BIOELEMENTOS Y BIOMOLÉCULAS
Summary
TLDRThe video script discusses the 92 natural chemical elements, highlighting the 30 bioelements essential for cellular life, which account for 99.38% of a cell's atoms. Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen are the most abundant, forming 98.7% of the total. It explains the roles of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in cells, detailing their structures and functions. Carbohydrates serve as energy and structural material, lipids include fats, phospholipids, sterols, and pigments, proteins have diverse roles including enzymatic and structural, and nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, are crucial for genetic information and protein synthesis.
Takeaways
- 🌐 There are 92 naturally occurring chemical elements, with about 30 being regular constituents of cells, known as bioelements.
- 📊 The relative abundance of chemical elements in a cell is such that the top four elements—hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen—account for 98.7% of all atoms in a cell.
- 🔬 Carbon atoms have the unique ability to bond with each other, forming diverse organic molecules that are essential for life's complex structures.
- 🍬 Carbohydrates are organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, serving as both an energy source and structural material in cells.
- 🔗 Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates with a general formula of C(H2O)n, where n is 3 or greater, with glucose being the most abundant.
- 🤝 Disaccharides are formed by two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond, common examples include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
- 🍃 Oligosaccharides contain between 3 to 10 monosaccharide units and are often named based on the number of monosaccharide units they contain.
- 🌾 Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates with many monosaccharide units, including common types like cellulose, starch, and glycogen.
- 💧 Lipids are water-insoluble biomolecules with at least one hydrocarbon chain, playing various roles such as energy storage and being components of biological membranes.
- 🧬 Proteins are chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, with their structure and function determined by the sequence and folding of amino acids.
- 🌀 Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information, with DNA having a double helix structure and RNA being a single strand with uracil instead of thymine.
Q & A
How many natural chemical elements exist, and how many of them are normal constituents of a cell?
-There are 92 natural chemical elements, and around 30 of them are normal constituents of a cell.
What percentage of atoms in a cell are made up by the four most abundant elements?
-The four most abundant elements in a cell, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen, make up 98.7% of the total.
What is the mnemotechnic to remember the most abundant elements in a cell?
-The mnemotechnic to remember the most abundant elements in a cell is CHN, which stands for Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen.
What are the two main types of molecules found in a cell, and how are they differentiated?
-The two main types of molecules found in a cell are organic molecules, which contain carbon, and inorganic molecules, which do not contain carbon.
What is the role of carbon atoms in forming diverse organic structures?
-Carbon atoms have the ability to link with each other, forming diverse linear, branched, or cyclic structures known as organic molecules.
What are the two essential functions of carbohydrates in a cell?
-Carbohydrates serve as a source of chemical energy and as a structural material in a cell.
What is the general formula for monosaccharides, and which is the most abundant monosaccharide?
-The general formula for monosaccharides is C(H2O)n where n is equal to or greater than 3. The most abundant monosaccharide is glucose.
What are the main types of lipids and their functions in a cell?
-Lipids are classified into fatty acids, glycerolipids, sterols, and prenol lipids. They are used for synthesizing more complex lipids, are components of biological membranes, and serve as precursors for bile acids and hormones.
How are proteins structured and what are the types of protein structures?
-Proteins are chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Their structures are classified as primary (the sequence of amino acids), secondary (alpha-helix or beta-sheet), tertiary (3D folding), and quaternary (assembly of multiple polypeptide chains).
What are the main functions of proteins in a cell?
-Proteins can have enzymatic, structural, storage, transport, communication, and immunological functions in a cell.
What are the components and structure of DNA and RNA, and how do they differ?
-DNA is a double helix made of two complementary strands of nucleotides with nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. RNA is a single-stranded molecule with bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil instead of thymine. RNA also uses ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose.
What are the three main types of RNA and their functions?
-The three main types of RNA are messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries genetic information from DNA to protein synthesis sites, transfer RNA (tRNA) which transfers specific amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which, along with proteins, forms ribosomes involved in protein synthesis.
