The Problem With Interstellar's Black Hole that Everyone Ignores

Summary

This video delves into the scientific concepts explored in Christopher Nolan's *Interstellar*, particularly black holes, wormholes, and time dilation. While the film pushes boundaries between science and science fiction, it stays grounded in modern physics theories like Einstein's relativity and Kip Thorne's research. The video examines the plausibility of key elements such as wormholes, gravitational time dilation, and black hole travel, highlighting where the film aligns with and diverges from current scientific understanding. It concludes with a discussion on time paradoxes and the challenges of time travel portrayed in the movie.

Takeaways

• 🌌 Interstellar masterfully blends science with science fiction, particularly concepts like black holes, wormholes, and time dilation from general relativity.
• ⏳ The film explores extreme time dilation as astronauts experience decades passing in minutes due to gravitational forces near black holes.
• 🌀 Wormholes are theoretically possible, based on Einstein's theory of relativity, but creating and sustaining them for travel is still beyond our capabilities.
• 📉 Negative mass would be required to keep a wormhole open, but it is purely theoretical and has never been observed in reality.
• 🛰️ Gravitational time dilation is real and has been experimentally verified, impacting technologies like GPS, which must account for these effects.
• 🌊 The massive time dilation experienced on Miller’s planet is scientifically plausible due to its proximity to the supermassive black hole, Gargantua.
• 🔭 Interstellar made significant breakthroughs in visualizing black holes and wormholes, using mathematical models from general relativity to create accurate on-screen representations.
• 🎬 While the visual scale of Gargantua was altered for cinematic purposes, most scientific details surrounding black holes and gravitational forces were accurately portrayed.
• 💫 Cooper's journey into the black hole involves theoretical elements like spaghettification and event horizons, though his survival and communication across time stretch scientific plausibility.
• 🌀 The film’s depiction of time loops, bootstrap paradoxes, and free will presents fascinating but speculative ideas about causality and paradoxes in time travel.

Q & A

What scientific concepts are prominently featured in *Interstellar*?

*Interstellar* prominently features black holes, wormholes, and time dilation, which are key concepts derived from Einstein's theory of general relativity.

How does *Interstellar* portray wormholes, and is it scientifically accurate?

The film portrays a wormhole near Saturn as a distortion of light, which is scientifically plausible. Wormholes are extreme distortions in spacetime, and the portrayal aligns with our theoretical understanding, though we currently lack the technology to create or use them.

What is the main issue with creating wormholes, according to the film's scientific advisor Kip Thorne?

Kip Thorne explains that creating wormholes would require negative mass to keep them open, a form of exotic matter that has not been discovered. Without it, wormholes would pinch off and close, making travel through them impossible.

Is the time dilation experienced on Miller's planet scientifically plausible?

Yes, the time dilation on Miller's planet is scientifically plausible. The massive gravitational pull from the nearby black hole slows down time for those on the planet, which aligns with Einstein's theory of gravitational time dilation.

Why does the appearance of the black hole in the film deviate from scientific accuracy?

In the film, the black hole Gargantua appears smaller than it should for aesthetic reasons. In reality, it would take up half the sky of Miller's planet based on its calculated mass, but the filmmakers reduced its size to create more striking visuals.

What happens to Cooper when he enters the black hole in the film?

In the film, Cooper enters the black hole and finds a tesseract, a five-dimensional space where he can move through time as a physical dimension. This allows him to communicate with his daughter across time using gravitational forces, though this is more science fiction than scientific fact.

What is 'spaghettification,' and would it happen to Cooper if he entered a black hole?

Spaghettification is the process where an object gets stretched due to the intense gravitational gradient near a black hole. If Cooper entered the black hole, he would likely experience this stretching until he was torn apart at the molecular level.

Can someone actually survive entering a black hole, as Cooper does in the film?

In reality, entering a black hole would be fatal due to extreme radiation, spaghettification, and the intense gravitational forces. The film's portrayal of survival inside a black hole is purely fictional.

How does the film address paradoxes related to time travel, and what is a bootstrap paradox?

The film uses a bootstrap paradox, where events are self-contained in a time loop. Cooper's actions in the black hole help humanity in the past, and this cycle always happened the same way, avoiding the paradox of changing the past in a way that prevents future events.

What role did Kip Thorne play in the production of *Interstellar*?

