HISTORIA DE LA DANZA: LA DANZA MEDIEVAL/ DANCE HISTORY: MEDIEVAL DANCE

Danza Histórica en la Europa cortesana
4 Jun 202014:03

Summary

TLDREste video explora la historia de la danza en las cortes europeas desde la época medieval, destacando cómo esta práctica no solo es una expresión artística, sino también una ventana hacia la cultura, la política, la música y las tradiciones sociales de cada época. A través de referencias limitadas en textos, música y arte, se reconstruyen antiguos bailes como la farándola, el branle y la estampie. Se reflexiona sobre la censura de la danza y el impacto de pandemias como la Peste Negra en el siglo XIV, donde la música y la danza fueron un refugio en medio del caos.

Takeaways

  • 💃 La danza es un arte transversal que permite explorar la historia, la sociedad, la música, la moda, la geografía, la política y más.
  • 🕺 Los primeros registros de la danza datan de rituales primitivos como la caza, la fertilidad y las ceremonias funerarias.
  • 📜 La falta de información escrita hace que el estudio de la danza en la Edad Media dependa de la imaginación y la hipótesis.
  • 📚 Los maestros de danza en Europa medieval transmitían estilos y novedades de una corte a otra, como lo hacían los trovadores.
  • 🎼 El tratado de música de Johannes Grocheo es uno de los pocos documentos que describe danzas medievales como la ronde, estampie y ductia.
  • 🎶 El 'Llivre Vermell' de Montserrat contiene canciones medievales, cinco de las cuales son para bailar, destacando la importancia de la danza para los peregrinos.
  • 👯‍♀️ Las danzas medievales como la carola, el branle y la farandole se bailaban en círculos o filas, a menudo al aire libre y en grupo.
  • 💭 La estampie, una de las primeras danzas mencionadas en la literatura, pudo haber sido una danza de pareja, relacionada con el amor cortés.
  • ⛪ La censura de la danza por parte de la Iglesia se manifestaba en advertencias contra canciones y danzas deshonestas en lugares sagrados.
  • 📺 El próximo video del creador abordará las danzas del siglo XIV, influenciado por la pandemia de Covid-19 y la peste negra.

Q & A

  • ¿Por qué se dice que la danza es una de las materias más transversales?

    -La danza es considerada transversal porque permite explorar una variedad de áreas como el comportamiento social, la música, la moda, la historia, la geografía, la literatura, la política, los valores filosóficos y religiosos, e incluso la gastronomía de cada época.

  • ¿Cómo surgió la danza en las primeras comunidades humanas?

    -La danza pudo haber surgido cuando el ser humano sintió la necesidad de expresar con su cuerpo lo que un lenguaje no existente aún no le permitía, estimulado por sonidos rítmicos, la imitación del cortejo de animales, rituales de fertilidad o funerales, o como una expresión de alegría ante una buena caza.

  • ¿Por qué es difícil investigar la historia de la danza?

    -Es difícil investigar la historia de la danza debido a la amplitud geográfica y temporal que abarca, además de la falta de información escrita, lo que convierte su investigación en una aventura de imaginación y conjeturas.

  • ¿Cuál es el enfoque principal de esta serie de videos sobre la danza?

    -El enfoque principal de la serie es el marco histórico que proporciona información escrita, centrándose específicamente en la danza en las cortes de Europa desde la época medieval.

  • ¿Qué sabemos sobre las primeras formas de danza documentadas en la Edad Media?

    -Sabemos que las primeras formas de danza medieval documentadas incluyen el Round, la Estampie y la Ductia, mencionadas en el tratado 'Ars Musicae' de Johannes Grocheo alrededor del año 1300.

  • ¿Qué es el 'Llibre Vermell' y por qué es importante en la historia de la danza?

    -El 'Llibre Vermell' es un códice del monasterio de Montserrat que contiene un cancionero con diez obras, cinco de las cuales eran canciones para bailar. Es importante porque nos proporciona una visión única de las danzas medievales, especialmente las realizadas por los peregrinos.

  • ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre las carolas y las farándolas en las danzas medievales?