Outlines
🌐 Chemical Elements in Cells
This paragraph introduces the 92 naturally occurring chemical elements, highlighting that only about 30 are normal constituents of cells, known as bioelements. It emphasizes the relative abundance of these elements in cells, with hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen being the most abundant, constituting 98.7% of all atoms in a cell. The paragraph also explains the role of carbon atoms in forming diverse organic molecules, which, along with inorganic molecules like water, make up the complex structures of living organisms. It further delves into the classification and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, which are the biomolecules essential for life.
🧬 Structure and Function of Biomolecules
The second paragraph discusses the structure and classification of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It explains that lipids are insoluble in water and have various functions, including forming cell membranes and serving as precursors for hormones. Proteins are described as chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, with their structure and function varying based on the sequence and spatial arrangement of these amino acids. The paragraph also details the structure of DNA as a double helix and RNA as a single strand, both composed of nucleotides, and the differences in their nitrogenous bases. Lastly, it touches on the types of RNA, including messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA, and their roles in protein synthesis.
🎵 Music and Protein Synthesis
The third paragraph is shorter and primarily contains musical interludes, with a brief mention of the synthesis of proteins. It mentions that transfer RNA carries a specific amino acid from the cytoplasm to the growing polypeptide chain during protein synthesis, and ribosomal RNA is associated with proteins to form ribosomes, which are the sites of protein synthesis. The paragraph ends with a musical note, indicating a transition or conclusion in the video script.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Chemical Elements
💡Biogenic Elements
💡Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, and Nitrogen
💡Organic Molecules
💡Inorganic Molecules
💡Carbohydrates
💡Lipids
💡Proteins
💡Nucleic Acids
💡Transcription
💡Ribosomes
Highlights
There are 92 naturally occurring chemical elements, with approximately 30 being regular constituents of the cell and known as bioelements.
The relative abundance of chemical elements in the cell is detailed, with certain elements making up 99.38% of the total atoms in a cell.
The remaining 0.62% of the cell's composition is made up of other elements, showcasing the predominance of a few key elements.
The four most abundant elements in the cell are hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen, which can be remembered using the mnemonic CHN.
These four elements alone account for 98.7% of the cell's composition.
Transcripts
[Música]
existen 92 elementos químicos naturales
de estos solamente cerca de 30 son
constituyentes normales de la célula y
se denominan bio elementos la abundancia
relativa de los elementos químicos en la
célula son los siguientes
estos elementos suman 99 punto 38 por
ciento del total de átomos en una célula
el restante 0.62 por ciento está
conformada por los siguientes
como se puede ver los cuatro elementos
más abundantes de la célula son
hidrógeno oxígeno carbono y nitrógeno
los cuales se pueden recordar fácilmente
con la mnemotecnia de c h
n son
estos por sí solos constituyen 98.7 por
ciento del total así que son los bio
elementos más representativos y poseen
propiedades químicas que los hacen
excepcionalmente adecuados para formar
moléculas muy diversas y lograr las
estructuras complejas que son
características de los seres vivos los
átomos de carbono poseen la capacidad de
enlazarse entre sí por lo que forman
estructuras lineales ramificadas o
cíclicas muy diversas denominadas
moléculas orgánicas las moléculas que no
contienen carbono como el agua que
constituye aproximadamente 70% de la
célula se denominan moléculas
inorgánicas
las biomoléculas son carbohidratos
lípidos proteínas y ácidos nucleicos 1
los carbohidratos son paul hidroxi
aldehídos o paul hidroxi cetonas y sus
derivados poli hidroxi significa que el
enlace covalente entre un átomo de
