7 Urban Models Every APHG Student Must Know! [AP Human Geography Unit 6 Topic 5]

Summary

This video script provides an in-depth review of seven urban geography models essential for AP Human Geography students. Starting with a refresher on bid rent theory, the video progresses through models like Burgess's concentric zone, Hoyt's sector, and the multiple nuclei model, highlighting how each reflects the spatial layout and land use patterns influenced by factors like transportation, technology, and economic activities. The script also discusses how historical events like colonization have shaped city layouts in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa, and how rapid urbanization has led to the emergence of informal settlements in these regions. The overview concludes with the Southeast Asian model, emphasizing the importance of ports and government roles in city development. The video aims to aid understanding of urban geography, offering resources for further study and exam preparation.

Takeaways

• 📍 The bid rent theory explains how land use changes as you move away from the Central Business District (CBD), with land becoming cheaper and buildings becoming less dense.
• 🏙️ The Burgess concentric zone model outlines the city structure with a CBD, transition zone, working-class homes, better residence zone, and commuter zone, but has become outdated due to urban changes.
• 🚂 Hoyt's sector model emphasizes the importance of transportation in city development, with economic activities centered around transportation routes, but has also become less relevant with changes in transport systems.
• 🌟 The Harrison and Almond multiple nuclei model highlights the presence of multiple CBDs and a complex spatial layout with different activities and services gravitating to specific nodes.
• 🌌 The galactic model (peripheral model) depicts a post-industrial city with a service-based economy, acknowledging edge cities and robust infrastructure systems, like the city of Atlanta.
• 🏛️ The Latin American city model reflects the influence of European colonization, with a central plaza surrounded by government and religious buildings, and a distinct spatial layout across different cities in the region.
• 🏙️ The sub-Saharan African city model shows the impact of European colonization with a grid pattern urban layout, featuring a colonial CBD, traditional CBD, and informal CBD or Market Zone.
• 🏞️ Shanty towns and squatter settlements are found on the outskirts of cities in sub-Saharan Africa, a legacy of colonial era and continued urbanization.
• 🚢 The Southeast Asian city model is centered around a port due to geographical factors, colonial trading history, and rapid urbanization, with a focus on port-based commerce and government involvement.
• 🏘️ Residential areas in Southeast Asian cities are not strictly separated by socioeconomic class, with suburban areas located next to squatter settlements, showing a mix of different income levels.
• 🌾 Agricultural and newer industrial production are located outside the city in the Southeast Asian model, reflecting the city's development and economic activities.

Q & A

What is the bid rent theory and how does it impact urban land use patterns?

The bid rent theory explains that as you move farther away from the Central Business District (CBD), land becomes cheaper. This affects the spatial layout of settlements and the way land and buildings are used. Areas closer to the CBD have more buildings close together and expand upwards, while areas farther away expand horizontally and are more dispersed. The theory helps us understand the location of different industries and land use patterns in a city.

How does the Burgess concentric model depict the structure of a city?

The Burgess concentric model represents a city as a series of concentric zones centered around the CBD. Starting from the center, there are the CBD, followed by the zone of transition with older homes and lower-income residents, then the working-class homes, the better residence zone with newer homes, and finally the commuter zone for people living outside city limits and commuting to work.

What are the key differences between the Hoyt sector model and the Burgess concentric model?

The Hoyt sector model differs from the Burgess concentric model in its focus on transportation and the development of the city in sectors or wedges centered around specific sections. It is often influenced by economic and environmental factors, with industries and businesses locating near transportation routes for better access and shipping efficiency.

How does the Harrison and Almond multiple nuclei model differ from previous urban models?

The Harrison and Almond multiple nuclei model introduces the concept of multiple CBDs and a more complex spatial layout. It suggests that different activities, services, people, businesses, and organizations are attracted to or repelled from specific nodes, leading to a less centralized urban structure.

What is the galactic model and how does it relate to the concept of edge cities?

The galactic model, also known as the peripheral model, was developed in the 1960s and focuses on post-industrial cities where the economy is more service-based. It acknowledges the existence of edge cities, which are located outside city limits and are connected to the main city through robust infrastructure systems like beltways or highways.

How does the Latin American city model reflect the influence of European colonization?

The Latin American city model shows the impact of European colonization through the central Plaza or Square surrounded by government and religious buildings. This reflects the Conquistadors' belief in putting God at the focus of society, leading to a consistent spatial layout across different cities in Latin America.