    -La carola era una danza en círculo, mientras que la farándola era una danza en fila donde los participantes se desplazaban guiados por el primero en la fila, formando trayectorias fluidas. La farándola parece haber sido más un juego que una danza formal.

  • ¿Qué sabemos sobre las branles y su evolución en la historia de la danza?

    -Las branles eran danzas en círculo que podían no estar cerradas y se realizaban en comunidad, con hombres y mujeres alternándose en el círculo. Aunque no tenemos descripciones escritas de las branles más antiguas, en el siglo XVI, Thoinot Arbeau nos proporciona información detallada sobre ellas.

  • ¿Qué es una estampie y cuál es su importancia en la evolución de la danza?

    -La estampie, mencionada por primera vez a finales del siglo XII, era una danza probablemente realizada en parejas y asociada al amor cortés. Es importante porque representa un avance respecto a las danzas comunitarias anteriores, siendo una de las primeras danzas dedicadas a parejas.

  • ¿Cómo influía la censura en las danzas medievales, según los documentos de la época?

    -La censura afectaba las danzas medievales a través de advertencias que indicaban qué comportamientos debían evitarse, como se menciona en el 'Llibre Vermell'. Los censores indicaban que los peregrinos debían evitar canciones y danzas 'vanas' y 'deshonestas', lo que nos da pistas sobre cómo se bailaban esas danzas.

Outlines

00:00

💃 Historia de la danza: Un viaje a través de las cortes europeas

La danza, una forma de arte transversal, conecta múltiples áreas del conocimiento como la historia, la música, la moda y la geografía. A través de la danza, se puede explorar el comportamiento social y cultural a lo largo de los siglos. Las primeras manifestaciones de la danza se remontan a la imitación de rituales animales y la necesidad humana de expresarse sin lenguaje. La falta de documentación escrita convierte su estudio en una aventura llena de hipótesis e imaginación. Este video se centrará en la danza en las cortes europeas desde la época medieval, inspirándose en la investigación de Peggy Dixon, una mentora y amiga del autor.

05:01

🕊️ Las danzas medievales: Entre la ambigüedad y la reconstrucción

La información sobre la danza antes del siglo XIII es escasa y proviene de fuentes como la pintura, escultura y literatura. Aunque estas fuentes ofrecen pistas, no se detalla cómo eran los bailes o sus pasos. No existen manuales de instrucción de danza hasta el siglo XV. Un texto importante sobre música medieval que menciona danzas es 'Ars Musicae' de Johannes Grocheo, quien habla sobre la Ronda, la Estampie y la Ductia. Otro documento significativo es el 'Llivre Vermell' de Montserrat, que incluye canciones para bailar. La danza medieval tiende a ser mencionada como una actividad conjunta con la música y el canto.

10:02

🎶 Canciones y danzas en la Edad Media

Grocheo distingue entre canciones con la misma melodía para el verso y el coro, como las carolas o branles, y otras con estructuras más complejas, como la ductia y la estampie. Las carolas tenían dos formas principales: el branle y la farandola, siendo esta última una danza en fila guiada por un líder, cuya trayectoria serpenteante se asocia con el término 'farandola'. Estas danzas comunitarias se practicaban tanto en exteriores como en plazas y se realizaban caminando, saltando o corriendo. El branle, en cambio, era una danza en círculo, común en varias regiones de Europa y representaba una experiencia compartida.

🏰 La danza de corte: Estampie y amor cortés

La estampie, mencionada por primera vez en la literatura a fines del siglo XII, es una de las primeras danzas que podría haber sido ejecutada por parejas, según la teoría de Melousine Wood. La danza de estampie estaba asociada con el amor cortés y se caracterizaba por la exaltación de la figura femenina, que inspiraba tanto canciones como gestos caballerescos. Esta sublimación de la mujer contrasta con las acusaciones misóginas de la época, como la figura bíblica de Salomé, aunque feministas como Christine de Pizan comenzaron a cuestionar estas visiones negativas sobre las mujeres.

