Muscles of the face and scalp: Anatomy

Summary

This video explores the muscles responsible for facial expressions, beginning with an overview of the scalp's structure and layers. It details key muscles like the occipitofrontalis, orbicularis oculi, and buccinator, explaining their origins, functions, and innervation by the facial nerve. Viewers learn how these muscles enable expressions like smiling, frowning, and eyebrow movement. The video also discusses muscles involved in lip and chin movements, emphasizing how each contributes to non-verbal communication. This informative guide aids in understanding facial anatomy, especially for students and clinicians.

Takeaways

• 😀 Facial expressions are an essential way of communication, revealing emotions like happiness or curiosity.
• 🧠 The scalp consists of five layers: Skin, Connective tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose connective tissue, and Pericranium.
• 🧍 Facial muscles originate from the mesoderm of the second pharyngeal arch and are innervated by branches of the facial nerve.
• 😲 The occipitofrontalis muscle, with its frontal and occipital bellies, elevates the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead, showing surprise.
• 👁 The orbicularis oculi muscle has two parts: palpebral for gentle eyelid closure (blinking/sleeping) and orbital for tight closure (winking/squeezing).
• 🤔 The corrugator supercilii muscle draws the eyebrows downward and inward, creating vertical wrinkles during frowning.
• 👃 Muscles of the nose include the procerus, nasalis, and levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, which control nostril movements.
• 👄 The orbicularis oris encircles the mouth, helping close and protrude the lips (e.g., for kissing or whistling).
• 😁 Upper lip muscles like the zygomaticus major and minor elevate the lip to create a smile.
• 😐 Lower lip muscles, such as the depressor anguli oris, pull the mouth downward to express sadness or pout.

Q & A

What are facial expressions, and why are they important for communication?

Facial expressions are movements of the facial muscles that convey emotions and reactions. They are essential for communication as they allow us to express feelings such as happiness, curiosity, or surprise without using words.

What are the five layers of the scalp, and how can they be remembered?

The five layers of the scalp are Skin, Connective tissue, Aponeurosis (or epicranial aponeurosis), Loose connective tissue, and Pericranium. These layers can be remembered using the acronym 'SCALP,' which corresponds to the first letter of each layer.

Which cranial nerve innervates all facial muscles, and what are its branches?

All facial muscles are innervated by the facial nerve, also known as Cranial Nerve VII. Its branches are the Posterior Auricular, Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Marginal Mandibular, and Cervical nerves.

What is the function of the occipitofrontalis muscle, and how are its two bellies connected?

The occipitofrontalis muscle functions to elevate the eyebrows and wrinkle the forehead, giving an expression of surprise. It has two bellies: the frontal and occipital bellies, which are connected by the epicranial aponeurosis.

What is the role of the orbicularis oculi muscle, and what are its two parts?

The orbicularis oculi muscle is responsible for closing the eyelids. It has two parts: the palpebral part, which closes the eyelids gently (e.g., during blinking or sleeping), and the orbital part, which closes the eyelids tightly (e.g., when winking or squeezing the eyes shut).

Which muscle is responsible for frowning, and where is it located?

The corrugator supercilii muscle is responsible for frowning. It is located deep in the eyebrow and pulls the eyebrows medially and inferiorly, creating vertical wrinkles at the root of the nose.

What are the three muscles of the nose, and what are their functions?

The three muscles of the nose are the procerus, nasalis, and levator labii superioris alaeque nasi. The procerus depresses the medial ends of the eyebrows, creating transverse wrinkles on the nose. The nasalis has two parts: the transverse part narrows the nostrils, and the alar part flares the nostrils. The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi also flares the nostrils and raises the upper lip.

Which muscle encircles the mouth, and what are its functions?

The orbicularis oris muscle encircles the mouth. It functions to close the mouth and protrude the lips, such as during kissing or whistling.

What are the muscles of the upper lip, and what are their general functions?

The muscles of the upper lip include the risorius, levator anguli oris, zygomaticus major, zygomaticus minor, levator labii superioris, and levator labii superioris alaeque nasi. These muscles primarily elevate the upper lip and are involved in smiling, grinning, and other lip movements.

What is the function of the buccinator muscle, and where is it located?

