Sejarah Berdarah KRISIS MONETER INDONESIA (Peristiwa MEI 1998)
Summary
TLDRFrom May 13 to May 15, 1998, Indonesia experienced one of its darkest moments, sparked by the Asian financial crisis and the killing of four Trisakti University students during protests on May 12, 1998. This tragedy ignited widespread demonstrations and riots fueled by frustrations over the oppressive New Order regime, corruption, and economic inequality. Anti-Chinese sentiments grew, leading to violent unrest across the country. As protests escalated, students demanded reform, culminating in the resignation of President Soeharto on May 21, 1998, marking a significant turning point in Indonesia’s political history.
Takeaways
- 📉 The Asian financial crisis of 1997 severely impacted Indonesia, leading to inflation and economic instability.
- 😢 The Trisakti tragedy on May 12, 1998, where four students were shot and killed during a peaceful protest, sparked nationwide unrest.
- ⚖️ The oppressive dictatorship under the New Order regime, marked by human rights violations, censorship, authoritarian control, and corruption, fueled public frustration.
- 📈 Indonesia's economic collapse saw the rupiah's value plummet from Rp 2,600 to Rp 14,900 against the U.S. dollar, worsening inflation and unemployment.
- 👨🎓 Student-led protests began in December 1997 and gained momentum by February 1998, spreading from cities like Yogyakarta and Surabaya to Jakarta.
- ⚠️ Ethnic Chinese Indonesians became targets of violence and discrimination due to economic disparities, with anti-Chinese sentiment rising amid the crisis.
- 🚶♂️ The May 12, 1998, peaceful protest turned violent when police opened fire on students, even as they retreated, leading to widespread anger and demonstrations.
- 🔥 The aftermath of the Trisakti incident saw mass riots, looting, and destruction, spreading from Jakarta to other cities, including Bogor, Tangerang, and Bekasi.
- 🎓 On May 18, 1998, students and activists from across Indonesia converged on Jakarta, calling for reforms and demanding President Soeharto's resignation.
- 👋 Facing overwhelming opposition, President Soeharto resigned on May 21, 1998, and was succeeded by Burhanuddin Jusuf Habibie.
Q & A
What significant event occurred in Indonesia during May 13th to 15th, 1998?
-A series of events that led to widespread unrest and violence occurred, including the financial crisis that began in 1997 and the tragic shooting of four students from Trisakti University during a peaceful demonstration on May 12th, 1998.
How did the financial crisis in Asia affect Indonesia in 1997?
-The financial crisis led to a severe devaluation of the Indonesian Rupiah from around Rp 2,600 to Rp 14,900 against the US dollar, causing a sharp economic downturn with increased prices for basic needs, higher unemployment rates, and increased dropout rates.
What were the main causes of the heavy human rights violations during the New Order government in Indonesia?
-The main causes included oppressive dictatorship, mass opinion suppression, authoritarian control, kidnappings, detention of community figures, and rampant corruption, collusion, and nepotism.
How did the economic disparity between ethnic Chinese and indigenous Indonesians contribute to the unrest?
-The economic disparity led to the ethnic Chinese community being perceived as more stable and strategic, which in turn resulted in them being subjected to various accusations and slander, such as being communist supporters and hoarders of food, leading to increased resentment.
What was the outcome of the peaceful demonstration on May 12th, 1998, by students and staff?
-The demonstration ended tragically when police opened fire on the returning students, killing four from Trisakti University, and injuring many others with tear gas and continued gunfire.
Who were the four students from Trisakti University that were killed during the demonstration?
-The four students were Hendriawan Sie, Hafidin Royan, Heri Hartanto, and Elang Mulia Lesmana.
How did the tragedy at Trisakti University spark further unrest?
-The tragedy ignited widespread anger and led to demonstrations and riots that started around the Trisakti University campus and spread to other areas including Bogor, Tangerang, Bekasi, and other cities.
What was the initial focus of the student demonstrations before the tragedy at Trisakti University?
-The initial focus of the student demonstrations was to protest against the government's corruption, collusion, and nepotism, and to demand reforms in the Indonesian government system.
What was the turning point that led to President Soeharto's resignation?
-The turning point was when 14 ministers of the Cabinet Development VII (seventh) refused to serve in the Reform Cabinet that President Soeharto wanted to form to stabilize the situation, leading to his resignation on May 21st, 1998.
Who succeeded President Soeharto after his resignation?
-Burhanuddin Jusuf Habibie succeeded Soeharto as the President of Indonesia following his resignation.
How did the initial protests against the tragedy shift in sentiment during the unrest?
-The initial protests, which were against the tragedy affecting students, were diverted into anti-Chinese sentiment, as indicated by the National Human Rights Commission (Komnas HAM).