Kip Thorne served as the scientific advisor for the film, ensuring that concepts like black holes and wormholes were portrayed as accurately as possible. His work on the film even led to new breakthroughs in the mathematical modeling of black holes.

Outlines

00:00

🎬 Interstellar’s Revolutionary Scientific Concepts

The first paragraph introduces how Christopher Nolan’s film *Interstellar* intertwines complex scientific ideas like black holes, wormholes, and time dilation with a captivating story. These ideas are rooted in general relativity, and the film portrays the dramatic effects of time dilation as astronauts lose years in mere minutes. Although the film blends science with fiction, it raises questions about the realism of some concepts, such as using black holes to communicate across space and time.

05:01

🌌 Exploring Wormholes in Science and Fiction

The second paragraph explains the film's depiction of wormholes, showing a more scientific approach compared to the usual portrayal of portals. It discusses how wormholes, theoretically allowed by Einstein's equations, could connect distant points in space and time. However, the scientific limitations—such as the inability to create or sustain wormholes—are outlined. The film’s scientific consultant, Kip Thorne, clarifies that creating a wormhole would require backward time travel and negative mass, both of which remain speculative.

10:02

🚀 Keeping Wormholes Open: The Negative Mass Hypothesis

This paragraph delves deeper into the scientific challenges of traveling through wormholes. It explains the theoretical concept of negative mass and how it could keep a wormhole open, though no evidence of negative mass exists. Despite the scientific implausibility, the movie retains this element to drive the plot. The filmmakers even used complex mathematical models to visualize the wormhole, marking a significant scientific and cinematic achievement.

15:04

⏳ Gravitational Time Dilation: Real Science Behind Interstellar

The fourth paragraph evaluates the plausible science behind the depiction of time dilation in *Interstellar*. The crew’s experience of massive time dilation near the black hole Gargantua aligns with Einstein’s theory of general relativity. Time slows down in stronger gravitational fields, a phenomenon observed in GPS satellites orbiting Earth. The only discrepancy in the film is the visual size of the black hole, which was altered for cinematic effect.

🕳️ Journey into a Black Hole: The Tesseract Scene

This paragraph tackles the climactic scene where Cooper enters the black hole and encounters a five-dimensional space called the tesseract. The concept of moving through time as a physical dimension and communicating across time and space via gravitational forces is speculative, though some mathematical models hint at such possibilities. The description includes the potential dangers Cooper would face, like spaghettification and radiation, making survival highly improbable.

🔄 The Bootstrap Paradox and Time Loops

The sixth paragraph focuses on the film's use of the bootstrap paradox, where events in the future influence the past in a closed loop. Cooper’s actions in the tesseract directly affect his past, and future humans build the tesseract to ensure humanity’s survival. This paradox removes free will, as events are destined to happen the way they always have. The film embraces these complex, unresolved paradoxes, creating a mind-bending narrative.

🌍 Interstellar: A Blend of Science and Storytelling

In the final paragraph, the overall scientific accuracy of *Interstellar* is summarized. While the film takes liberties with certain scientific concepts, such as wormholes and time loops, it successfully introduces audiences to advanced physics concepts like time dilation and black holes. The closing acknowledges that there is still more to analyze from the film, teasing future discussions on the plausibility of the planets in *Interstellar* and inviting viewer feedback.

Keywords

💡Black Hole

A black hole is a region of space where the gravitational pull is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape it. In the video, black holes, particularly the one named Gargantua, play a central role in Interstellar, showcasing the extreme effects of gravitational forces, including time dilation and spaghettification. The film portrays Cooper entering a black hole, which leads to the movie’s mind-bending scenes involving time and space manipulation.

💡Wormhole

A wormhole is a theoretical tunnel through spacetime that connects two separate points in the universe, allowing for faster-than-light travel. In Interstellar, a wormhole near Saturn is humanity's gateway to potentially habitable planets. The video highlights how the film portrays wormholes scientifically, using Einstein's theory of general relativity, but also acknowledges the fictional elements, such as the inability to create or sustain wormholes with current scientific knowledge.

💡Time Dilation

Time dilation is a concept from general relativity where time moves slower in stronger gravitational fields. In Interstellar, time dilation is a critical plot device, especially on Miller's planet, where the extreme gravity near the black hole causes time to pass much more slowly for those on the planet compared to those further away. This leads to the crew losing decades in just a few hours. The video emphasizes that this is a scientifically accurate phenomenon that occurs even with satellites orbiting Earth.

