Patofisiologi inflamasi - part 3

Summary

This video explains the process of inflammation, focusing on the skin’s structure and the immune response to injury. It describes how microorganisms entering a wound trigger macrophages to initiate phagocytosis, releasing cytokines that activate endothelial receptors. Neutrophils, guided by these signals, slow down and move toward the infection site. Bradykinin, histamine, and prostaglandins contribute to swelling, redness, pain, and impaired function, which are key symptoms of inflammation. This process highlights the body's complex defense mechanisms in response to injury and infection.

Takeaways

• 😀 Inflammation occurs when an injury or infection causes immune cells to respond to harmful microorganisms.
• 😀 The skin has three layers: epidermis, dermis, and subcutis, with blood vessels beneath them.
• 😀 When a sterile injury occurs, microorganisms can enter the body, triggering an immune response.
• 😀 Macrophages detect and attack microorganisms through a process called phagocytosis.
• 😀 Phagocytosis by macrophages releases cytokines, which then activate the endothelium (blood vessel lining).
• 😀 The cytokines activate receptors on the endothelial cells, particularly selectins, which slow down neutrophils.
• 😀 Neutrophils also have integrin receptors that bind to ICAM on the endothelium, halting their movement near the injury site.
• 😀 Bradykinin is released at the injury site, dilating the endothelial cells to allow neutrophils to exit blood vessels and reach the infection site.
• 😀 Histamine is released by mast cells and further dilates blood vessels, causing plasma and red blood cells to leak, leading to swelling and redness.
• 😀 Prostaglandins are activated by bradykinin, stimulating nerve cells and resulting in pain, which is one of the hallmarks of inflammation.

Q & A

What are the three main layers of the skin mentioned in the script?

The three main layers of the skin are the epidermis, dermis, and subcutis.

What happens when a non-sterile object causes injury to the skin?

When a non-sterile object causes injury, microorganisms can enter the body, triggering an immune response.

What is the role of macrophages during inflammation?

Macrophages detect and engulf microorganisms through a process called phagocytosis, which initiates the release of cytokines to trigger the inflammatory response.

What is the function of cytokines in the inflammation process?

Cytokines are released by macrophages and travel to the endothelium, where they activate receptors that lead to the recruitment of neutrophils to the injury site.

What are selectins and how do they contribute to inflammation?

Selectins are receptors on the endothelium that bind to carbohydrates on neutrophils, slowing their movement and helping them adhere to the blood vessel walls at the site of injury.

What is the role of integrins in neutrophil movement?

Integrins are receptors on neutrophils that bind to ICAM receptors on the endothelial cells, causing neutrophils to stop and migrate towards the injury site.

How does bradykinin contribute to the inflammatory response?

Bradykinin causes vasodilation and increases vascular permeability, allowing neutrophils and plasma to move to the injury site for immune defense.

What effect does histamine have during inflammation?

Histamine is released as a result of bradykinin activation and causes blood vessels to dilate, leading to increased plasma leakage and redness in the affected area.

What role do prostaglandins play in inflammation?

Prostaglandins are activated by bradykinin and stimulate pain receptors, contributing to the sensation of pain in the injured area.

What are the classic signs of inflammation, as mentioned in the script?

The classic signs of inflammation are redness (rubor), heat (calor), pain (dolor), swelling (tumor), and loss of function.