The buccinator muscle is located deep in the cheek and functions to press the cheek against the teeth, which is useful when drinking from a straw or during chewing. It helps maintain tension in the cheeks.

Outlines

00:00

😄 Introduction to Facial Expressions and the Scalp

This paragraph introduces the importance of facial expressions in human communication, illustrating examples like happiness and curiosity. It transitions into an anatomical discussion about the scalp, detailing its boundaries, layers, and the mnemonic to remember the five layers (SCALP: Skin, Connective tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose connective tissue, Pericranium). The first three layers form the scalp proper. The facial muscles, originating from the mesoderm of the second pharyngeal arch, are also briefly introduced.

05:00

🧠 Muscles of the Scalp and Face: Occipitofrontalis and Orbicularis Oculi

This paragraph discusses specific facial muscles, starting with the occipitofrontalis, which has two bellies (frontal and occipital). The frontal belly protracts the scalp, while the occipital belly retracts it, and together they elevate the eyebrows and wrinkle the forehead. The orbicularis oculi muscle is explained next, highlighting its two parts: the palpebral part, which gently closes the eyelids, and the orbital part, which tightly closes the eyelids.

10:02

🤨 Eyebrows and Nose Muscles: Corrugator Supercilii and Nasal Muscles

This section focuses on the muscles controlling eyebrow and nose movements. The corrugator supercilii, found beneath the eyebrow, contracts to create frowning expressions. The nose muscles—procerus, nasalis, and levator labii superioris alaeque nasi—are also described. These muscles depress the medial eyebrows and either narrow or flare the nostrils, depending on the specific muscle involved.

15:03

👄 Muscles of the Mouth and Lips

The focus here is on the muscles of the mouth, particularly the orbicularis oris, which encircles the mouth and controls lip movements like closing the mouth or protruding the lips for actions like kissing. Muscles of the upper lip include risorius, levator anguli oris, zygomaticus major and minor, and levator labii superioris, which are responsible for smiling and other lip movements. The muscles of the lower lip, such as depressor anguli oris and depressor labii inferioris, are also discussed, with their role in expressing sadness or pouting.

🙂 Chin, Neck, and Buccinator Muscles

This paragraph covers the mentalis muscle, which elevates and protrudes the lower lip, and the platysma, a broad neck muscle that depresses the mandible and tenses the skin of the neck. The buccinator muscle, found deep in the cheek, helps press the cheek against the teeth and is essential for actions like drinking through a straw. The buccinator also interacts with the orbicularis oris to perform its functions.

Keywords

💡Facial expressions

Facial expressions are movements of the muscles beneath the skin of the face that convey emotional states or reactions, like happiness or curiosity. In the video, they are highlighted as a key form of human communication, such as when expressing emotions like happiness after getting a good mark or curiosity when learning new things about the body.

💡Scalp

The scalp is a layer of skin and subcutaneous tissue that covers the cranium, extending from the supraorbital margins to the superior nuchal line. The video explains its five layers (Skin, Connective tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose connective tissue, and Pericranium), which are important in understanding the anatomy of the head and facial expressions.

💡Facial muscles

Facial muscles are muscles located in the scalp, face, and neck, responsible for creating facial expressions by contracting and pulling the skin. The video explains how they are attached to bones or fascia on one end and skin on the other. These muscles, including the orbicularis oculi and zygomaticus, allow movements like smiling, frowning, and blinking.

💡Occipitofrontalis muscle

The occipitofrontalis muscle consists of two bellies (frontal and occipital), connected by the epicranial aponeurosis. It helps elevate the eyebrows and wrinkle the forehead, expressing emotions like surprise. This muscle is one of the primary examples used in the video to illustrate the mechanics of facial expressions.

💡Orbicularis oculi

The orbicularis oculi muscle encircles the eye and controls the closing of the eyelids. It has two parts: the palpebral part (gentle closing like blinking) and the orbital part (forceful closing like squeezing the eyes shut). The video uses this muscle to explain how different parts of the face are involved in specific expressions, such as blinking or winking.

💡Corrugator supercilii

The corrugator supercilii is a small muscle found deep in the eyebrows that contracts to pull the eyebrows downward and medially, creating vertical wrinkles between the eyebrows. This movement is associated with frowning, and the video uses this muscle to explain expressions of concern or frustration.