What are the three distinct CBDs in the sub-Saharan African city model?

The sub-Saharan African city model has three CBDs: the colonial CBD which is the historic core with mixed-use buildings and narrow streets; the traditional CBD with vendors and low-rise buildings; and the informal CBD or Market Zone consisting of informal markets and manufacturers.

How does the Southeast Asian city model differ from other models in terms of its central focus?

The Southeast Asian city model differs from other models by not having a traditional CBD. Instead, the city is centered around a port due to geographical factors, the city's development as a trading post during the colonial era, and the need for efficient goods transportation.

What is the demographic transition model mentioned in the context of sub-Saharan African cities?

The demographic transition model is a theoretical framework that describes the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic state. In the context of sub-Saharan African cities, it is mentioned to explain the high urbanization rates and population growth leading to the expansion of informal settlements.

How does the concept of special economic zones relate to the Southeast Asian city model?

In the Southeast Asian city model, the concept of special economic zones is related to the alien commercial zones that stem from the port and extend into the city. These zones were created to promote trade and investment from Western countries and often allow the government to play a key role in the city's commerce, culture, and social activity, as well as to monitor foreign commerce and influence.

What are the main factors contributing to the growth of informal settlements like shanty towns and favelas in various city models?

The growth of informal settlements in various city models is primarily due to increased urbanization rates, a lack of available housing resources, and the search for better economic opportunities in urban areas. These settlements often emerge on the outskirts of cities and continue to expand as countries experience population growth and rural-to-urban migration.

Outlines

00:00

🏙️ Introduction to Urban Geography Models

This paragraph introduces the topic of urban geography models, emphasizing the importance of understanding the bid rent theory as a foundation for comprehending the spatial layout and land use patterns in cities. It explains how land price and population density affect urban development, leading to different types of buildings and land use as one moves away from the Central Business District (CBD). The paragraph also briefly mentions the various models of urban geography that will be discussed, starting with the Burgess concentric model and hinting at the changes brought by globalization and urban renewal policies.

05:02

🏠 Burgess, Hoyt, and Multiple Nuclei Models

This paragraph delves into three specific urban geography models: the Burgess concentric model, Hoyt sector model, and Harrison and Almond's multiple nuclei model. The Burgess model highlights the CBD and surrounding areas of different socio-economic statuses. The Hoyt model focuses on transportation and economic sectors, showing how industries and businesses are located near transport routes. The multiple nuclei model introduces the concept of multiple CBDs and how different activities and services are attracted to specific nodes, leading to a more complex urban layout. The paragraph also discusses how these models have become outdated due to changes in technology, transportation, and urban development patterns.

10:04

🌌 Galactic and Latin American City Models

The paragraph discusses the galactic model, which views cities as post-industrial and service-based, with a focus on edge cities and beltways that facilitate commuting and economic activity. It uses Atlanta as an example to illustrate the characteristics of this model. The Latin American city model is then explored, showing the influence of European colonization and the central plaza in shaping urban layouts. This model also includes a spine of wealthier residents and high-end commercial activity, zones of maturity and disamenity, and informal settlements, reflecting the socio-economic disparities and urban challenges in Latin American cities.

🌍 Sub-Saharan African and Southeast Asian City Models

This paragraph covers the sub-Saharan African city model and the Southeast Asian model, both of which show the lasting impact of European colonization on urban planning. The African model features distinct CBDs, including the colonial CBD, traditional CBD, and informal CBD or Market Zone, along with ethnic neighborhoods and shanty towns. The Southeast Asian model emphasizes the city's focus on a port due to geographical, historical, and economic reasons, with a mix of government zones, special economic zones, and residential areas that are not strictly separated by socio-economic class. The paragraph highlights the unique aspects of these models and how they reflect the diverse influences and development patterns in these regions.

Keywords

💡Bid Rent Theory

The Bid Rent Theory is an urban economics concept that explains how land use and spatial layout of settlements are influenced by the cost of land. As the distance from the Central Business District (CBD) increases, the cost of land typically decreases. This theory is foundational to understanding the seven urban models discussed in the video, as it directly relates to how different areas develop distinct characteristics based on their proximity to the CBD. For example, areas closer to the CBD tend to have higher land prices, leading to taller buildings, while areas farther away have more dispersed, single-family homes on larger lots.

