Parasitic Diseases Lectures #1: Introduction
Summary
TLDRThis online course, based on the 6th edition of 'Parasitic Diseases' textbook, delves into the world of human parasites with Dr. Daniel Griffin and the course creator. They explore the life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical disease, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of various parasitic infections. The course highlights the global impact of parasites, with a focus on malaria and geohelminths, and discusses the challenges of controlling these diseases in less developed regions.
Takeaways
- 📚 The course is based on the 6th edition of the textbook 'Parasitic Diseases', which has been in publication since 1982.
- 🌐 The course is available online and is open to anyone interested in learning about parasitic diseases.
- 🏆 The course is co-hosted by Dr. Daniel Griffin, who holds both an MD and a PhD degree.
- 🌟 The course's motto is 'Successful systems attract parasites', highlighting the prevalence of parasites in human systems.
- 📖 The book can be downloaded for free in PDF format from the 'Parasites Without Borders' website.
- 📊 The course consists of 45 episodes, each covering a different parasitic disease based on the book's content.
- 🔬 Each episode covers the introduction, history, life cycle, cellular and molecular pathogenesis, clinical disease, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and epidemiology of a parasite.
- 🌍 Parasitic diseases are a global problem, with infections found wherever humans live.
- 🔴 Malaria is a significant tropical disease, with the highest number of cases in Africa, Pakistan, India, and the Middle East.
- 🐛 Soil-transmitted helminths are prevalent in areas with poor sanitation, affecting a large portion of the world's population.
- 🌱 Poor sanitation and contaminated water sources contribute to the spread of parasitic diseases.
- 🦟 Arthropod-borne diseases, such as those transmitted by insects, are a major health concern and can be lethal.
Q & A
What is the main theme of the book 'Parasitic Diseases'?
-The main theme of the book 'Parasitic Diseases' is to educate readers about the various types of parasites that infect humans, their life cycles, how they cause disease, and the methods for diagnosing, treating, and preventing these infections.
Who are the hosts of the online course based on the book 'Parasitic Diseases'?
-Dr. Daniel Griffin, who holds both an MD and a PhD degree, and Dr. Vincent, who is responsible for the production's professional look, are the hosts of the online course.
How can one access a free PDF copy of the 6th edition of 'Parasitic Diseases'?
-To access a free PDF copy of the 6th edition of 'Parasitic Diseases', one can visit the website 'Parasites Without Borders', navigate to the menu option for the 6th edition, and click on the provided link to download the book.
What is the significance of the phrase 'successful systems attract parasites' in the context of this course?
-The phrase 'successful systems attract parasites' signifies that as human beings have become the most successful species on Earth, we have become a prime target for parasites due to our widespread presence and the fact that we provide a suitable environment for them to thrive.
What is the format of each presentation in the online course?
-Each presentation in the online course follows a format that includes an introduction to the subject, a brief history of discovery, a discussion on the life cycle, cellular and molecular pathogenesis, clinical disease aspects, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, control, and epidemiology, and finally, recommendations for further reading.
How many episodes are there in total in the online course?
-There are a total of forty-five episodes in the online course.
What is the global distribution of malaria as discussed in the script?
-Malaria is predominantly found in Africa, with the reddest colors on the map indicating the highest intensity of infection. It is also prevalent in parts of Pakistan, India, and throughout the Middle East, with the tropics being particularly affected.
What was the approximate number of malaria cases worldwide in 2015?
-In 2015, there were approximately 212 million cases of malaria worldwide.
How are parasitic infections often transmitted in less developed regions?
-In less developed regions, parasitic infections are often transmitted through contaminated water and soil, which can be contaminated with fecal matter containing stages of these infections. This can occur due to poor sanitation and the use of human waste as fertilizer.
What is the role of arthropod-borne vectors in transmitting parasitic diseases?