💡General Relativity

General relativity is Albert Einstein's theory describing how gravity affects the fabric of spacetime. It forms the foundation for many of the scientific concepts in Interstellar, including black holes, wormholes, and time dilation. The film applies these principles to create plausible scenarios for space travel and time manipulation, even though it takes some artistic liberties. The video explains how the filmmakers used real scientific equations to model visual effects, such as the appearance of the wormhole and black hole.

💡Gravitational Well

A gravitational well is a concept referring to the pull of gravity from a massive object, such as a planet or a black hole. In Interstellar, the crew experiences extreme time dilation on Miller's planet because it is deep in the gravitational well of the black hole Gargantua. The deeper into the well, the slower time moves relative to observers outside it. The video uses this concept to explain the film's depiction of time distortion in relation to black holes.

💡Spaghettification

Spaghettification is the process by which objects get stretched into long, thin shapes due to the extreme gravitational gradient near a black hole. In the video, it is mentioned that if Cooper were to enter a black hole, he would experience spaghettification as his body would be stretched by the varying gravitational forces acting on different parts of his body. This extreme stretching is one of the fatal consequences of approaching a black hole.

💡Tesseract

In the film, the tesseract is a representation of five-dimensional space, allowing Cooper to perceive time as a physical dimension that he can navigate. This is how Cooper communicates with his daughter across time using gravitational forces. Although the tesseract is largely a fictional element, the concept of higher-dimensional spaces is rooted in advanced theoretical physics, which the video discusses in relation to the film's more imaginative elements.

💡Bootstrap Paradox

The bootstrap paradox is a theoretical time travel paradox where an object or information exists without a clear origin because it was passed back in time. In Interstellar, Cooper uses the tesseract to send vital information back to his daughter, enabling humanity's survival. However, this creates a loop where the knowledge he sends back ultimately makes his own actions possible. The video explores how the film uses this paradox to resolve its narrative, while acknowledging the unsolved nature of such paradoxes in real-world physics.

💡Chronology Protection Conjecture

This is a hypothesis proposed by physicist Stephen Hawking that suggests the laws of physics prevent time travel on a large scale, thus avoiding paradoxes. The video mentions this conjecture when discussing the scientific impossibilities of using wormholes for time travel, as depicted in Interstellar. Although not proven, the conjecture argues that nature would prevent the formation of closed timelike curves, which could allow time travel and paradoxes.

💡Event Horizon

The event horizon is the boundary surrounding a black hole beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape. In Interstellar, Cooper crosses the event horizon of the black hole Gargantua. The video explains how, at the event horizon, Cooper's image would appear to freeze and redshift to an external observer due to the intense gravitational pull, before he disappears from view entirely. This scientifically accurate depiction contrasts with the more fictional elements that follow inside the black hole.

Highlights

Introduction to the film Interstellar, focusing on its use of scientific concepts like black holes, wormholes, and time dilation.

Interstellar integrates real scientific theories, like Einstein's general relativity, into its storytelling, including depictions of black holes and time dilation.

The portrayal of wormholes in the film, using light distortions near Saturn, aligns with the theoretical understanding of wormholes as distortions in space-time.

Although wormholes are mathematically possible, creating or traveling through one remains science fiction due to current technological limitations.

The film explores time dilation near a supermassive black hole, a scientifically plausible phenomenon where time slows dramatically due to strong gravitational fields.

Gravitational time dilation is demonstrated on Earth through the difference in time experienced between satellites and people on the ground, affecting technologies like GPS.

The film's depiction of the black hole, Gargantua, is accurate in many respects, though its visual size in the sky was altered for dramatic effect.

The tesseract scene, where Cooper manipulates time as a physical dimension, introduces a speculative interpretation of physics beyond the event horizon of a black hole.

Spaghettification, a phenomenon where objects are stretched by a black hole's gravity, is touched upon as a real-life effect Cooper would experience near Gargantua.

The concept of negative mass is introduced as a theoretical necessity for keeping a wormhole open, though such matter has never been discovered.

Bootstrap paradoxes, where actions influence the past and future in a self-consistent loop, are a key narrative and scientific theme in Interstellar.

