colorful,

as he used yellow, green and dark red. His goal was to give the works depth

through color, which is why he contrasted bright tones with neutral ones. His creations are

difficult to interpret because the lines are not precise or one overlaps another.

Looking at a painting by Braque is like looking at a school bulletin board where numerous

papers have been placed in no order. For this painter, the important thing was that the viewer organize the

cubist works through imagination. Throughout his career, he painted

withered landscapes, musical instruments, and simple objects such as pipes, glasses,

bottles, and fruit bowls. Another fundamental aspect of his paintings was that he included the letters; that is,

some of his pieces show a written message. Characteristics of Cubism

They experimented with figures and objects Cubists explored open forms,

piercing figures and objects, letting space flow through them,

blending foreground and background, and showing objects from various angles.

Some historians have argued that these innovations represent a response to the

changing experience of space, movement, and time in the modern world. This first phase

of the movement was called Analytical Cubism. Abandonment of perspective and realism

Artists abandoned perspective, which had been used to represent

space since the Renaissance, and also moved away from realistic modeling of figures.

Nature from the imagination The cubists sought to paint

nature as they imagined it and not as they saw it daily. That is why it is appreciated that each

artist portrayed the landscape differently. However, everyone thought that the world was

made up of geometric figures, which is why they used cylinders, cubes,

circles and triangles to create their drawings. Seeking multiple points of view

Painters wanted their works to have multiple points of view. For this reason, it is observed

that the characters or objects in some paintings are found in different positions.

For example, they were able to paint a man from behind with his face from the front,

while the mouth and eyes were in profile. To create this effect, they made their

paintings as if they were a collage. Importance is given to the content

They gave greater importance to the content of the work. In other words,

for cubist artists, what was important was not what they drew, but what the painting conveyed.

Everyday scenes They did not worry about portraying the

subjects that were considered important, such as religious and political ones,

but instead focused on painting everyday scenes such as a guitar or a vase of flowers. The

goal was for viewers to emotionally bond with the images they saw.

Stages of cubism Cubism had

the purpose of breaking with the artistic works that had been done previously,

especially with those made by the authors of the neoclassical movement,

whose paintings stood out for being a copy of nature and its beauty.

This is how Pablo Picasso, determined not to follow an artistic manifestation that was realistic,

not only focused on studying African art and technological advances,

but also examined in detail the paintings of the French painter Paul Cézanne,

which were characterized by being few defined . . Cézanne did not use the third-dimensional technique

and the figures that stood out in his works were the spheres. Influenced by these ideas of

representation, Picasso developed Cubism, which comprised three stages:

Primitive Cubism (1907-1909) Many authors say that this

primitive period cannot be included within the stages of Cubism, because it was only a moment

of experimentation . However, it was during this stage when the painters began to define the

characteristics that would identify their paintings, among them were the following:

- It was decided to use only black and white colors. If it was desired to use other tones,

then grays and browns were valid. - It was preferable to paint objects and

people instead of landscapes. - It was not necessary for the paintings

to have thickness or depth. Analytical Cubism (1910-1912)

Also called Hermetic Cubism, since it was very difficult to understand

the image and the order of the painting. This stage was important because the

artists focused on analyzing the events of daily life to recreate them; that is,

they observed a specific scene, imagined it in a fragmented way and painted it that way.

That is why the paintings that were made during Analytical Cubism resemble

puzzles. The aspects that

stood out throughout this period will be mentioned below: - Artists did not seek their

paintings to have a single meaning. - The use of curved lines was

increasingly common, an element that gave a certain depth to the work.

- Yellow, green and blue tones began to be used to

contrast them with neutral colors. - Landscapes

began to be included in the paintings. Synthetic Cubism (1913-1914)

This stage was also called reintegration cubism, because the artists already

had more thematic freedom when painting. The most important author of this

manifestation was George Braque, who invented the collage or patch technique.

In order to give texture to the paintings and increase the value of the decoration,

Braque dedicated himself to cutting out pieces of paper and using paint to paste them on the work.

That event caused cubist portraits to have a greater impact on viewers.

From that moment on, artists not only used oil and

acrylic paints to make their paintings, but also used materials such as canvas, sand, and glass.

Representatives and their works Cubism was a manifestation that

lasted a few years; however, his influence was essential for the birth of new

artistic expressions. For this reason, it is claimed that the movement initiated by Picasso and Braque not only

changed the history of art, but also demonstrated that there are different techniques for painting.