💡Central Business District (CBD)

The Central Business District (CBD) is the commercial and business heart of a city, typically characterized by a concentration of offices, retail shops, and other services. In the context of the video, the CBD is a recurring reference point for all the urban models, serving as the starting point for understanding how urban areas develop and function. The script explains that the CBD is surrounded by different zones of residential and industrial areas, each influenced by the bid rent theory and the changing needs of the population.

💡Concentric Zone Model

The Concentric Zone Model, developed by Ernest Burgess, is one of the urban models discussed in the video. It is based on the city of Chicago in the 1920s and posits that cities grow in a series of concentric circles from the CBD outward. The model includes the CBD, transition zone, working-class homes, better residence zone, and commuter zone. This model reflects the idea that socio-economic status and land use are closely related, with wealthier residents living farther from the CBD and lower-income residents in the inner zones. The video notes that parts of this model are becoming outdated due to globalization and urban renewal policies.

💡Hoyt Sector Model

The Hoyt Sector Model, proposed by Homer Hoyt, is another urban model that focuses on the sector-like development of a city, with economic activities centered around specific sections, often influenced by transportation routes. This model challenges the concentric pattern of Burgess's model by suggesting that the city's growth is influenced by factors such as highways and railroads, which provide access and convenience for businesses and customers. The video highlights that this model has become less relevant over time due to changes in transportation systems and the decentralization of economic activities.

💡Multiple Nuclei Model

The Multiple Nuclei Model, developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman, is an urban model that posits cities have multiple CBDs instead of just one. This model recognizes the complexity of urban spatial布局, with different activities and services gravitating to specific nodes. Each node attracts certain groups while repelling others, leading to a more intricate pattern of land use. The video explains that this model accounts for technological and transportation advancements and how they influence urban development, contrasting with previous models that focused on a single CBD.

💡Galactic Model

The Galactic Model, also known as the Peripheral Model, is an urban model that emerged in the 1960s to describe post-industrial cities. Unlike previous models that centered around manufacturing, this model emphasizes a service-based economy. It accounts for the fact that people live farther outside city boundaries and can travel into the city thanks to robust infrastructure systems. The video uses Atlanta as an example of a city that resembles the Galactic Model, with its CBD, edge cities, and infrastructure allowing for a connected urban and suburban environment.

💡Latin American City Model

The Latin American City Model reflects the urban structure influenced by European colonization, with a Central Plaza or Square at the city's core, surrounded by government and religious buildings. This model shows the lasting impact of historical events on city planning, with a consistent spatial layout across different Latin American cities. The video describes how the city's layout often includes a grid pattern, a central business district, a commercial sector, and zones of varying socio-economic status, including areas of extreme poverty and informal settlements.

💡Sub-Saharan African City Model

The Sub-Saharan African City Model is characterized by the influence of European colonization, which introduced grid patterns to the urban layout. This model features three distinct CBDs: the colonial CBD, the traditional CBD, and the informal CBD or Market Zone. The video explains that these CBDs reflect a mix of historical architectural styles, economic activities, and ethnic neighborhoods. The model also highlights the presence of shanty towns and squatter settlements on the city's outskirts, which are a legacy of colonial era practices and continue to grow due to urbanization and population increases.

💡Southeast Asian Model

The Southeast Asian Model is an urban model that deviates from the traditional CBD-centered approach, focusing instead on a city's development around a port due to geographical, historical, and economic factors. This model acknowledges the influence of colonial powers and the rapid urbanization experienced by these regions. The video describes how the city's commerce, government zones, and residential areas are interconnected, with a mix of suburban and informal settlements. This model also recognizes the presence of agricultural and industrial production on the city's outskirts, reflecting the diverse economic activities in these cities.

💡Edge Cities

Edge Cities, as discussed in the video, are suburban settlements that have grown to become significant economic and commercial hubs in their own right, often located outside city limits. They are characterized by a mix of office buildings, shopping centers, and residential areas, and they have emerged as a result of decentralization and urban sprawl. The video uses Atlanta as an example, where the edge cities are connected to the CBD and other surrounding areas through robust infrastructure, such as a Beltway or highways.

💡Gentrification

Gentrification is a process of urban change where an area undergoes economic and social transformation, typically involving the influx of wealthier residents and the displacement of lower-income populations. In the context of the video, gentrification is mentioned as a factor that affects the spatial patterns within cities, particularly in the peripheral or outer areas. The video suggests that as neighborhoods experience gentrification, the socio-economic makeup of these areas changes, often leading to a shift in land use and the types of services and amenities available.

