BAR Lab Experiment - Explanation by Dr. Kilmer

Washington State Health Care Authority
19 Sept 201903:50

Summary

TLDR华盛顿州的心理学家和研究者Allen Marla建立了行为酒精研究实验室,模拟真实酒吧环境进行饮酒研究。研究发现,即使没有真正饮酒,只要人们相信自己喝了酒,他们的行为就会变得更加外向和社交。相反,如果人们相信自己没有喝酒,即使实际上喝了,他们的行为也不会有变化。这表明,饮酒后的行为变化更多是心理预期的结果,而非酒精本身的作用。

Takeaways

  • 🧪 艾伦·马拉在华盛顿州进行了一项研究,探讨酒精对社交行为的影响。
  • 🏫 研究在“行为酒精研究实验室”进行,该实验室模仿真实酒吧环境。
  • 📝 参与者都是21岁以上的成年人,他们签署了同意书,同意在研究中饮酒。
  • 🔍 研究控制了人们对于饮酒的预期和实际摄入的酒精量。
  • 🍻 当人们被告知将获得酒精,并且确实获得了酒精时,他们的社交活动增加。
  • 🥤 当人们被告知不会获得酒精,并且确实没有获得酒精时,他们的社交活动减少。
  • 🤔 当人们被告知将获得酒精,但实际上没有获得时,他们的行为与真正饮酒的人相似。
  • 😲 即使没有酒精,人们的行为也会因为预期而改变,变得更加外向和健谈。
  • 🤓 研究显示,人们在饮酒后的行为可能更多地受到心理预期的影响,而非酒精本身。
  • 🚫 对于不饮酒的人来说,这项研究提供了支持他们决定的信息,即饮酒并不是变得有趣或不那么害羞的必要条件。
  • 📈 研究结果表明,饮酒的预期效果可能是大学生饮酒量的一个重要预测因素。

Q & A

  • 艾伦·马拉是谁?

    -艾伦·马拉是一位心理学家和研究者,专注于大学生饮酒问题。

  • 什么是行为酒精研究实验室(Bar Lab)?

    -行为酒精研究实验室是一个外观和功能都与真实酒吧相同的实验室,但配备了隐藏的摄像头和麦克风,用于观察和记录人们在社交情境中的行为。

  • 研究者如何控制参与者对酒精的预期和实际摄入?

    -研究者通过告诉参与者他们将获得酒精饮料,但实际上可能给他们不含酒精的饮料,或者不告诉他们是否获得酒精,或者给他们含有酒精的饮料但声称是不含酒精的,以此来控制预期和实际摄入。

  • 当参与者被告知将获得酒精但实际上没有获得时,他们的行为如何?

    -当参与者被告知将获得酒精但实际上没有获得时,他们的行为与那些知道自己不会获得酒精的人相似,互动较少。

  • 如果参与者被告知将获得酒精但实际上获得了不含酒精的饮料,他们的行为如何?

    -即使饮料中不含酒精,参与者的行为却与那些真正饮酒的人相似,如声音变大、互动增多、更加外向和健谈。

  • 研究中发现的令人惊讶的发现是什么?

    -即使参与者实际上没有摄入酒精,只要他们相信自己摄入了酒精,他们的行为就会像真正饮酒的人一样。

  • 当参与者被告知将获得水但实际上获得了酒精时,他们的行为如何?

    -即使摄入了酒精,参与者也不会表现出与饮酒相关的行为变化,而是将任何变化归咎于其他因素,如疲劳或房间温度。

  • 这项研究对那些不饮酒的人有什么启示?

    -这项研究表明,不饮酒的人不必因为担心错过社交乐趣而饮酒,因为饮酒带来的社交效果可能更多是心理上的预期,而非酒精本身的作用。

  • 为什么大学生饮酒量与积极结果预期有关?

    -因为大学生如果预期饮酒会带来积极的社交结果,如变得更有趣或减少害羞,他们就更可能大量饮酒。

  • 研究的最终结论是什么?

    -研究的最终结论是,饮酒的社交效果可能更多地来自于个人的心理预期,而不是酒精本身。

  • 这项研究如何帮助人们理解饮酒对社交的影响?

    -这项研究帮助人们理解,饮酒可能并不是社交互动增加的唯一原因,而是人们对饮酒的预期和信念在起作用。

Outlines

00:00

🧪 酒精对社交行为的影响研究

华盛顿州的心理学家和研究者Allen Marla对大学生饮酒行为进行了研究。他建立了一个名为行为酒精研究实验室的酒吧实验室,这个实验室外观和真实酒吧无异,但装有隐藏摄像头和麦克风。研究中,参与者年龄都在21岁以上,并且同意参与实验。Marla希望通过这种方式,确保研究结果能够推广到现实世界。实验中,参与者被告知会给他们酒精饮料,但实际上他们可能得到含有酒精的饮料、无酒精饮料,或者根本不给酒精。研究发现,当人们被告知会得到酒精并确实得到时,社交互动明显增多;而当人们被告知不会得到酒精也确实没有得到时,社交互动则显著减少。最令人惊讶的发现是,当人们被告知会得到酒精但实际上得到的是无酒精饮料时,他们的社交行为与真正饮酒的群体无异,包括更健谈、更外向。实验结束后,当告知他们实际上没有摄入酒精时,参与者对此感到惊讶。

Mindmap

Keywords

💡酒精

酒精是一种可以影响人的行为和情绪的化学物质,通常存在于酒类饮料中。在视频中,研究者通过控制实验参与者是否摄入酒精来观察其对社交行为的影响,从而揭示了人们对酒精效果的预期可能比酒精本身对行为的影响更大。