💡Facial nerve

The facial nerve, also known as cranial nerve VII, innervates all facial muscles. It originates from the mesoderm of the second pharyngeal arch during embryonic development. The video explains how the facial nerve branches into five key areas—temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical—that control various facial expressions.

💡Orbicularis oris

The orbicularis oris is a muscle that encircles the mouth and is responsible for closing the lips and protruding them, such as in kissing or whistling. The video emphasizes this muscle when explaining lip movements and how it helps express emotions and actions like smiling or pouting.

💡Zygomaticus major

The zygomaticus major is a muscle that originates from the zygomatic bone and is responsible for elevating the corners of the mouth, contributing to smiling. This muscle is used in the video to illustrate how facial muscles can create positive expressions like smiling and grinning.

💡Buccinator

The buccinator is a rectangular muscle found deep in the cheek, pressing the cheek against the teeth. It is essential for actions like drinking from a straw or chewing. In the video, this muscle is discussed in the context of cheek movements and how it interacts with other muscles like the orbicularis oris.

Highlights

Facial expressions are crucial for human communication, revealing emotions like happiness or curiosity.

The scalp consists of five layers: Skin, Connective Tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose Connective Tissue, and Pericranium, remembered by the mnemonic SCALP.

Muscles of facial expression are located in the skin of the scalp, face, and neck, attached to bones or fascia on one end and skin on the other.

Facial muscles develop from the mesoderm of the second pharyngeal arch, and are innervated by the facial nerve (cranial nerve 7).

The occipitofrontalis muscle has two bellies: the frontal belly and occipital belly, connected by the epicranial aponeurosis, helping elevate the eyebrows and wrinkle the forehead.

The orbicularis oculi muscle has two parts, the palpebral and orbital, and is responsible for closing the eyelids gently (blinking) or tightly (winking).

The corrugator supercilii muscle, innervated by the temporal nerve, pulls the eyebrows medially and inferiorly, creating frown lines.

The nasalis muscle, with its transverse and alar parts, controls the narrowing and flaring of the nostrils.

The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi elevates the upper lip and flares the nostrils.

The orbicularis oris muscle encircles the mouth, allowing the lips to close or protrude, like during kissing or whistling.

Muscles of the upper lip include the zygomaticus major and minor, levator labii superioris, and levator anguli oris, responsible for smiling and lifting the lip.

Muscles of the lower lip, including the depressor anguli oris and depressor labii inferioris, are responsible for expressing sadness and pulling the lip downward.

The mentalis muscle, located in the chin, elevates and protrudes the lower lip, contributing to pouting expressions.

The platysma muscle in the neck tenses the skin and depresses the mandible, expressing stress or tension.

The buccinator muscle, deep in the cheek, presses the cheek against the teeth, aiding in actions like drinking from a straw.