🚶‍♀️ La censura y las advertencias en la danza medieval

El Llibre Vermell de Montserrat ofrece una advertencia para evitar canciones y danzas 'vanas' o 'deshonestas' entre los peregrinos que visitaban el monasterio, sugiriendo que la danza podía interferir con la oración. Estos comentarios de censura ofrecen pistas sobre cómo se bailaban las carolas y estampies en la Edad Media. El próximo video abordará las danzas durante la Peste Negra del siglo XIV, explorando cómo la música y la danza proporcionaban un alivio en tiempos de gran sufrimiento. La censura de la danza es un tema lo suficientemente relevante como para explorarlo en más detalle en otro video.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Historia de la danza

La historia de la danza se refiere a la evolución y el desarrollo de la danza a lo largo del tiempo y en diferentes culturas. En el video, se explora cómo la danza refleja el comportamiento social, la música, la moda, la política y otros aspectos de la vida humana, desde las primeras expresiones corporales en ausencia de un lenguaje hablado hasta las danzas cortesanas europeas desde la Edad Media.

💡Branle

El branle es un tipo de danza en círculo popular en la Edad Media y el Renacimiento. En el video, se menciona como una de las formaciones de la Carola, donde los participantes se movían de un lado a otro en una experiencia comunitaria. Esta danza oscilante de movimiento circular es clave para entender las dinámicas sociales y culturales de la época.

💡Estampie

La estampie es una danza mencionada en la literatura medieval, que representó una evolución de las danzas comunitarias hacia una danza para parejas. En el video, se habla de la estampie como una música destinada a la danza y su vínculo con las celebraciones cortesanas y festividades, sugiriendo también que podría haber sido una danza interpretada con instrumentos musicales.

💡Carole

La carole era una danza circular o en línea que combinaba música y movimiento, característica de las festividades medievales. En el video, se describe cómo esta danza a menudo se realizaba al aire libre y era acompañada de canto. Las variantes de la carole, como el branle y la farandola, permiten un vistazo a las formas de expresión colectiva en la Edad Media.

💡Maestros de danza

Los maestros de danza eran los encargados de enseñar y difundir las danzas cortesanas en la Europa medieval. El video resalta su papel como transmisores de estilos de danza entre diferentes cortes europeas, lo que ayudó a la evolución y el intercambio cultural en torno a las artes escénicas en ese tiempo.

💡Grocheo

Johannes Grocheo fue un teórico medieval que escribió sobre la música en su tratado 'Ars Musicae'. En el video, se menciona su clasificación de danzas medievales como la Ronde, la Estampie y la Ductia, lo que proporciona una valiosa fuente de información sobre la música secular y las danzas de la época.

💡Llibre Vermell

El Llibre Vermell es un manuscrito del monasterio de Montserrat que contiene una colección de canciones de finales del siglo XIV. En el video, se destaca su relevancia porque muchas de estas canciones estaban destinadas a acompañar danzas, lo que lo convierte en una fuente crucial para entender las prácticas de baile en contextos religiosos y de peregrinación.

💡Censura de la danza

La censura de la danza se refiere a las restricciones impuestas a las prácticas de baile, especialmente en contextos religiosos o moralmente controlados. El video menciona cómo los monjes del monasterio de Montserrat advertían contra las 'danzas deshonestas', mostrando cómo la moral y la religión influían en la forma en que la gente se expresaba corporalmente.

💡Danza cortesana

La danza cortesana hace referencia a las danzas que se realizaban en las cortes de la nobleza europea. En el video, se explora cómo estas danzas, enseñadas por maestros de danza itinerantes, se convirtieron en un medio de interacción social y de exhibición de gracia y estatus, con influencias de diferentes partes de Europa.

💡Pandemia y danza

La relación entre pandemia y danza se observa en cómo las personas recurren a la música y la danza como una forma de escape durante tiempos de crisis, como la peste negra en el siglo XIV y la pandemia de Covid-19. El video menciona cómo la danza sirvió como un oasis en medio del horror, una conexión entre las respuestas humanas a las pandemias pasadas y presentes.

Highlights

Dance history is a transversal subject that connects social behavior, music, fashion, history, geography, literature, politics, philosophical and religious values, and even gastronomy.

Dance originated as a form of expression before the existence of language, with rhythmic sounds and animal imitations possibly inspiring early human movements.

The investigation of dance history is an imaginative adventure due to the wide geographical and temporal framework and the scarcity of written records.