carbono y un grupo hidroxilo está
presente muchas veces en la estructura
del carbohidrato por su parte los
aldehídos y las cetonas tienen en común
poseer un grupo carbón hilo en su
estructura los carbohidratos tienen dos
funciones esenciales en la célula como
fuente de energía química y como
material estructural se clasifican en a
monosacáridos su fórmula es se h 2a por
n en dónde m es igual o mayor que 3
él monosacárido más abundante es la
glucosa
ve de sacar y dos son carbohidratos
constituidos por dos unidades de
monosacárido unidas por un enlace glück
o cívico los de sacar y dos más comunes
son sacarosa lactosa y maltosa
ce oligosacáridos son carbohidratos que
contienen de 3 a 10 unidades de
monosacárido comúnmente se les refiere
por su número de unidades de
monosacárido como three sacar y 2 detrás
sacar y 2 etcétera
de polisacáridos contienen muchas
unidades de monosacárido los
polisacáridos más comunes son celulosa
almidón y glucosa no
2 los lípidos son biomoléculas
insolubles en agua cuya estructura posee
al menos una cadena o un anillo de
hidrocarburo es decir una parte
constituida por carbono e hidrógeno y se
clasifican en
ácidos grasos los cuales son utilizados
por la célula para sintetizar lípidos
más complejos de glee 0 fosfolípidos son
componentes de membranas biológicas
sting o lípidos abundan en membranas de
neuronas de lípidos esteroles como el
colesterol que es componente de
membranas celulares precursor de ácidos
biliares y hormonas y lípidos pre no les
se hallan en esencias aromáticas y
pigmentos vegetales
efe sacaron lípidos que son compatibles
con membranas celulares y que poli
sentidos que están presentes en algunos
antibióticos
3 las proteínas son cadenas de
aminoácidos cada aminoácido se encuentra
unido a otro mediante un enlace
peptídicos en las proteínas se
distinguen las siguientes estructuras
primaria que es la secuencia específica
de aminoácidos secundaria que es el
resultado de la disposición en el
espacio de la secuencia de aminoácidos
puede ser en alfa hélice o en beta hoja
plegada terciaria se refiere a la forma
tridimensional de una cadena poli
peptídica la cual adquiere al plegarse
sobre sí misma y cuaternaria es el
arreglo espacial que consiguen dos o más
cadenas poli peptídicas individuales al
reunirse en un solo complejo proteínico
las funciones de las proteínas pueden
ser enzimáticas estructurales de
almacenamiento de transporte de
comunicación e inmunológicas
4 los ácidos nucleicos son adn y arn la
estructura del adn es una doble hélice
formada por dos cadenas anti paralelas y
complementarias de nucleótidos cada
nucleótido de adn está formado por una
base nitrogenada una molécula de
la base nitrogenada es una molécula con
12 anillos en su estructura en el adn
las bases nitrogenadas son adenina
guanina citosina y timina
b la desoxirribonucleico carbonos cuyo
carbono 1 prima está unido a un
nitrógeno de la base nitrogenada
c el grupo fosfato está unido al carbono
5 prima de la desoxirribonucleico gen o
la adenina y la timina se unen mediante
dos puentes de hidrógeno la guanina y la
citosina se enlazan por medio de tres
puentes de hidrógeno
el aire n por su parte es también una
cadena de nucleótidos y cada uno de
ellos está formado por una base
nitrogenada una molécula de ribosa y un
grupo fosfato
la base nitrogenada puede ser adenina
guanina citosina o brasil o como se
puede ver a diferencia del adn el arn no
contiene timina sino brasil o
ve ribosa el carbono 2 prima del arribo
sa posee un enlace con oxígeno a
diferencia de la
al realizarse la transcripción de adn y
arn las bases nitrogenadas forman pares
complementarios unidos por puentes de
hidrógeno la adenina y el brasil se unen
mediante dos puentes de hidrógeno la
guanina y la citosina se enlazan a
través de tres puentes de hidrógeno
hay tres tipos principales de arn
arn mensajero es una cadena lineal lleva
el mensaje de información genética desde
el adn hasta los sitios de síntesis de
proteínas en la célula los ribosomas
ve a rn de transferencia se denomina así
porque transfiere un aminoácido
específico del citoplasma a la cadena
poli peptídica que está siendo
sintetizada y se a rn ribosomas son
moléculas asociadas con proteínas y
forman complejos denominados ribosomas
cuya función es la síntesis de proteínas
[Música]
no
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