Outlines
😢 The Dark Days of Indonesia's History
The script describes a series of unfortunate events that took place in Indonesia from May 13 to 15, 1998. It began with the Asian financial crisis that hit Indonesia in 1997, leading to a severe economic downturn. The crisis was compounded by the killing of four students from Trisakti University during a demonstration on May 12, 1998, which sparked widespread unrest. The oppressive rule during the New Order era, characterized by heavy human rights violations, mass arrests, authoritarian control, kidnappings, detentions of societal figures, and rampant corruption, led to public frustration. The economic crisis resulted in soaring inflation, increased prices of basic necessities, and higher unemployment and dropout rates, which fueled student-led protests across the country. The script also highlights the rise of anti-Chinese sentiment due to economic disparities, leading to the scapegoating of the Chinese minority. The tragic shooting of Trisakti students on May 12, 1998, became a catalyst for public anger and subsequent demonstrations and riots.
🔥 The Spread of Riots and the Fall of Soeharto
Following the tragic events at Trisakti University, riots erupted around the campus and quickly spread to other areas, including Bogor, Tangerang, Bekasi, and beyond. The unrest continued until May 15, 1998, affecting the entire nation. Initially triggered by protests against the tragedy involving students, the riots were redirected towards anti-Chinese sentiment. Student demonstrations demanding reforms in the Indonesian government, which was perceived as corrupt and nepotistic, intensified. On May 18, 1998, students and activists from various regions converged in Jakarta with a common goal: to pressure President Soeharto to resign. The peak of the demonstrations saw students occupying the Indonesian Parliament building. On May 20, 1998, Soeharto received a letter from 14 ministers of his cabinet refusing to serve in the proposed Reform Cabinet, leading to his decision to step down. Soeharto officially resigned on May 21, 1998, and was succeeded by B.J. Habibie.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Financial Crisis
💡Human Rights Abuses
💡Inflation
💡Student Protests
Highlights
The financial crisis began in Asia in 1997, including Indonesia.
The shooting on May 12, 1998, killed four students from Trisakti University.
Indonesia's oppressive dictatorship during the New Order era led to severe human rights violations.
The economic crisis in July 1997 caused hyperinflation in Indonesia.
The Indonesian Rupiah sharply devalued against the US dollar.
The economic downturn led to increased basic necessities prices, unemployment, and school dropout rates.
Student-led protests started in December 1997, escalating in early 1998.
Anti-Chinese sentiment emerged due to economic disparities.
Ethnic Chinese were falsely accused of being communists and hoarders of food.
On May 12, 1998, thousands of students and staff held a peaceful demonstration.
Security forces opened fire on the returning students, killing four.
The Trisakti tragedy sparked nationwide outrage.
Riots and arson spread across Indonesia, not limited to Java.
The initial student protests were redirected into anti-Chinese sentiment.
Students demanded reforms in the Indonesian government, accused of corruption, collusion, and nepotism.
On May 18, 1998, students and activists from various regions gathered in Jakarta to pressure President Soeharto to resign.
Students occupied the Indonesian Parliament building in a peak demonstration.
On May 20, 1998, 14 ministers of the Development Cabinet VII refused to serve in the proposed Reform Cabinet.
Soeharto resigned on May 21, 1998, and was succeeded by B.J. Habibie.
Transcripts
Pada tanggal 13 Mei - 15 Mei 1998,
terjadi peristiwa yang memilukan di tanah air,
dan merupakan sejarah kelam bagi bangsa Indonesia.
Diawali dengan krisis finansial yang melanda Asia
termasuk Indonesia pada tahun 1997,
hingga penembakan yang menewaskan
4 (empat) Mahasiswa Trisakti
pada demonstrasi 12 Mei 1998,
pada akhirnya,
menjadi pemantik utama kekacauan
yang melanda Indonesia...
Kediktatoran yang opresif selama masa pemerintahan Orde Baru
menjadi sumber utama terjadinya pelanggaran HAM yang berat,
adanya pembungkaman pendapat massa,
pengendalian yang bersifat otoriter,
penculikan,
dan penahanan tokoh-tokoh masyarakat,
serta terjadinya praktik korupsi kolusi dan nepotisme yang tak tersentuh,
merupakan sebagian dari penyebab
frustasi masyarakat kepada pemerintah.
Pada bulan Juli 1997,
Indonesia dilanda oleh krisis moneter
yang menyerang kawasan Asia.
Pada saat itu,
Indonesia mengalami inflasi besar-besaran.
Kajian krisis tersebut diawali oleh didevaluasinya
nilai mata uang Baht, Thailand.
Nilai mata uang Rupiah pun terkena imbasnya,
mendaki secara tajam dari kisaran Rp 2.600
menjadi Rp 14.900 terhadap dolar amerika.
Ekonomi Indonesia pun merosot tajam
dan berakibat pada masalah-masalah lain.
Harga kebutuhan pokok,
angka pengangguran,
dan angka putus sekolah terus mengalami kenaikan.