Highlights

Introduction to seven different urban models for AP Human Geography class.

Explanation of bid rent theory and its impact on land use and spatial layout of settlements.

Discussion on how land use changes as one moves away from the Central Business District (CBD).

Overview of the Burgess concentric model and its focus on the CBD, zone of transition, and residential areas.

Examination of the Hoyt sector model and its emphasis on transportation and economic activities.

Description of the Harrison and Almond multiple nuclei model with multiple CBDs and specific nodes attracting certain businesses and services.

Explanation of the galactic model or peripheral model, focusing on a post-industrial, service-based economy and the role of technology and infrastructure.

Comparison of the Atlanta city layout with the galactic model, highlighting the influence of edge cities and beltways.

Discussion on the Latin American city model, its colonial influence, and the central Plaza or Square.

Analysis of the sub-Saharan African city model, its colonial grid pattern, and the distinction between colonial, traditional, and informal CBDs.

Description of the Southeast Asian city model, centered around a port, and its unique spatial arrangement influenced by colonial powers and rapid urbanization.

Identification of the challenges faced by cities in the sub-Saharan African model, such as shanty towns and squatter settlements.

Explanation of how historical events like European colonization have shaped the urban layout of cities across different regions.

Discussion on the demographic transition model and its relation to urbanization rates and population growth.

Provision of resources for further study, including exclusive videos and practice problems for AP Human Geography.

Encouragement for viewers to engage with the content, answer questions, and subscribe for more educational content.

