El intento de España de reconquistar México

Summary

The video details Mexico's struggle for independence from Spain, beginning with the entrance of the Trigarante Army in 1821. Despite expelling Spanish forces from most of the country, Spain retained control over San Juan de Ulúa. Negotiations to expel them failed, and tensions escalated until Spain attacked Veracruz in 1823. After two years, the Spanish finally surrendered. However, Spain refused to recognize Mexico's independence. In 1829, Spain launched a failed invasion, which was decisively repelled by Mexican forces led by Antonio López de Santa Anna. Spain finally recognized Mexico's independence in 1836 after the death of King Ferdinand VII.

Takeaways

• 😀 Mexico's independence was confirmed on September 27, 1821, when the Trigarante Army entered Mexico City after 11 years of struggle against Spanish colonial forces.
• 😀 Despite the victory, Spain continued to hold a military position in Veracruz at the San Juan de Ulúa fortress, refusing to recognize Mexico's independence.
• 😀 Mexican leader Iturbide recognized the need to expel the Spanish military presence to secure independence, as long as Spain remained in Veracruz, the new nation's freedom was at risk.
• 😀 Diplomatic negotiations were initiated to have Spanish forces leave San Juan de Ulúa, but Spain used these talks to buy time and strengthen its position for possible reconquest.
• 😀 On September 25, 1823, Spain launched an attack on Veracruz, escalating tensions and leading to Mexico's military response with a siege of San Juan de Ulúa.
• 😀 After two years of siege, Spain finally surrendered and vacated San Juan de Ulúa on November 23, 1825, but Spain did not recognize Mexico's independence until later.
• 😀 Mexico prepared for further threats from Spain, organizing an army and establishing a navy to defend against potential reconquests from Cuba.
• 😀 In 1829, Spain attempted to retake Mexico, landing 3,000 soldiers on Mexican soil. The plan was to establish secure zones for reinforcements from Europe and the Pacific.
• 😀 Mexico's forces, including General Santa Anna and Manuel Mier y Terán, successfully repelled the Spanish troops, leading to a final defeat for Spain in the Battle of Tampico on September 7, 1829.
• 😀 The victory at Tampico led to Spain's retreat to Cuba. Tampico was subsequently honored as a 'heroic city' for its pivotal role in Mexico's defense.
• 😀 Spain continued its attempts to reclaim its former colony, but after the death of King Ferdinand VII in 1836, Spain officially recognized Mexico's independence.

Q & A

What event marked the beginning of Mexico's independence from Spain?

The arrival of the Trigarante Army in Mexico City on September 27, 1821, which confirmed Mexico's independence after 11 years of struggle.

Why did Spain continue to maintain forces in San Juan de Ulúa after Mexico's independence?

Spain refused to recognize Mexico's newly gained independence and sought to retake control of New Spain from the positions they still held, including San Juan de Ulúa.

What did Iturbide do to address the threat of Spanish forces remaining in Veracruz?

Iturbide initiated negotiations for Spain to voluntarily abandon San Juan de Ulúa, understanding that the presence of Spanish forces there kept Mexico's independence under constant threat.

What was Spain's approach during negotiations with Mexico regarding San Juan de Ulúa?

Spain sought to buy time to strengthen its forces, with the intention of regaining control over what it still considered its colony.

How did the Spanish attack Veracruz in 1823 affect the negotiations?

The Spanish attack on Veracruz on September 25, 1823, led to the evacuation of the city, intensifying the conflict and ultimately leading to the siege of San Juan de Ulúa by Mexican forces.

What was Mexico's response to the Spanish occupation of San Juan de Ulúa?

Mexico laid siege to San Juan de Ulúa, even without a strong naval force, ordering attacks on Spanish ships and eventually forcing the Spanish to surrender on November 23, 1825.

What was the significance of the Spanish withdrawal from San Juan de Ulúa in 1825?

Although the Spanish forces withdrew from Mexico, Spain still did not recognize Mexico's independence and continued to view it as part of the Spanish Empire.

What threat did Mexico anticipate after the withdrawal of Spanish forces in 1825?

Mexico feared that Spain would launch another attack from Cuba to reclaim Mexico, prompting the organization of a new military force and a naval fleet to defend the country.

What happened on July 26, 1829, with regard to Spain's attempts to reconquer Mexico?

A Spanish force of 3,000 soldiers landed on Mexican soil, initiating an attack with the aim of establishing a secure zone for further reinforcements, but Mexico responded with military action.

How did General Antonio López de Santa Anna contribute to the defeat of the Spanish invasion in 1829?

Santa Anna quickly mobilized a defensive army and, along with forces led by Manuel Mier y Terán, managed to force the Spanish to retreat after engaging in battles that led to the Spanish forces being decimated by illness and environmental conditions.