Evolução: Fixismo e Transformismo - 9º Ano

Summary

In this lesson, the instructor introduces the concept of biological evolution, explaining its gradual and slow nature. The discussion contrasts the outdated fixist theory, which held that species were unchanging, with the evolving ideas of transformism and evolutionism. The instructor touches on key historical figures like Lamarck and Darwin, providing an overview of how species adapt and evolve over time. The importance of evidence in scientific theories is emphasized, and the lesson sets the stage for deeper exploration of evolutionary theories in future classes.

Takeaways

• 😀 The process of biological evolution is slow and gradual, making the appearance of new species within short time periods rare.
• 😀 Evolution is a scientific concept that must be tested and supported by evidence, existing regardless of personal belief.
• 😀 Biodiversity refers to the wide variety of species, with approximately 1.75 million cataloged species and an estimated 3.6 to 100 million total species on Earth.
• 😀 A hypothesis is an idea formed before gathering substantial evidence, while a theory is backed by significant evidence.
• 😀 The theory of how species emerged suggests they evolved through transformation and adaptation over time.
• 😀 Before the 19th century, creationism dominated, which posited that God created everything as is, with species being fixed and unchangeable.
• 😀 The fixist view, which was supported by philosophers like Aristotle, stated that species were created in their current form and would remain unchanged over time.
• 😀 The theory of transformism emerged in the late 18th century, challenging the fixist view by suggesting that species change and adapt over time.
• 😀 Transformism, later referred to as evolutionism, explains biodiversity as the result of transformations over time and environmental influences.
• 😀 Charles Darwin's ancestor, Lamarck, proposed that environmental changes lead to changes in species, which are passed down to future generations.
• 😀 Today, the theory of evolution is widely accepted, based on evidence such as shared morphological traits indicating a common ancestry between species.

Q & A

What is the main subject introduced in the video script?

The main subject introduced in the video script is biological evolution, including the discussion of fixism and transformism.

What is the process of biological evolution described as?

The process of biological evolution is described as slow and gradual, which is why it is not common to observe the appearance of new species in a short period of time.

How does the speaker explain the relationship between belief and scientific evidence in evolution?

The speaker emphasizes that evolution is a scientific topic that is based on evidence and analysis, and it exists regardless of whether one believes in it or not.

What does the speaker mention about biodiversity before diving into evolution?

The speaker explains that there are approximately 1.75 million species that have been cataloged globally, with an average of 18,000 new species discovered each year. There are estimated to be between 3.6 million to 100 million species that have not yet been discovered.

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory in scientific terms as explained in the video?

A hypothesis is an idea that emerges before having substantial evidence or argument to support it, whereas a theory is a well-substantiated explanation supported by multiple lines of evidence.

How does the speaker define 'creationism'?

Creationism is described as a doctrine based on the Bible, which asserts that everything was created by God from nothing.

What is fixism, and how did it relate to creationism?

Fixism is the belief that species are fixed and unchanging. It was closely tied to creationism, with proponents of fixism believing that species existed exactly as they are due to a superior force.

Who were the key philosophers supporting fixism?

Aristotle is mentioned as one of the key philosophers who supported fixism.

What is the main idea behind transformism, and when did it arise?

Transformism, which emerged at the end of the 18th century, is the idea that living beings are not fixed but evolve over time through transformation and adaptation, particularly in response to environmental changes.

What role did Charles Darwin's grandfather play in the development of transformism?

Charles Darwin's grandfather is mentioned as an early proponent of transformism, suggesting that changes in the structure of species were driven by transformations in the environment and that these changes could be passed on to descendants.

What does the speaker mean by 'evolutionism' in the modern scientific context?

Evolutionism, also referred to as transformism, is the current scientific understanding that species evolve over time through transformation, supported by a variety of evidence from various fields of study.

How does the speaker address the relationship between evolution and faith?

The speaker acknowledges the complexity of the topic and clarifies that evolution, as discussed in the video, is based on scientific evidence, whereas faith-based beliefs, such as creationism, do not require empirical evidence.

What will be covered in the next lessons according to the speaker?

In the following lessons, the speaker plans to discuss the ideas of key evolutionists like Lamarck and Darwin, including topics like Lamarckism, Darwinism, and the theory of natural selection.