The series focuses on the historical framework of dance in European courts from medieval times, inspired by the research of Peggy Dixon.

Before the 13th century, dance information was scarce, relying on paintings, sculptures, and literary references.

Early dance annotations typically only mentioned that people danced, with little detail on the dance itself.

There is no documentary source on how to dance dated before the 15th century.

Johannes Grocheo's 'Ars Musicae' is a significant source on medieval secular music, mentioning three sung dances: The Round, the Estampie, and the Ductia.

The 'Llivre Vermell' from Montserrat monastery contains songs for dancing, intended to delight pilgrims.

Medieval literature often groups dance and song as a single activity, with the Carole and caroler being notable examples.

The farandole, a fluid forward movement dance, has ancient origins and persists in various forms worldwide.

The Branle, a community dance, was danced in a circle and is equivalent to the rondo or virelai in other countries.

Estampie, mentioned in literature from the late 12th century, was a music for dancing performed with instruments.

The estampie may have been the first dance for couples, influenced by the Courtly Love era and the sublimation of women's figures.

Christine de Pizan's 'Book of the City of Ladies' discusses the duality of women's representation in medieval society.

Reconstructing ancient dances is challenging due to the scarcity of information; intuition and imagination are key.

Dance censorship is a topic of interest, with the Llibre Vermell warning against 'vain songs and dishonest dances'.

The next video will explore dances during the 14th-century Black Death pandemic, highlighting music and dance as an oasis amidst horror.

Transcripts

play00:00

[Title Music]

play00:08

Dance history immerses ourselves in a fascinating world.

play00:11

My 35-year-long experience as a teacher

play00:14

has proved me that dance is, oddly enough,

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one of the most transversal subjects I have ever taught.

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The excuse of getting to know deeper

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how Mankind has enjoyed this art,

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allows us to know about social behaviour,

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music, fashion, history, geography,

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literature, politics, philosophical and religious values

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and even, gastronomy of each period.

play00:41

The appearance of dance begins when human being

play00:44

feels the need to express with his body

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what a non-existent language did not allow him yet.

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The stimulation of a rhythmic sound, the imitation of the courtship of some animals,

play00:57

their fertility or funeral rituals, could

play00:59

have led to those first human communities

play01:02

to move his body with a deeper meaning or

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simply as an expression of joy at a good hunt

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The existence of dance covers too wide a geographical and temporal framework

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and the lack of written information makes its investigation,

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an adventure of the imagination and the hypothesis.

play01:23

That is why in this series of videos,

play01:25

inspired by the research of my teacher, mentor and good friend, Peggy Dixon,

play01:31

I will focus on the historical framework that allows written information,

play01:35

and in a very specific space and time,

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on dance in the courts of Europe since mediaeval times.

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An ambiguous beginning, with hardly any information

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about the style and the steps on the first chronicles, evolved with

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the first manuscripts and treatises, both with much more information,

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including images, thanks to the appearance of the dance masters.

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These dancing masters went from one European court to another, not only carrying

play02:04

the traditional dances of their countries of origin, but also being

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messengers of the novelties found in the courts to which they were called,

play02:13

such as troubadours and minstrels used to do.

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I invite you to an exciting journey through time,

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a journey full of music, movement, scandals,

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censorship and palatial intrigues

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and we will start at Mediaeval time.

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Before 13th century, information on dance was very scarce,

play02:36

and it comes from painting and sculpture testimonies,

play02:42

and references in literature and music.

play02:46

For those of us who want to reconstruct dancing,

play02:48

the impression we receive of mediaeval dance,

play02:51

thanks to these sources, is frustrating,

play02:54

as a silhouette where, despite how richly we colour the background,

play02:59

the main theme remains dark.

play03:02

Dancing was not something that people wrote about

play03:05

extensively in their diaries, letters or chronicles.

play03:08

Typical annotations simply tell us that people danced.

play03:12

If we happen to be given more information, it tends to be about who danced

play03:16

and for how long, perhaps even who danced best,

play03:20

but nothing about what the dances were and how they were performed.

play03:25

As far as I know, there is no documentary source,

play03:28

expressly written to instruct how to dance, that is dated before the 15th century.