-Arthropod-borne vectors, such as insects and arachnids, play a significant role in transmitting parasitic diseases. They can inject pathogens into humans or deposit them on the skin, leading to infections. Controlling these vectors is a strategy for preventing the spread of diseases.
What are some of the clinical presentations that might indicate a parasitic infection?
-Clinical presentations that might indicate a parasitic infection include fever, rash, skin lesions, discomfort, respiratory complaints, and mental health issues. These symptoms can be clues for clinicians to consider parasitic infections in their diagnosis.
Outlines
📚 Introduction to Parasitic Diseases Course
The speaker introduces an online course based on the 6th edition of the textbook 'Parasitic Diseases', which has been in circulation since 1982. The course, open to all, is co-hosted by Dr. Daniel Griffin, who holds both an MD and a PhD. The course aims to educate about parasites that infect humans. The speaker highlights the importance of the course by referencing a phrase from Science Magazine, 'successful systems attract parasites', emphasizing humans as a successful system. The course is structured to cover the introduction, history, life cycle, cellular and molecular pathogenesis, clinical disease, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of parasitic diseases. The speaker also encourages downloading a free PDF of the textbook from the 'Parasites Without Borders' website to accompany the course.
🌍 The Global Impact of Parasitic Diseases
This section discusses the prevalence of parasitic diseases worldwide, highlighting that parasites are found wherever humans live. The speaker uses malaria as an example, showing a 'heat map' of infection rates. Malaria is particularly prevalent in Africa, with over 212 million cases reported in 2015, resulting in 429,000 deaths. The speaker also addresses the issue of soil-transmitted helminths, which are common in areas with poor sanitation. These parasites are spread through fecal contamination of soil and water, and can be ingested through food. The speaker notes that the least developed countries have the highest number of infections, emphasizing the link between poverty, sanitation, and parasitic diseases.
🌱 Transmission of Parasitic Diseases
The speaker explains how parasitic diseases are transmitted, particularly in areas with poor sanitation. The use of human waste as fertilizer can lead to the spread of parasites through contaminated food. The speaker also discusses the role of arthropod vectors, such as insects, in transmitting diseases. These vectors can carry pathogens that cause serious illnesses, some of which can be lethal. The section concludes with a mention of the course format, which will include discussions on clinical disease, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
🩺 Clinical Presentation of Parasitic Diseases
This section focuses on how to approach clinical presentations of parasitic diseases. The speaker discusses the importance of quickly identifying whether a fever is life-threatening, such as malaria or sepsis, and whether it localizes to a specific body system. The speaker also addresses the presentation of skin problems, such as rashes, and how they can be indicative of parasitic infections. The discussion includes questions to consider when diagnosing parasitic diseases, such as the location and characteristics of symptoms and the geographical origin of the patient, which can provide clues about possible infections.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Parasitic diseases
💡Eukaryotic parasites
💡Life cycle
💡Pathogenesis
💡Clinical disease
💡Diagnosis
💡Treatment
💡Prevention and control
💡Epidemiology
💡Sanitation
💡Vectors
Highlights
Introduction to an online course on parasitic diseases based on the 6th edition textbook.
The book is available for free as a PDF download from the website 'Parasites Without Borders'.
The course will cover the life cycle, cellular and molecular pathogenesis of various parasites.
Malaria is highlighted as a significant tropical disease affecting a large proportion of the world's population.
The importance of sanitation and its impact on the spread of parasitic diseases is discussed.
A map is used to illustrate the global distribution of parasitic infections.
The concept that successful systems attract parasites is introduced as a central theme.
The course will explore the clinical aspects of parasitic diseases and patient experiences.
The necessity of understanding the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of parasitic diseases.
The definition of a parasite as an organism that takes metabolic advantage of another organism.
The global impact of parasitic diseases, affecting billions of people.
The role of human evolution and settlement in the spread of parasitic diseases.
The dangers of consuming contaminated food and water as a means of parasite transmission.