The visualizations of the wormhole and black hole were created using mathematical modeling from general relativity, making them scientifically accurate to a groundbreaking extent.

The film raises complex questions about free will and predestination within the context of time travel and paradoxes.

Kip Thorne, the film’s scientific advisor, published papers after the film's release, highlighting new scientific insights gained during production.

Interstellar illustrates how advanced scientific concepts, such as time dilation and black holes, can be both scientifically educational and engaging for mass audiences.

Transcripts

[Music]

black holes worm holes and time dilation

all concepts of general relativity that

Christopher Nolan wo into his 2014 film

Interstellar in a manner we had never

seen before while many loved its

groundbreaking scientific take on the

dangers of intense time dilation as his

group of astronauts in search of a new

home for Humanity found themselves

losing years in minutes there were

certainly elements of the film and its

ending that seemed strange

towering waves sweeping around planets

black holes that you can enter and use

to reach across time and space using

gravitational forces Interstellar at

times felt like it strayed from science

into science fiction but what is the

science and what is the fiction what did

the film get right where did it take

artistic license and diverge from our

current scientific knowledge can you

really use a black hole to communicate

ideas across space and time

I'm Alex molan and you're watching

astrom join me today as we learn the

truth about

Interstellar we will explore the

numerous scientific phenomena of this

film that underpin wormholes and black

holes and discover the realities of what

happens when you bend SpaceTime to its

extreme for those of you who need a

reminder let's begin with a quick plot

recap in the film a disease referred to

as the blight takes hold of crops on

Earth and starts killing them causing a

population collapse and technological

Decay as Humanity focuses on farming

instead of space

fairing our protagonist a former NASA

pilot named Cooper finds himself at a

hidden NASA base where they are working

on plans to save

Humanity hope has arrived in the form of

a wormhole a tunnel through SpaceTime

that they have detected near the orbit

of Saturn half a century ago which is

thought to lead to potentially habitable

planets in the film they show the

Wormhole not as a cliche portal but

through distortions of stars near Saturn

so here we have our first piece of

science to evaluate this portrayal of a

wormhole makes sense a wormhole is an

extreme Distortion of the fabric of the

universe similar to a black hole and

would only really be visible through the

light near its edges becoming warped

wormholes are interesting we have the

theory and Mathematics behind them

somewhat solved already thanks to

Einstein and relativity wormholes

connect SpaceTime to itself resulting in

a shortcut that joins separate points in

space and even time to one another the

film uses a classic analogy for this

showing a pencil piercing a short cut

through a piece of paper representing

SpaceTime sadly though although we have

the theory we don't actually have the

means to make them even if they can be

made at all there are a couple of

problems with with wormholes to begin

with their

creation the scientific adviser for the

film Kip Thorn released a few physics

papers after the film to discuss the

scientific advancements they made in its

production in a paper titled visualizing

interstellar's Wormhole he notes that it

is difficult to create a wormhole out of

nothing as it would require the

existence of backwards time travel you

see once the two ends of a wormhole were

linked they would stay linked then if

you could time dilate one end for

another by moving it very quickly

causing it to move slower in time than

the other end you could enter the end

further along in time and emerge at the

point further back in time thus entering

your own past you could then for

instance grab yourself and stop yourself

from entering the first portal in the

first place creating a paradox where you

both enter and do not enter the portal

breaking reality and also my brain there

are lots of mathematical arguments that

Advocate against this sort of thing such

as Steven Hawkings chronology protection

conjecture simply put it states that the

laws of physics would prevent wormholes

these closed Tim likee curves from

appearing in the first place admittedly

this hasn't been proven and relies on a

bit of an appeal to Common Sense Loops

can't exist because we would struggle to

imagine how they can exist this is a

problem we return to later in the film

however the time travel aspect isn't the

only problem with wormholes traveling

through them is theoretically tricky too

you see if a wormhole were to be created

the throat of the Wormhole would soon

pinch off and the shortcut through

SpaceTime would be sealed due to gravity

forcing it to close in on itself so the

moment Cooper tried to enter the

Wormhole it would instantly close ending

his mission before before it started

which would make for a boring film to

make a wormhole persist long enough that

people can travel through it we would

have to use a mathematical hack we

pretend as if some exotic matter exists

which has negative

Mass this negative Mass would then have

to be placed at the throat so that it