Peristiwa ini menjadi pemicu demonstrasi
yang dipimpin oleh kaum mahasiswa.
Dimulai pada Desember 1997
hingga pertengahan Februari 1998,
protes mahasiswa terus terjadi,
terutama di luar ibu kota Jakarta,
seperti di Yogyakarta,
Surabaya,
dan Bandung.
Namun,
sejak akhir Februari 1998,
gelombang protes pun semakin meningkat
di Jakarta dan sekitarnya
Di tengah-tengah krisis moneter ini,
munculah sentimen anti-Tionghoa.
Penyebab adanya sentimen ini adalah
adanya perbedaan perekonomian,
di mana perekonomian etnis Tionghoa
relatif lebih stabil dan strategis
dibanding masyarakat pribumi.
Akibat perbedaan tersebut,
kaum etnis Tionghoa menerima
berbagai macam fitnah dan tuduhan,
seperti “penganut komunis” dan “penimbun sembako”.
Hal ini pun akhirnya memojokkan etnis Tionghoa
sebagai etnis minoritas yang dibenci
masyarakat pribumi saat itu.
Pada tanggal 12 Mei 1998,
ribuan mahasiswa bersama gabungan staf
dan dosen melakukan unjuk rasa secara damai.
Menyadari besarnya skala dari unjuk rasa ini,
aparat keamanan diturunkan untuk mengendalikan situasi.
Pihak aparat dan mahasiswa sempat melakukan negosiasi
yang berlangsung tanpa ketegangan.
Di penghujung unjuk rasa tersebut,
pihak aparat meminta para mahasiswa untuk
membubarkan diri dan kembali ke kampus,
yang dituruti oleh mahasiswa.
Namun tanpa disangka,
pihak polisi membuka tembakan api
pada rombongan mahasiswa yang sedang berjalan
kembali ke kampus.
Berlindung diri di dalam kampus pula tidak menjamin
keselamatan akibat puluhan gas air mata
yang ditembakkan ke dalam kampus,
sementara hujan peluru yang diarahkan
ke arah mahasiswa belum berhenti.
Peristiwa ini pun akhirnya menyebabkan
4 mahasiswa Universitas Trisakti wafat
yaitu Hendriawan Sie,
Hafidin Royan,
Heri Hartanto,
dan Elang Mulia Lesmana.
Tragedi Trisakti yang menyebabkan kematian
keempat mahasiswa ini
akhirnya menjadi pemantik dari sumbu
kemarahan masyarakat Indonesia.
Demonstrasi dan kerusuhan awalnya terjadi
di kawasan sekitar Kampus Trisakti,
sehari setelah peristiwa berdarah tersebut.
Kemudian,
aksi perusakan dan pembakaran yang terjadi
meluas ke kawasan lainnya,
hingga merambat ke Bogor,
Tangerang,
Bekasi,
dan kota lainnya.
Kerusuhan ini terjadi hingga tanggal 15 Mei 1998,
dan pengaruhnya meluas ke seluruh Indonesia,
tidak terbatas di dalam Pulau Jawa saja.
Tetapi,
mengutip dari Komnas HAM,
kerusuhan yang awalnya dipicu oleh protes
terhadap tragedi yang menimpa mahasiswa
dialihkan menjadi sentimen anti-Tionghoa.
Aksi demonstrasi mahasiswa makin sering dilakukan.
Mereka menuntut adanya reformasi sistem
pemerintah Indonesia yang dianggap banyak
melakukan korupsi, kolusi dan nepotisme.
Pada tanggal 18 Mei 1998,
Mahasiswa serta aktivis dari berbagai daerah
bergabung di Jakarta,
mereka memiliki tujuan yang sama,
yaitu mendesak Soeharto untuk mundur
dari jabatan Presiden.
Puncak demonstrasi adalah ketika mahasiswa
berhasil menduduki Gedung DPR/MPR RI di Senayan, Jakarta.
Pada tanggal 20 Mei 1998,
Soeharto menerima surat hasil keputusan
dari 14 Menteri Kabinet Pembangunan VII (ketujuh).
Sebanyak 14 menteri tersebut tidak bersedia
menjabat sebagai menteri pada Kabinet Reformasi
yang ingin dibentuk Presiden Soeharto
untuk menstabilkan kondisi di Tanah air saat itu.
Ditanggal yang sama,
pukul 23.00 WIB,
Soeharto pun memanggil sejumlah pejabat,
seperti Panglima ABRI, Jenderal Wiranto
hingga Mensesneg Saadilah Mursjid.
Soeharto kemudian mantap untuk meletakkan kekuasaannya.
Hingga pada akhirnya,
Soeharto mengundurkan diri dari kursi presiden
pada hari Kamis, tanggal 21 Mei 1998
pukul 09.00 WIB
dan digantikan oleh
Burhanuddin Jusuf Habibie
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