SEJARAH KEBIJAKAN-KEBIJAKAN POLITIK MASA DEMOKRASI TERPIMPIN/ORDE LAMA

Summary

This video explains Indonesia's political landscape during the Guided Democracy era (1959-1966) under President Sukarno. It covers the transition from Liberal Democracy, marked by Sukarno's 1959 Presidential Decree, and the establishment of new political concepts like Manipol-USDEK, Nasakom, and Political Mercusuar. The video also highlights key developments such as the restructuring of the government, the centralization of power under Sukarno, and controversial decisions like dissolving the DPR. Despite criticisms, the era saw notable achievements, including hosting the 1962 Asian Games and founding Indonesia's first television station, TVRI.

Takeaways

• 😀 The Guided Democracy (Demokrasi Terpimpin) period in Indonesia lasted from 1959 to 1966, following the failure of the previous Liberal Democracy system.
• 😀 President Sukarno believed that the Liberal Democracy system was unsuitable for Indonesia and failed to provide political stability, leading to its replacement with Guided Democracy.
• 😀 On July 5, 1959, Sukarno issued the Presidential Decree, which dissolved the Constituent Assembly and reinstated the 1945 Constitution.
• 😀 The Presidential Decree also led to the creation of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS) and the People's Assembly of Representatives (DPAS), marking a shift in Indonesia's political structure.
• 😀 Key political concepts introduced during this period included Manipol-USDEK (national revolution, socialism, and leadership), Nasakom (unity of nationalists, religious groups, and communists), and Mercusuar (prestige through international projects).
• 😀 The Nefo-Oldefo concept divided the world into newly independent nations (Nefo) and established capitalist nations (Oldefo), with Indonesia supporting the Nefo nations.
• 😀 Under Guided Democracy, Sukarno consolidated power by forming a new cabinet, dismissing the elected parliament (DPR), and limiting political opposition to only nine compliant political parties.
• 😀 The political system under Sukarno's leadership led to the controversial dissolution of the DPR, an unorthodox reorganization of the government, and alignment with the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War.
• 😀 Despite political turmoil, the Guided Democracy era saw significant achievements such as hosting the 1962 Asian Games, establishing Indonesia's first TV station (TVRI), and organizing the Ganefo, a sports event for developing nations.
• 😀 The period also saw the introduction of two foreign policy initiatives: Trikora (aimed at reclaiming Irian Jaya) and Dwikora (aimed at opposing British neocolonialism in Malaysia).

Q & A

What is the significance of the 'Demokrasi Terpimpin' period in Indonesian history?

The 'Demokrasi Terpimpin' period, from 1959 to 1966, marked a shift from the earlier 'Demokrasi Liberal' to a more centralized political system under President Soekarno. It was characterized by Soekarno consolidating power and establishing policies aimed at national unity and development, while facing criticisms for authoritarian governance.

How did President Soekarno view the 'Demokrasi Liberal' system?

President Soekarno viewed the 'Demokrasi Liberal' system as flawed and unsuitable for Indonesia. He believed it was a Western product that did not align with the values and spirit of the Indonesian people, which led him to seek an alternative political system.

What was the 'Dekrit Presiden' issued by Soekarno in 1959, and why was it significant?

The 'Dekrit Presiden' issued by Soekarno on July 5, 1959, marked the official end of 'Demokrasi Liberal' in Indonesia. It dissolved the Constituent Assembly, reinstated the 1945 Constitution, and set up new political institutions like the MPRS and DPAS, signaling a shift to 'Demokrasi Terpimpin.'

What were the key concepts introduced during the 'Demokrasi Terpimpin' era?

Key concepts during this era included 'Manipol-USDEK' (a national ideology), 'Nasakom' (nationalism, religion, and communism unity), 'Politik Mercusuar' (prestige-driven foreign policy), and 'Nefo-Oldefo' (aligning with newly independent nations against colonial powers). These concepts aimed to strengthen Soekarno's leadership and unify the nation.

What does 'Manipol-USDEK' stand for, and what was its purpose?

'Manipol-USDEK' stands for 'Manipulasi Politik, Undang-Undang Dasar, Sosialisme, Demokrasi Ekonomi, and Kepemimpinan Nasional.' It was a national ideology introduced by Soekarno to guide the country's development and governance, emphasizing socialism, national leadership, and a return to the 1945 Constitution.

How did the 'Nasakom' concept aim to unite the Indonesian people?

'Nasakom' (Nationalism, Religion, and Communism) was a policy introduced by Soekarno to bring together different political factions, including nationalists, religious groups, and communists, in a coalition aimed at fostering national unity and solidarity during a period of political instability.

What was the purpose of the 'Politik Mercusuar' policy, and how did it impact Indonesia's international relations?

'Politik Mercusuar' was a policy that aimed to elevate Indonesia’s prestige on the global stage by undertaking large-scale infrastructure projects and hosting international events like the Asian Games and the Ganefo, positioning Indonesia as a leader among developing countries and a challenger to Western powers.

What were some of the political actions taken by Soekarno during the 'Demokrasi Terpimpin' period?

Soekarno dissolved the elected parliament (DPR), replaced it with a 'DPR Gotong Royong' (mutual cooperation parliament), created the MPRS, and limited political party participation to those aligned with his policies. These actions centralized power in the executive and limited political opposition.

What were the criticisms of Soekarno's 'Demokrasi Terpimpin' system?

Critics of the 'Demokrasi Terpimpin' system pointed out several issues, including the dissolution of the elected parliament, the concentration of power in the hands of the president, the alignment with the Eastern bloc, and the prioritization of prestige projects like the 'Mercusuar' while the country faced an economic crisis.

What were the major achievements of Indonesia during the 'Demokrasi Terpimpin' period despite the controversies?

Despite the controversies, Indonesia successfully hosted the 1962 Asian Games, launched the first Indonesian television station (TVRI) in 1963, and organized the Ganefo, an alternative sports competition for developing countries, strengthening its international presence.