The impact of poor sanitation on the transmission of geohelminths.
The potential health risks associated with consuming food from compromised sources.
The importance of controlling arthropod vectors to prevent the spread of parasitic diseases.
The course will use a clinical vignette approach to discuss diagnosis and treatment of parasitic diseases.
The approach to clinical diagnosis in cases of fever, rash, and other symptoms.
The upcoming discussion on eukaryotic parasites, including protozoans and helminths.
Transcripts
[Music]
welcome to parasitic diseases it's based
on the 6th edition of our textbook
called parasitic diseases which has been
out now since 1982 we're up to our sixth
edition and so what we've decided to do
dr. Griffin and myself is to introduce
this book as an online course it's open
to anybody who wants to take these
presentations and learn all about
parasitic diseases the kind that make
you sick
my producer dr. Vincent reckon yellow is
off screen but he's responsible for all
of the nuance that makes this production
look professional so I await a vote of
confidence and thanks for setting this
all up for us to begin with we'll take
you through the world of human parasites
that is to say these are organisms that
infect humans dr. Daniel Griffin has an
MD degree and a PhD degree and he will
be my co-host for this series so without
further ado let's start by introducing
the subject and it's very interesting
that we should introduce it by the
winner of a phrase that was solicited by
science magazine from its readership
what is the most important thing you
could say that happened over the last
100 years in terms of science and
biology
they actually limited it to biology and
the winner that they chose was a phrase
that says successful systems attract
parasites so that's our motto so we as
human beings are the world's most
successful system as we will see so
here's what our book looks like and in
fact for those that are not aware you
can actually download a free pdf copy of
this by simply going online to parasites
Without Borders
finding the head of the menu menu that
says PD 6th edition click on it and then
you will see a page that comes up and
it'll say for a free copy click here I
strongly recommend you're doing this you
can have it on your Kindle you can have
it on your cell phone you can have it on
your home computer you can look at
anytime you want it's obviously a
companion to the 6th edition hard copy
the episodes that follow there are forty
five of them all together are based on
what's present actually in the book and
we're going via that order so the format
for each presentation is as follows
there's an introduction where we sort of
introduce the subject of whatever that
is for that particular time then we
touch on the history of discovery we
won't go into the depth of that but
there of course is a large history
regarding how each one of these things
became known to the medical world we'll
talk about the life cycle next then the
cellular and molecular pathogenesis
section will cover how the host and the
parasite interact to produce disease or
to limit the infection in the host we'll
talk about the clinical disease of
course and that's where dr. Griffin will
come on and tell you about the details
of what it's like to be a patient that
harbors one of these pathogens finally
we'll discuss the diagnosis the
treatment of course the prevention and
control or epidemiology as the case may
be and then finally we'll have a
recommendation for you if you want to
really learn more about the subject that
we haven't covered because what we're
really giving you is a sort of a a
thumbnail sketch of the way this
presents in the real world we can't give
you all the details of course as we
would like to but you can learn more
about those details there either by
reading them in our textbook or
following the references that we've
listed at the end of each one of these
presentations so let's begin by asking
the basic question of course and that is
what is a parasite you can define this
any way you want
a lot of people have their own version
of that definition but
actually the one that fits the best for
all of the organisms out there that
cause illness in humans is a parasite is
any organism that takes metabolic
advantage of another organism they could
be a virus which is the smallest unit of
infection that we know of except for the
prion it could be Rickettsia which are
bacteria like organisms but not quite as
sophisticated in terms of their
biochemistry of course bacteria and all
of those taken together represent what
we would call organisms without a
nucleus or prokaryotes it's before the
nucleus arose in evolutionary history
but everything after that that I'll
discuss from protozoa helminths and a
few arthropods as well all contain
nuclei and those nuclei enable us to
categorize those organisms as eukaryotic
organisms and so parasitic diseases
covers the breadth and depth of that
subject of eukaryotic parasites so how
large a problem is the problem facing
Humanity of encountering eukaryotic