play03:34

The sources with scarce information on dance,

play03:37

are really dedicated to music

play03:40

such as the treatise written by Johannes Grocheo, about 1300.

play03:45

Titled “Ars Musicae”, it is the only surviving theoretical treatise

play03:49

on mediaeval secular music.

play03:51

Grocheo started from the taxonomy of Boethius,

play03:55

who divided the music between worldly, human and instrumental music

play04:01

In his worldly music section he comments on three sung dances:

play04:06

The Round, the Estampie (or stantipes) and the Ductia.

play04:11

Another source is the codex named “Llivre Vermell”

play04:14

from the Montserrat monastery,

play04:16

that treasures a songbook made up of ten works

play04:18

preserved since the end of the 14th century.

play04:21

At least five of the ten are songs for dancing.

play04:25

They are a unique collection due to their importance

play04:29

and that their purpose was to delight pilgrims who came to worship the Virgin of Montserrat,

play04:35

singing, watching and dancing during their journey.

play04:38

In the rest of mediaeval literature, references to dance are also given

play04:43

in words that group dance and song as a single activity.

play04:47

Thus, we know of the existence of the Carole and caroler,

play04:52

and that people danced in circular and linear formations.

play04:57

In this desolate landscape of information,

play05:00

those who seek to reconstruct the dances,

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find some clues in these songbooks and musical treatises.

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Thus, Grocheo distinguishes two types of songs for dancing,

play05:12

those that have the same melody for verse and chorus

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and those that have it differently.

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The circle dances, caroles or branles, are an example of the former,

play05:22

leaving the most complex structure for ductia and estampie.

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We also know that, in troubadours times,

play05:30

among the different kinds of songs they performed

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song of dawn, love song, pastoral, etc

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there was the Carole, a song to accompany with a dance.

play05:43

This Carole seems to have had two forms: the branle and the farandole.

play05:48

The farandole could have consisted in a fluid forward movement of a row of participants,

play05:55

and its interest would depend on the trajectories drawn in its displacement.

play06:02

It is peculiar that, currently, in Aragon and Navarra (Spain)

play06:05

the term farandola means "dress ruffle",

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as a simile of the meandering figures that usually appear spontaneously

play06:14

when a row of people moves in space.

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The dancers would move holding hands, one after the other,

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guided by the first one in line.

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It has an ancient origin and persists throughout the world

play06:27

in a wide variety of forms.

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In the Middle Ages it was a dance to be performed outdoors,

play06:33

walking, jumping or running and it could wander all over the city,

play06:37

and make its evolutions both on the grass and in a square.

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Many of the images of the farandole show the participants singing,

play06:48

in some examples with clearly visible musical instruments.

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It seems likely that this was the norm at the time.

play06:55

In its day, the farandole seems to have been more a game than a dance

play06:59

and it is a formation, like the circle, that has endured through the centuries

play07:04

in both folklore and children's games.

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The other formation of the Carole would be the Branle,

play07:11

what Grocheo calls the round,

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although in his treatise it appears with three different names

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rotundello, rotunda or rotundellus.

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La Branle would be equivalent to the rondo or virelai of other countries.

play07:25

All were circle dances, although the circle might not be closed

play07:30

and it could be danced around, or not, a central focus.

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They were community dances and although they were not structured in couples,

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the paintings, usually, show men and women

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in alternate positions in the circle.

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It was a shared experience.

play07:48

The same word branle, from French branler,

play07:51

refers to the movement of the circle oscillating from one side to the other.

play07:57

We have no written descriptions of the oldest branles, whatsoever.

play08:01

We have to jump into the sixteenth century, with the treatise of Thoinot Arbeau,

play08:06

to have that information and, by then,

play08:08

it is very likely that the branles had undergone some changes.

play08:13

It is also probable that what Arbeau called the Common Branles

play08:17

and the steps which formed them,

play08:19

represented a vocabulary of forms and steps

play08:22

that have been transmitted from ancient times.

play08:26

But, as I have already pointed out, we move in ambiguity and hypothesis

play08:31

and the same happens with another of the medieval dances: the Estampie.

play08:35

The Estampie, called istampita in Italian and stantipes in Latin,

play08:40

represents an advance in these ancient community dances.

play08:44

They begin to be mentioned in literature around the end of the 12thC

play08:48

and the beginning of the 13thC.