Transcripts

hello there geographers and welcome back

to the Mr sin Channel today we are going

to review the seven different Urban

models that you need to know for your AP

human geography class as always if you

find Value in these videos consider

subscribing now in order for these

models to make sense you have to

remember the bid rent Theory so we're

going to quickly review it before we get

into the model when looking at the bid

Ren Theory we can see that as you move

farther away from the CBD the cheaper

land gets which impacts not only the

spatial layout of settlements but the

way that land and buildings are used

places that are closer to the CBD often

see more buildings close together with

expansion happening upwards while places

that are farther away from the CBD often

expand more horizontally and are more

dispersed homes that are located farther

away from a central business district

often have a front yard and a backyard

and access to more green spaces while

homes that are in or near the CBD often

do not have space to expand outwards and

are more likely to be built on top of

one another this is why it's common to

find large apartment buildings downtown

and more single-family homes farther

away from the city all of this is

because as the population density

changes in an area the cost and

availability of land also change areas

with a high density have less available

land and a higher demand for that land

causing the prices to increase so the

closer you get to the CBD the more

likely it is to see large skyscrapers

which have a small lot size but extend

vertically As you move outward from the

CBD you will start to see more

manufacturing and warehouses who need

access to more land but also need to be

located near the CBD by locating outside

the CBD these industries are able to get

cheaper land and lower rents compared to

if they're located inside the CBD but

since they still remain relatively close

to the central business district they

remain connected to the businesses and

people downtown lastly as we move even

farther away from the CBD we start to

see more residential zones which take

advantage of Cheaper land and prices and

the larger lot size so we can see that

the bid rent Theory helps us understand

that not only the location of different

Industries but also different land use

patterns as well if you need more help

with understanding how the bid rent

Theory impacts agricultural land use

patterns the spatial layout of cities

and the density gradient of a city check

out my ultimate review packet for

exclusive videos and practice problems

to help you in your study all right now

that we've reviewed the bid rent Theory

the time has come to move into the

different urban geography models

starting with the Burgess concentric

model which was based on the city of

Chicago in the 1920s in the center we

have the CBD which traditionally

consists of different businesses and

public and private Services the CBD is

surrounded by older homes with the

newest development being located

farthest away from the central business

district lower income residents are

typically found in the zone of

transition along with different

Industries as well this is unique to

cities in the United States in fact

other countries around the world it's

actually common to have more wealthier

residents live near the central business

district as we move outward we move into

the working class homes which are

traditionally all older homes that are

occupied by people who are working in

the central business district or zone of

transition next is the better residence

Zone which has newer homes that are more

dispersed here people are more likely to

live in a single family home and have a

front and backyard lastly there's the

commuter Zone which consists of people

who live outside the city's limits and

commute into the city for work hence why

it's called the commuter Zone today we

can see that parts of this model are

becoming outdated due to globalization

changes in the production of different

goods and services and due to urban

renewal policies and gentrification all

of which are changing not only where

people are living and working but also

changing the price of land spatial

patterns in the city and the land use of

different neighborhoods near a central

business district the next model is the

Hoyt sector model which still uses a CBD

as the center point of the mob however

we can see there's a bigger Focus here

on Transportation here a city develops

in sectors or wedges with economic

activities being centered around certain

sections of the model this is often

based off different economic factors or

environmental factors for example

different Industries and businesses will

locate near the transportation routes

such as highways or railroads this

allows customers to quickly access the

businesses and also allows for the

different Industries to quickly ship

goods in and out of the area today we

can see this model has become dated as

well due to changes in our

transportation system the CBD just no

longer has the same importance as it

once did as more people move to Edge

cities boom verbs and other Suburban

settlements all of which has shifted the

location of different businesses and

industries as more businesses move to be

closer to their customers and take

advantage of Cheaper land prices plus

thanks to advancements in personal

vehicles the interstate system and other

Transportation methods goods and people

can get between different places quicker

and more efficiently changing not only

where people live but work as well the

next model is the Harrison almond

multiple nuclei model which was created

around 1945. this model tries to explain

Lane how cities have changed due to

advancements in technology and

transportation unlike the last two

models this model has multiple CBDs the

multiple nuclei model shows a more

complex spatial layout with different

activities and services gravitating to

specific nodes each node attracts

specific people businesses and services

and repels other groups and

organizations for example we can see

that the part of a city that has more

industrial jobs will often see more

people in those jobs live around that

area but that same area will often see

less people who work in corporate jobs

living near it as they will be more

likely to gravitate towards a different

node that is closer to their work and

lifestyle the next model we have is the

galactic model also known as the

peripheral model which has a quick side

note is just an awesome name for a model

the galactic model definitely makes me

think of Star Wars now this model was

developed in the 1960s and looks at a

post-industrial city here the economy is

no longer focused around Manufacturing

in fact it has shifted to be more

service-based the galactic model also

accounts for advancements in technology

and transportation and accounts for the

fact that people now live farther

outside of the city's boundaries and can

travel into the city thanks to robust

infrastructure systems that have been

created for example we can see that

unlike our previous models this model

does acknowledge Edge cities which are

located on the outside of the city

limits near or on a Beltway or Highway

remember Beltway is allow for people to

quickly move around the city and

surrounding areas if you do need more

help and information on edge cities

beltways and other settlements go back

and re-watch my unit 6 topic 2 video now

while it isn't perfect we can actually

see that the city of Atlanta resembles

the galactic city model pretty well when

looking at the CBD of Atlanta we can see

a high population density with a

clustering of different Office Buildings

skyscrapers and other services such as

unique restaurants or government

buildings outside the CBD is different

residential areas such as multi-family

homes single-family homes and a other

Suburban residential areas Atlanta also

has industrial zones which are on the

outskirts of the CBD and stretch to the

city limits here you will find different