But Braque and Picasso were not the only representatives of Cubism,

Juan Gris and Fernand Léger also stood out: - José Victoriano González Pérez (1887-1927)

Better known as Juan Gris, he was a painter born in Madrid. From 1904 to 1906 he studied

at the School of Arts and Manufactures and took courses at the workshop of José Moreno Carbonero.

He moved to Paris in 1906, as he was fleeing the military and the Spanish government. In that

city he got lodging in the same building where Picasso and Braque lived.

In 1910 he made his first Cubist paintings, which were not well received

because they had depth. From 1911 his works stood out for being colorful and flat.

Thanks to this painter, the caricature effect was included in the paintings, and he also made

the portraits look wider and longer. An example is his work Harlequin with guitar

(1919), where the elongated figure of a man is seen with his body facing forward,

but looking to the left. The painting is made up of rectangles,

triangles and some wavy lines that give the sensation of movement:

as if the character were playing the musical instrument.

Paintings Juan Gris

was not only dedicated to improving the style of cubist paintings, he also created his own

collage technique where he joined newspaper with cardboard. Among his most important paintings are:

- Portrait of Pablo Picasso (1912). - Violin and chessboard (1913).

- Still life with shutter (1914). - Amadeo Modigliani (1915).

- Fernand Léger (1881-1955) was born in Argente, a province

located in France. In 1900 he moved to Paris where he was assistant architect and studied at

the Académie Julián. He admired Paul Cézanne and from 1907 focused on studying his works.

His first cubist pictures were painted in 1908;

although it is necessary to mention that his style was not as developed as that of Juan Gris. Still,

he stood out for the way he used primary colors, which he used

to bring out the shadows of cylindrical figures and give texture to his paintings.

Another important characteristic of Léger's works was that he did not portray people,

but instead drew robots and machines that were consuming humanity. This is how it is seen

in his painting Nudes in the Forest (1909), where a deposit filled with metallic objects is observed;

the geometric figures that stand out in the work are the cone and the cylinder.

In this picture there is not even an empty space; it is as if the

painter wanted to say that man was being replaced by technology.

Paintings Fernand

Léger's goal was to paint the beginning of a new world, which is why he used bronze and gray tones,

as they were the colors of the machines. Some of his most important works are:

- The railway crossing (1919). - Woman with a cat (1921).

- Three Women (1921). - La Gioconda with the keys (1930).

- Louis Marcoussis (1878-1941) Ludwik Kazimierz Wladyslaw Markus, as he was

really called, was born in Poland, but soon moved to Paris. After studying law,

he showed interest in painting by entering the Julian Academy. In 1905 he exhibited for the first time,

being the beginning of a quite remarkable career. He was lucky enough to meet artists such as Braque,

Degas or Pablo Picasso, which influenced him to experiment with Cubism.

During this time he presented in various exhibitions works of still life, landscapes

of the Breton coast or views of Paris. In addition to cubism, he also developed

engraving, illustration and impressionism techniques until his death in 1941.

Paintings - Le

bar du port (1913). - Violon, bouteilles de Marc et cartes (1919).

- Figures on a Beach (1930). - The Musicians (1914).

- Albert Gleizes (1881-1953) Parisian by birth,

since childhood he was a bohemian boy who preferred to spend his afternoons writing poetry by the

cemetery instead of playing or going to school. After a period in the army, he began as

an apprentice painter in his father's workshop, where landscapes were his first works.

Although his initial style was Impressionist, as he interacted with the artists of the

Montparnasse neighborhood he became interested in Cubism, a movement to which he has been

most closely linked during his artistic life. He joined the Puteaux Group and was always

closely linked to other geniuses such as Marcel Duchamp, Jean Metzinger or Jacques Villon.

Paintings - Cubist Landscape (1914).

- Portrait of Jacques Nayral (1911). - Figure Cubiste (1921).

-Sitting nude (1909). - Diego Rivera (1886-1957)

Although he was best known for his murals, this prominent Mexican painter also had

a brilliant Cubist period. The reason was that, being settled in Paris in the 1910s,

he was caught by this movement at its strongest. Although Rivera's Cubist works are many,

scholars believe that he was not particularly proud of them and tried

to keep them a secret. Later he continued to experiment with other avant-garde techniques such

as post-impressionism. Paintings

- Portrait of Ramón Gómez de la Serna (1915). - The Woman at the Well (1913).

-Portrait of Two Women (1914). - Maternity, Angelina and the child Diego (1916).