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From Grocheo, we know that the texts on the estampies

play08:54

spoke of love and homage.

play08:57

Kalenda Maya, dedicated to the May festivities,

play08:59

is an example of estampie, attributed to the Provençal troubadour,

play09:03

Raimbaut de Vaqueiras,

play09:05

and composed around 1200

play09:07

with lyrics and music to be danced.

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There was some controversy, in the world of musicology,

play09:14

about whether it was a dance

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or just a category of poetry to be sung,

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but it is important to point out the curious unanimity

play09:22

in the texts of the Middle Ages,

play09:25

when defining the estampie as a music for dancing

play09:28

performed with instruments.

play09:31

Of the musical examples of estampies that have reached us,

play09:34

we can highlight a collection of troubadour songs

play09:38

with music and lyrics, at the National Library in Paris.

play09:41

A later hand has added to the original text two pieces without lyrics

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titled "dance", one royal dance and eight royal estampies.

play09:52

The musicologist Pierre Aubry established that they were written between 1250 and 1325.

play10:01

Researcher Melousine Wood believed that the estampie

play10:05

could have left the carole's community character,

play10:08

being the first dance for couples.

play10:11

She supported her theory in the sublimation of the figure of the woman

play10:15

in the time of Courtly Love,

play10:17

where the lady was the inspiration for the knight,

play10:20

both to compose a poem or a song

play10:23

and to raise his spirits in a tournament or battle.

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This context could have derived in the presence

play10:31

of a lady and a gentleman, of notable social position,

play10:34

as a focus of attention in dance.

play10:37

This idea of feminine perfection contrasted

play10:40

with the accusation of "origin of the evil of the world"

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with which, women were condemned from the pulpits.

play10:48

This duality represented by the Virgin on the one hand

play10:51

and Salomé, with her sinful dance, on the other,

play10:54

was intelligently discussed by one of the first feminists,

play10:58

Christine de Pizan, whose work the “Book of the City of Ladies”

play11:03

dismantles the misogyny of the time with irrefutable examples

play11:07

of great women of all time of impeccable conduct.

play11:12

But, as always, faithfully rebuilding these dances is an impossible task.

play11:19

The most we can do is try to assemble

play11:22

the puzzle of tiny information that we extract

play11:25

from music, chronicles, iconography,

play11:28

and even from the shape of costumes and footwear

play11:32

and try to complete the missing pieces

play11:35

with intuition and imagination,

play11:38

without forgetting that the physiology of the human being

play11:41

has a certain mobility

play11:43

and that his motivations for expressing himself with the body

play11:46

are conditioned by his feelings

play11:49

and the social and religious norms of each era.

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We can intuit the naive simplicity of the carolas,

play11:58

branles, rounds or virelais,

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danced by the pilgrims of the Monserrat monastery,

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due to the warnings that appear in the Llibre Vermell,

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urging them to avoid "vain songs and dishonest dances".

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A note in Latin reads like this:

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“Since, sometimes, when pilgrims stay awake in the church

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of the Virgin Mary of Montserrat, they want to sing and dance

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and they also want to do it during the day, in the square,

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and only honest and devoted songs should be sung there,

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for this reason there are some songs written before and after this note.

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And they should be used honestly and sparingly

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so as not to hinder those who persevere in prayers and devoted meditations

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in which, all those who stay awake,

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must equally insist and devotedly dedicate themselves”

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Dance censorship is a sufficiently interesting topic

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to deal with in a separate video.

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In this one, we have used the comments of the censors

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to try to guess how those carolas and mediaeval estampies were danced

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due to the complaint of how "not" should be done.

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My next video was inspired by the Covid-19 pandemic

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that confined humanity in 2020.

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It is about the dances that were danced in the 14th century,

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the century of the Black Death,

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another pandemic that forced confinement.

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Music and dance were an oasis in the midst of horror.

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Script, narration and edition: Carlos Blanco

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If you want to know more please SUBSCRIBE

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Ähnliche Tags
Historia danzaCortes europeasEdad MediaDanza medievalCulturaDanza y músicaPeggy DixonEstampieCaroleBranle
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