manufacturing and distribution

facilities which are connected by

highways and other infrastructure to get

Goods in and out of the city lastly we

can see that the city has a Beltway that

goes around the entire city similar to

the galactic mob in fact the city of

Atlanta has an extensive network of

roadways and highways that allow for

people to remain connected not only to

the CBD but to the other surrounding

Edge cities and boom verbs that are

located on the Beltway outside of the

central business district so we can see

that the city of Atlanta shares a

variety of different characteristics

with the galactic model changing gears

now and moving outside of North America

and the United States we have our next

model which is the Latin American city

model this model resembles aspects of

the concentric zone model and the sector

model now in looking at this model we

can see the impact of European

colonization during the colonial era man

many cities were centered around a

Central Plaza or Square which was often

surrounded by different government

buildings and religious buildings this

was because many of the Conquistadors

believed that God should be in the focus

of all Society you can see the influence

that Europeans had on cities around

Latin America when looking at the

spatial layout of different cities here

we can see the plaza and church at the

center of the city we can also see a

grid pattern start to emerge as time

went on notice how the spatial layout

remains fairly consistent even as we

look at different cities in different

countries even today we can see the

impact of colonization on cities around

Latin America for example when looking

at the capital of Argentina do you

notice the plaza if we look at the city

today we can still see the spatial

layout of a Plaza in the city with

religious buildings located not far away

in fact some of the churches near the

plaza date all the way back to 1686 and

are some of the oldest churches in

Buenos Aires so we can see that

historical events such as European

colonization had a profound found impact

on the creation of cities across Latin

America now when looking at the model we

can see that the central business

district is still located at the center

of the model however there is a spine

extending outwards from the CBD the

spine consists of wealthier residents

and high-end commercial activity often

connecting to a commercial sector also

shown here as a mall right outside of

the CBD we can see the zone of maturity

which consists of older homes and

buildings and some neighborhoods which

may have experienced gentrification in

the peripheral or outer areas of the

city we can see both middle and

low-income houses area does not have the

same access to Services as a CBD and the

spine lastly we have the disamenity Zone

which consists of residents who are

living in extreme poverty in some cases

these parts of the city will lack basic

infrastructure like water power or

sewage access we can also see informal

settlements also known as squatter

settlements or favelas forming on the

outside of the model unfortunately these

zones have been growing due to increased

urbanization rates and a lack of

available housing resources and capital

all right now moving from Latin America

to Africa we can observe the sub-Saharan

African City model once again we can see

the impact of European colonization with

European colonizers bringing a grid

pattern to the urban layout this model

has three distinct CBDs the first is the

colonial CBD which traditionally is the

historic core of the city located in the

CBD is mixed-use buildings Colonial

architecture multi-story buildings and

Narrow Street patterns that resemble

more of a grid path second is a

traditional CBD which often consists of

different vendors and low-rise buildings

with a mix of formal and informal

economic activity notice as well the

grid pattern that we saw in the colonial

CBD no longer exists lastly we have the

informal CBD or Market Zone which

consists of informal markets and

manufacturers now around the CBD we can

see different ethnic neighborhoods and

some mixed neighborhoods which show us

that these cities have a history of

segregation many of the ethnic

neighborhoods often have squatter areas

and less access to wealth and services

compared to the ethnic and mixed

neighborhood these areas are divided by

Major roads that stretch across the city

with infrastructure near the city being

the most robust spatial arrangement of

major roads and local streets as well as

the presence of distinct ethnic

neighborhoods are legacies of the

colonial era and the continued influence

of apartheid similar to The Latin

American city model we can see Shanty

towns and squatter settlements located

on the outskirts of the city these

informal settlements continue to expand

as countries continue to experience a

rise in their population should have

been located in stage two or three of

the demographic transition model and we

continue to see higher rates of

urbanization also because there's

economic opportunities in these urban

areas and people are searching for a

better life now last but not least is

the Southeast Asian model and just like

Latin American city model and the

sub-Saharan African City model we can

see a mix of the concentric zone model

and in the sector mod right away we can

notice that this model does not have a

traditional CBD instead the city is

based around a port this is due to a

variety of different factors one of them

being the geography of the region we can

see that many of these cities are

located on Islands or Peninsula the

second Factor being that the fact that

many of these cities developed as

trading posts during the colonial era

with many Western countries coming to

trade with these different cities and

the third one being that these areas

have experienced rapid urbanization as

they've expanded over time as more

manufacturing and industries developed

it was in their best interest to have

the center of the city's Commerce

located at the Port which allowed for

goods to quickly come in and out of the

city we can also see the influence of

colonial powers and foreign States when

looking at this model with the alien

commercial Zone which stems from the

port and extends inward into the city

these zones were often created to

stimulate and promote trade and

investment from Western countries today

we can seize that these areas are

sometimes referenced also as special

economic zone the concept we'll talk

more about in our unit 7 video

traditionally we can also see government

zones located next to the port and the

special economics Zone which allowed the

government to be a key player in the

city's Commerce cultural and social

activity plus it also allows the

government to keep tabs on what is

happening in the ports and those special

economic zones where foreign Commerce is

occurring and foreign influence could be

happening another unique aspect of this

model is that many of the residential

areas are not separated by socioeconomic

class in fact we can see Suburban areas

located right next to squad or

settlement now not all of the

residential areas are mixed we can see

some parts of the city based around

income however we do see that newer

Suburban areas are becoming more mixed

lastly we have agricultural production

and newer industrial production

happening on the outside of the city all

right now hopefully your head isn't

spinning we just talked about a bunch of

different city models and cities around

the world and now comes the time to

practice what we've learned answer the

questions on the screen and check your

answers in the comment section down

below and if you found value in this

video consider subscribing and

supporting the channel also if you do

need more help with anything AP Human

Geography related check out my ultimate

review packet for a bunch of exclusive

resources to help you not only get an A

in your class but a five on the national

exam as always I'm Mr sin thank you so

much for watching and I will see you

next time online