Transcripts

humans make many different facial

expressions and they are an extremely

important way that we communicate they

let people know when you happy like

after getting a good Mark on an anatomy

test or curious like when you learn

something new about the human body let's

learn about the muscles responsible for

our facial

expressions first let's start with the

scalp which is a layer of skin and

subcutaneous tissue that covers the

cranium it extends from the supraorbital

margins on the frontal bone to the

superior nucal line on the occipital

bone laterally it covers the temporal

fascia and extends to the zygomatic

arches on each

side the scalp is made of five layers

which can be remembered easily as the

first letter of each spells out the word

scalp going in the order from

superficial to deep s stands for skin C

stands for connective tissue a stands

for aerosis or epicranial

aerosis L stands for loose connective

tissue and P stands for parac Cranium

which is the periostium on the external

surface of the

cranium the first three layers skin

connective tissue and the aerosis are

connected tightly together forming a

single unit called the scalp

proper muscles of facial expression

simply known as the facial muscles are

found deep in the skin of the scalp face

and

neck most facial muscles are attached to

bones or fascia on one end and skin on

the other so that when they contract

they create facial

expressions

all facial muscles originate from the

mesoderm of the second Fingal Arch along

with the facial nerve during

embryological development a muscular

sheet forms and begins to spread over

the scalp face and neck which later

forms the facial

muscles this spreading carries the

branches of the nerve of the second arch

with it which is the facial nerve or

cranial nerve

7 so so all facial muscles are inated by

the branches of the facial nerve which

are the posterior aric temporal

zygomatic

Buckle marginal

mandibular and cervical nerves a way to

remember these last five branches that

emerge from the paraded gland is by

using the pneumonic to Zanzibar by

Motorcar now let's look at each of the

facial

muscles first up the occipital frontalis

muscle which has two

bellies the two bellies are connected by

the epicranial aerosis which is the

aerosis that makes the third layer of

the

scalp the frontal belly originates on

the epicranial aerosis and inserts on

the skin superior to the eyes and

nose it is innervated by the tempor

nerve the occipital belly originates on

the superior nucle line of the occipital

bone and inserts on the epicranial

aerosis the occipital belly is inated by

the posterior oric nerve now when the

frontal belly contracts it protracts the

scalp and when the occipital belly

contracts it draws the scalp back when

they work together they elevate the

eyebrows and wrinkle the forehead making

you look

surprised next up is the orbicularis

oculi muscle which has two main parts

the palpal part and the orbital part the

palpal part is found mostly within the

eyelid and it originates on the medial

palpal ligament and inserts on the

lateral palpebral

ligament the orbital part originates

from the medial orbital margin and

medial palpal ligament and inserts on

the skin around the orbit forming a

continuous ring that surrounds the

orbital orifice the Superior part of the

orbicularis oculi muscle is interated by

the temporal nerve while the zygomatic

nerve innervates the inferior part of

the

muscle the function of the orbicularis

oculi muscle is to close the eyelids

the palpal part closes the eyelids

gently like when you blink or sleep

while the orbital part closes the

eyelids tightly like when you wink or

squeeze the eyes

shut okay let's move on to the muscles

of the eyebrows and the nose the muscle

of the eyebrows is called the corrugator

super cyi which sounds like a spell

you'd learn at

Hogwarts but is actually a small muscle

found deep in the eyebrows and is

innervated by the temporal nerve

corrugator supercilii originates on the

medial part of the superciliary arch and

extends laterally to insert onto the

skin of the medial half of the eyebrow

when it contracts the corrugator

supercilii pulls the eyebrows medially

and inferiorly making vertical wrinkles

at the root of the nose which occurs

when

frowning now let's move on to the nose

there are three muscles of the

nose the procerus

nasalis and the levator labii superioris

alqua

Nai all three muscles of the nose are

innervated by the zygomatic

nerve the procerus originates on the

nasal bone and the lateral nasal

cartilage and inserts onto the skin in

the lower part of the forehead between

the

eyebrows when it contracts it depresses

the medial ends of the eyebrows and

creates transverse wrinkles on the

dorsum of the

nose the largest muscle of the nose is

the nasalis which is made of two parts a

transverse part and an AER part the

transverse part originates on the

maxilla on either side of the nose and

extends towards the dorsum of the nose

meeting in the midline to insert on an

aerosis the AER part also originates on

the maxela over the lateral inzer and

inserts on the AER

cartilage the transverse part Narrows

the nostrils and the AER part expands or

flares

them the levator labii superioris

alqui originates on the the frontal

process of the maxilla and inserts on

the upper lip and the AER cartilage of

the nose it flares the nostrils and

raises the upper

lip okay now let's take a short break

and try to remember which facial muscle

closes the

eyelids right it's the orbicularis oculi

muscle now let's tackle some muscles in

the oral region first up is the

orbicularis orus muscle which encircles

the mouth it originates on the maxilla