parasites so I show you in front of you
a map or a schematic map of the of the
world as far as we know all of the land
masses are shown and wherever people
live on those land masses we find
parasites which is quite amazing
actually
so will the examples that I think we're
all familiar with at least we've heard
of this before
is malaria so where would we find
malaria for instance throughout the
world and this map shows you vividly in
colors that the redder the color the
more intense the infection so it's
called a heat map so the red are the
infection
happens to be the reddest of the
continents because a lot of malaria is
found there the next most common place
we're finding that is as you can see in
Pakistan and India and throughout the
Middle East there's very little in the
Middle East because there's very little
water and because this is a
mosquito-borne infection you need water
for this to be transmitted but we see a
lot of it throughout the tropics and so
we consider malaria as a tropical
disease in 2015 there were roughly 212
million cases of malaria throughout the
world now the population of the earth is
about 7.3 billion so these are this is a
large proportion of that number that
encounter malaria virtually every year
with 429 thousand deaths it's compared
to the number of cases it has a very low
mortality rate but when you add up all
the number of cases of course it's one
of the largest reasons why a person
would die from an infectious disease
malaria is still one of those great
unsolved problems that we'll be
discussing on the other side of the
spectrum of eukaryotic parasites we have
the worms and everywhere where you see
the blue color is an endemic center for
worm transmission and these worms are
found as you can see throughout most of
the tropical and subtropical and even
temperate zone world depending upon the
level of Sanitation that we find there
these are just the ones that are
transmitted by fecal contamination of
soil so they're called geo Hellmann's
for that reason because the feces
contaminates the soil the soil then
contaminates things like water and the
food that we grow and crops we harvest
them we bring those stages of the
infection to our table and we ingest
them and that's why so many people have
these parasites most of the parasitic
infections that we'll be discussing
although not all are limited to places
considered to be less developed we have
less developed and at least developed
countries as their class of
now by the United Nations and we see of
course a preponderance of infection in
the places which are considered to be
the least developed therefore the
sanitation is rather primitive if at all
existing so therefore the people that
are forced to live in these places most
of them are forced to live in these
places encounter these parasites on a
daily basis as the result they're the
highest number of people infected
throughout the world if you want to know
where to go to find a lot of parasitic
infections just go to the least
developed countries and you'll find them
so you could ask of question of course
throughout the whole world why are there
so many parasitic infections when you
add them up it's like 2 or 3 billion
people's worth of infection and the
answer is quite simple because when
humans evolved out of Africa and spread
throughout the world they occupied
virtually every landmass that was
possible to get to and they settled
there some continued to explore of
course but others remained so as the
result we live everywhere and because we
live someplace we've got to eat and
therefore it turns out to we'll eat
anything that crawls or swims or flies
or grows and many people who live in
places which are compromised in terms of
their sanitation are forced to drink
water because we drink 2.3 liters of
water every day because of that need we
often drink contaminated water that's
contaminated with feces that has stages
of these infections as we will say that
are easily transmitted from person to
person so that's sort of the opening
salvo for parasitic diseases and here's
a good example of of how these parasites
are being transmitted from one person to
another what we see here is a typical
green garden somewhere in Asia and
because most people living in
compromised situations that is
financially compromised or politically
compromised or just because their level
of economics is low
than most of the world they are forced
to use the most common sources for
things that you and I would hardly think
of using in one case if you want to make
those plants grow you've got to
fertilize them so what do you think they
use for fertilizer but he was a
combination of urine and feces and it
turns out to be human urine and human
feces together they make a wonderful
growth medium for green plants but they
also transmit the stages of infections
that are present in those people from
person to person they end up on these
green grocers shelves they have in most
cases been washed to make them look
fresh and palatable but in reality that
could serve as a warning that you should