can create opposing curvature which

would counteract the tendency of the

Wormhole to close keeping it open in

perpetuity you might be thinking that

this sounds made up and you'd be right

we have never found negative mass and

have no idea how to make it so this

seems like a mere mathematical curiosity

so while worm holes are allowed for in

scientific fact actually traveling

through one is so far just science

fiction still without it the rest of the

film couldn't really happen so you can

understand why Nolan decided to keep it

in whether or not this conjecture is

true this backwards causal relationship

is baked into the movie not just because

of the existence of the Wormhole which

implies it but also with a reveal at the

climax of the film which we will return

to later while the existence of the

Wormhole require some suspension of

disbelief the stunning visuals of the

Wormhole do not in fact the team behind

the film used the theory of general

relativity to mathematically model what

a real Wormhole would look like which

was in fact an impressive breakthrough

of mathematical modeling in a bonus

scene for patrons and members we explain

how they were able to bring the Wormhole

and black hole from Mass equations to

the IMAX screen make sure to check it

out now let's move on to the next piece

of science to

evaluate after the crew makes their Way

Through the Wormhole they arrive near a

super massive black hole called

Gargantua orbiting Gargantua are two

promising PL planets that may be able to

Harbor life the first one Miller's

planet is deep in the gravitational well

caused by the black Hall some of the

crew go down onto the planet but within

just a short couple of hours have

skipped forward decades into the future

much to The Misfortune of the crewmate

they left behind who had to live out

those years at normal

speed this part of the film is

absolutely

plausible this is gravitational time

dilation in action and is Thoroughly

proven

experimentally gravitational time

dilation is a result of the bending of

SpaceTime caused by Massive objects time

itself runs slower when you are gripped

by stronger gravity it even takes place

here on Earth between us and our

orbiting satellites much like the

crewmate left outside the gravity well

experiencing faster time a clock placed

at the orbit of GPS satellites records

45 extra micros seconds per day day

compared to a clock on the Earth's

surface GPS must take this effect into

account to get calculations of your

position right if they didn't your

Google maps location would quickly

diverge from your actual position it's

crazy to think that the same underlying

theory that explains black holes and

time travel also helps us find our way

home when we are lost that in itself is

Nobel Prize

worthy of course in interstellar the

time dation effect is taken to the

extreme in the ultra strong

gravitational well of a super massive

black hole an orbiting Planet could be

experiencing severe time dilation

compared to an observer much further out

so really the only thing to nitpick here

is the size of the black hole in the sky

from the view of the planet in the

science of interstellar Kip Thorn states

that Gargantua is 100 million times the

mass of our sun and that this would mean

that the black hole would take up half

of the entire entire Sky of Miller's

planet to make the calculations work out

however Nolan decided to make it look

smaller in the sky so that it would

appear more striking when it's the focus

of the story later on here is an example

of where Aesthetics went out over true

scientific

exactitude now much like the crew down

on the water Planet let's jump further

ahead in time we have the strangest most

mindbending scene of the whole film to

explore the part where Kuba and enters

the black hole in a bit to save the

mission and to get at least some of the

crew to the final Planet Cooper has to

sacrifice himself catapulting himself

into the heart of the black hole to give

others enough momentum to escape its

gravity ironically though this isn't the

certain Doom it first appeared at the

heart of the black hole Cooper finds a

tesseract a representation of five

dimensional space where time is a

physical Dimension that he can move

around in he's able to use gravitational

forces here to reach out to his daughter

back on Earth across space and time and

bizarrely is able to give her the

knowledge she needs to start the mission

to the other planets in the first place

so let's ask the big question here is

any of this theoretically possible let's

start with simply the concept of

entering the black hole in a previous

video I've made about black holes I

spoke about how they're actually quite

hard to get into angular momentum can

become near relativistic the closer you

are to the black hole requiring you to

shed momentum before you can fall any

deeper that accretion disc you see

around Gargantua is matter that is doing

exactly that spinning so fast as it

tries to shed momentum to fall deeper

into the abyss that the friction

involved has turned it into a bright

plasma seeing as this plasma can reach

temperatures of millions of degrees C

this might prove fatal for poor Cooper

but let's say that Cooper manages to

find a route that does not turn him into

superheated plasma on the way in what

would happen firstly as he crossed the

Event Horizon the boundary after which

even light can't escape the light