the mandible and on the angle of the

mouth called the

medis all of the fibers insert on the

mucus membrane of the lips the

orbicularis orus muscle is innervated by

the Buckle nerve and its function is to

close the mouth by bringing the lipss

together and protrude the lips like when

kissing or

whistling so next time you are whistling

a Happy tune remember it's the

orbicularis orus that does the

work as for the muscles of the lips

we'll divide them into the muscles of

the upper lip and the muscles of the

lower

lip the muscles of the upper lip are the

rosorius the levator anguli Ora

the zygomaticus major the zygomaticus

minor the levator labii superioris and

the levator labii superioris elake Nai

which we mentioned

earlier the rosorius originates on the

paraded fascia and the Buckle skin and

it inserts on the medis the rosorius

retracts the corner of the mouth the

levator anguli orus originates on the

infraorbital maxilla and also inserts on

the medis it raises the corner of the

mouth like when

grinning the zygomaticus major

originates on the zygomatic bone and

inserts on the medis it elevates the

corner of the mouth so we can smile the

zygomaticus minor originates on the

zygomatic bone and inserts into the skin

of the upper

lip

the levator Lei superioris originates on

the infraorbital margin of the maxela

and also inserts into the skin of the

upper

lip the zygomaticus minor levator labii

superioris and the levator Lei

superioris

elqui pull the upper lip

upward of course all muscles of the

upper lip are also dilators of the mouth

and they're all innervated by the

zygomatic and buckle

nerves now the muscles of the lower lip

are the depressor anguli orus and the

depressor labii

inferioris the depressor anguli orus

originates on the base of the mandible

and inserts on the

medis it pulls the corner of the mouth

downwards to express

sadness

the depressor labii inferioris

originates on the anterolateral body of

the mandible and the platisa muscle it

inserts into the skin of the lower lip

it pulls the lower lip downward when you

are sad or when you

pout just like the muscles of the upper

lip both muscles of the lower lip are

also dilators of the mouth the marginal

mandibular nerve innervates both the

depressor anguli orus and the oppressor

labii

inferioris okay now let's discuss a

muscle of the chin called

mentalis the mentalis originates on the

body of the mandible and inserts into

the skin of the chin it elevates and

protrudes the lower lip like when

pouting and is innervated by the

marginal mandibular

nerve lastly we have a broad muscle of

the neck NE called

plma it originates on the suprascapular

and the infraclavicular subcutaneous

tissue the platisa extends towards the

Mand and inserts on the base of the Mand

blending with the facial

muscles the

platismatia neck to express

stress since that was quite a bit of

information we can take a break here now

can you name all the muscles of the

upper lip in this

image before we wrap up let's look at

one final facial muscle called the buxin

nator the buxin nator is a rectangular

muscle found deep in the cheek it

originates on the alv processes of the

max and the mandible and the terago

mandibular

Ry now the terago mandibular Ry or the

terago mandibular ligament is a

thickening of the Buckle fenal fascia

the superior fenal constrictor

originates on the posterior side of the

terago mandibular

Rafi while the binat originates on the

anterior side the buxin nator extends

anteriorly where its fiber mingle with

the fibers of the orbicularis orus

muscle and inserts on the

medis the buxin nator is innervated by

the Buckle nerve and its main job is to

press the cheek against the teeth like

when you're drinking from a

straw all right as a quick recap the

scalp is a layer of skin and

subcutaneous tissue that covers the

cranium it is made of five layers skin

connective tissue aerosis loose

connective tissue and

pericranium all facial muscles originate

from the mesoderm of the second fenal

Arch which is why they are all

innervated by the branches of the facial

nerve the occipito frontalis muscle has

a frontal belly and an oxital belly

which are connected by the epicranial

aerosis its function is to elevate the

eyebrows and wrinkle the

forehead the orbicularis oculi muscle

surrounds the orbit its palpal part is

found within the eyelid and is used to

close the eyelids gently and its orbital

part is used to close the eyelids

tightly the muscle of the eyebrow is

called corrugator supercilii and it

draws the eyebrows downward and medially

which occurs when frowning the three mus

muscles of the nose are the

procerus

nasalis and the levator Lai superioris

alqua Nai the nasalis and the levator

Lai superioris alqua Nasi are used to

flare the

nostrils the orbicularis orus encircles

the mouth and its job is to close the

mouth or protrude the

lips the muscles of the upper lip are

the orus the levator anguli orus the

zygomaticus major the zygomaticus minor

the levator labii

superioris and the levator labii

superioris Al Nai all muscles are

involved in various lip

movements muscles of the lower lip are

the depressor anguli orus and the

depressor labii

inferioris both the muscles of the upper

and lower lip are dilators of the

mouth the mentalis is a muscle of the

chin and elevates and protrudes the

lower lip the platisa is found in the

neck and depresses the mandible draws

the corner of the mouth downwards and

tenses the skin of the lower face and

neck finally the binat is a rectangular

muscle found deep in the cheek and

presses the cheeks against the teeth

helping current and future clinicians

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