stay away from these because it contains
the water of that little creek that you
saw next to this green grocer Green
grower rather and it ends up again in
inducing people to eat things that
ultimately they they shouldn't have
eaten there are some places which are so
compromised that the children and young
adults are forced to eat let's say one
or two meals a day and these meals are
heavily contaminated with their
environment and you see these two
children sitting on the ground sharing a
meal Lord knows what's in that bowl but
it probably isn't something that would
make them healthier it probably would
take away from their sense of well-being
and it could very well contain the stage
of a parasite that we'll be discussing
later in this presentation so if the
soil base doesn't get you and if the
waterborne infections don't get you then
perhaps something will fly or crawl or
land on you and inject something into
you or deposit something on your skin
which could then result in an infection
we call these arthropod borne vectors so
author pods are jointed legged animals
some of them are insects some of them
are Arachne
the ones you see depicted here are
insects they have six legs
some of them fly some of them crawl it
depends on what stage they're at but all
of the ones shown here transmit what I
would consider to be major health
altering infections many of which have
proven lethal and so to concur on
controlling the vectors is a way of
controlling these infections rather than
looking at drugs or vaccines we have
lots of intervention strategies which
take advantage of the fact that we can
limit how many of these are the pods are
in our area of where we live now the
format as dr. de première was was
presenting is gonna follow really the
same format as our book so introduction
history life cycle cellular molecular
pathogenesis but then when we get to
clinical disease diagnosis and treatment
I'm gonna jump in we'll start with a
clinical vignette I will try to point
out a little bit about the features
we'll then move on to diagnosis and then
finally we're gonna finish with
treatment and then we'll return to dr.
de palma for a discussion of prevention
epidemiology and where one might go to
learn more as far as the approach to the
patient you know in most of these cases
you're gonna know you're in the chapter
you're gonna know what the what the case
is but I'm always gonna suggest that
people be thinking as I present the case
about how we how we focus how we make
the diagnosis how we're Altima league
owing to figure this out should we not
know going into it what it is and we'll
break things down into chief complaints
different presentations and a little bit
on how a clinician might approach this
now for instance fever rash skin lesion
is an affiliate I riobamba discomfort
general problems respiratory complaints
mental health issues these are different
ways that we start off and then kind of
move forward so let me just take a
couple of these to talk to you about
them one of the issues with feet so when
a patient presents with fever how do we
approach this we my
whether it's localizing we might also
ask whether it's life-threatening we
might say in the tropics first is it
malaria or sepsis we want to know do we
have time to think about this or do we
need to really start moving quickly here
second does it localize so there any
clues does this seem to be primarily a
pulmonary complaining a gastrointestinal
complaint something coming from the
urinary symptoms stiff neck may be rash
now rash as I mentioned sometimes this
is going to be something that comes in
the context of a fever sometimes it
presents all by itself sometimes the
chief diagnosis is I have a skin
complaint and in this in this context
we're gonna be asking where is the skin
problem look I have a skin problem is
said is it diffuse is it popular as a
particular is it scaly
as we'll get does it have a breathing
hole an odd question but by the end I
think you'll understand why we want to
know that is it sir pigeon is's it look
like a snake is it migratory is it
moving and sometimes with parasites that
is an unfortunately upsetting now what
about yes an affiliate us is going to
come up we're gonna talk about how we
approach that and this will be a a clue
in certain times that there are certain
pathogens that might be on our radar
should be on our radar but again yes an
affiliate we're gonna go back to some of
the same questions as we do with fever
that's it localized is this a person
with eosinophilia and pulmonary
complaints gastrointestinal complaints
urinary complaints a stiff neck a rash
and then where is this person coming to
us from where might they have acquired
this infection and what is common in
this geographical location so the next
time we're going to talk about an
introduction to eukaryotic parasites and
we'll go through the protozoans and the
helmets to show you the variety and then
the perhaps of something of their
lifestyles as well thank you for
listening
[Music]
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