bouncing off his body would make it

appear as if he were moving slower if

you were viewing this from the outside

you'd see the image of his body freeze

and persist on the Event Horizon before

gradually turning

invisible because the light is being

stretched by the EXT ex Distortion of

SpaceTime its wavelength would increase

and the light you receive later on would

be more and more red shifted until

Cooper vanished from your view entirely

Cooper meanwhile depending on his angle

of Entry would start to experience an

effect known as

spaghettification essentially as parts

of his body started to experience the

passage of time slightly differently due

to the gradient of gravity he was

falling into he would find himself

slowly becoming more and more

stretched this pull would eventually

snap him in half as the force of it

overcame the bonds between his molecules

this would happen again and again until

he was just a stream of molecules

falling into the black hole's

heart this would not necessarily happen

exactly at the Event Horizon The Event

Horizon itself is not truly a physical

object but rather is simply the

mathematical point between gravity that

is escapable and gravity that is

inescapable Cooper might not notice he

was crossing it if it weren't for an

obstacle known as the

Photosphere there is a point in space

along the edge of the Event Horizon

where gravity pulls just the right

amount to not let any light escape the

black hole but also doesn't pull enough

to drag it in deeper in effect at this

precise distance from The Singularity

any photons of light that arrive enter

an orbit they never leave over time the

amount of light here would gradually

increase and increase most likely when

Cooper entered this specific Zone he

would suddenly encounter a previously

invisible massive Spike of radiation

that could very easily kill him assuming

he wasn't already dead from the accan

disc plasma or the

spaghettification there are lots of ways

you can die when falling into a black

hole but let's say that he manages to

get past all of that could he then

actually attempt that last point to

speak across time and space using

gravity honestly it's a little unclear

the physics Beyond The Event Horizon is

murky at best so scientists don't really

know for sure what happens down there

but strangely it does bear some passing

resemblance to our current mathematical

Solutions on the subject our maths as it

stands says that space curves so much

that all the paths you can travel Just

Lead You Down Deeper into the black hole

but there are some weird scenarios where

you can end up arriving at points in

your own past which could allow you to

influence what you do there which brings

us once again to the idea of

paradoxes paradoxes are all through the

film Interstellar what if Cooper did

something in the black hole that killed

his past self that's four kinds of dead

now for those keeping track thus

stopping himself from going back in time

later then he would never have gone back

to kill his past self thus saving his

past self's life but that would mean he

was able to go back so could kill

himself and on and on it goes in a

circle the film attempts to get around

this circle using something known as a

bootstrap Paradox where everything in

the film always happened the way it was

once it was influenced Through Time

Travel Cooper used the black hole to

teach people back on Earth data that

they needed for a gravity equation which

allowed them to launch Cooper's ship in

the first place but the film showed that

Cooper's interdimensional fumblings were

present at the start of the film too

Cooper did what he did and he had always

done it in a way this closes the loop

but this is a little unsatisfying as it

still opens the question of what would

have happened if Cooper had decided not

to share gravity equation data with the

past it removes free will as soon as

Cooper realized that he was in a

bootstrap Paradox he had to do what he'd

always done or the whole thing would

collapse this happens even more broadly

as we learn that future humans now

sufficiently Advanced were the ones who

created the Tesseract that allowed

humans to be saved in the first place

but what if they decided to not create

it then we're back in Paradox territory

where the universe has to solve a thing

happening and not happening at the same

time time we don't really have an answer

in physics for what happens with that so

this is an area where Interstellar

becomes less scientifically certain

however it does make for a mind-bending

story in the end despite some

divergences from science taken for

dramatic purposes interstella helped

showcase the fascinating Concepts from

Modern physics to a mass audience it was

able to show how time isn't just a rigid

Arrow but rather as the doctor said a

wibbly wobbly timey wiy thing going at

different speeds depending on what

gravity Fields you are moving through

there is actually too much in this film

to fully evaluate in one video so I may

return to this film one day in that

second part I'll discuss the planets of

interstellar and how plausibly habitable

they really are what did you think about

Interstellar and the signs it portrayed

what was your favorite concept from the

movie let us know in the comments

below sadly we can't go back in time to

fix things that have gone wrong or pains

we felt in the past but that doesn't

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