💡心理学

心理学是研究人类行为和心理过程的科学。视频中提到了心理学家和研究者Allen Marla,他通过实验研究大学生饮酒行为,从而探索了酒精对社交互动的影响,这是心理学研究的一个应用实例。

💡预期

预期是指人们对未来事件的预测或期待。在视频中,研究显示,即使参与者没有摄入真正的酒精,只要他们相信自己摄入了酒精,他们的行为就会变得更加外向和社交,这表明人们的预期可以显著影响他们的行为。

💡社交互动

社交互动是指人与人之间的交流和相互作用。视频中的实验旨在观察酒精如何影响社交互动,结果显示,即使没有酒精,只要参与者相信他们喝了酒,他们的社交行为也会变得更加活跃。

💡实验

实验是一种科学研究方法,通过控制变量来测试假设。视频中描述了Allen Marla建立的酒吧实验室,这是一个模拟真实酒吧环境的实验场所,用于研究酒精对行为的影响。

💡控制组

控制组是实验设计中的一个组别,其条件保持不变,用于与实验组进行比较。在视频中,控制组的参与者被告知他们不会摄入酒精,实际上也没有摄入,这有助于研究者比较酒精预期与实际摄入酒精的效果。

💡安慰剂效应

安慰剂效应是指即使没有药物治疗,只要患者相信他们正在接受治疗,也能产生治疗效果的现象。视频中,即使参与者实际上没有摄入酒精,只要他们相信自己摄入了酒精,他们的行为也会发生改变,这是一种安慰剂效应的体现。

💡行为改变

行为改变是指个体行为模式的转变。视频中的实验观察了酒精预期如何导致行为改变,例如参与者变得更加健谈和外向,这表明心理预期可以对行为产生实际影响。

💡饮酒游戏

饮酒游戏是一种社交活动,通常在饮酒时进行,以增加乐趣和互动。在视频中,即使参与者实际上没有摄入酒精,他们仍然进行了饮酒游戏,这表明社交活动的氛围和预期可以促进互动,而不仅仅是酒精本身。

💡非酒精饮料

非酒精饮料是指不含酒精的饮品。在视频中,研究者使用非酒精饮料作为安慰剂,以测试参与者在没有摄入酒精的情况下的行为反应,这有助于区分酒精的生理效应和心理预期效应。

💡呼吸分析器

呼吸分析器是一种检测酒精含量的设备,通过分析呼出的气体来确定是否摄入了酒精。在视频的实验中,研究者在实验结束时使用呼吸分析器来验证参与者是否真的摄入了酒精,以确保实验结果的准确性。

Highlights

华盛顿州进行了一项关于酒精影响的研究。

研究者Allen Marla是心理学家,专注于大学生饮酒问题。

研究招募了21岁以上的饮酒者,并得到了他们的同意。

研究旨在确保研究结果能够泛化到现实世界。

建立了一个外观与真实酒吧相同的实验室。

实验室设有隐藏摄像头和麦克风,以观察人们在社交场合的行为。

参与者被告知他们将获得酒精饮料,但实际上他们可能得到无酒精饮料。

研究发现,被告知将获得酒精的人,即使实际上没有,也会表现得更加活跃。

被告知没有酒精的人,即使实际上得到了,也不会有太大变化。

当人们被告知他们将获得酒精,但实际上得到的是无酒精饮料时,他们的行为与真正饮酒的人相似。

当人们被告知他们将获得水,但实际上得到了酒精时,他们的行为并没有显著变化。

实验结果表明,人们的行为更多是由他们对酒精的预期而不是酒精本身引起的。

即使在酒精作用下,人们也会将疲劳和困倦归咎于其他因素。

实验揭示了人们对酒精的预期可能比酒精本身对社交活动的影响更大。

这项研究挑战了人们认为饮酒能增加社交乐趣的传统观念。

研究结果对于不饮酒者来说是一个积极的信息,表明他们不会因为不饮酒而错过社交乐趣。

研究表明,人们在社交场合的乐趣可能更多来自于与谁在一起,而不是他们喝的是什么。

这项研究强调了心理预期在饮酒行为中的重要性。

Transcripts

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so the question about if alcohol makes

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is not only something that people have

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but it's something that's even been

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tested right here in the state of

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Washington

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Allen Marla was a psychologist and

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researcher about cause student drinking

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that said there are totally ways to test

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this if we recruit people that are all

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over 21 they all do drink and if they

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all signed a consent form that says if

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you give me alcohol I'm good with that

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his feeling was if we want to make sure

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that research generalizes to the real

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world where we conduct the research

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should look as real world as possible so

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he built the bar lab the behavioral

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alcohol research laboratory it's the lab

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that looks exactly like a real bar but

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the mirror that's behind the bar two-way

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mirror there's hidden cameras there's

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hidden Mike's people would come to the

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lab knowing they were getting me in a

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study where we see how people interact

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in social situations but there was so

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much more than that people were told

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we're gonna serve you alcohol and then

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they either did give them alcohol or

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gave them alcohol free drinks or they

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said we're not gonna give you alcohol

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and in fact didn't give them alcohol or

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in some cases actually serve them drinks

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that contained alcohol they wanted to

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control for what people believed are

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expected and what people actually got

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what they find people told they're

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getting alcohol who actually get it it

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looks like a bunch of college students

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drinking nothing magical happens here

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the volume of the group increases people

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interact a lot more not too surprising

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when we tell people they're getting no

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alcohol and in fact they get none

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they're told they can drink tonic water

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with or without a lime wedge depending

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if we have money or not or they could

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drink non-alcoholic beer that's exactly

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what they get what do we see also not

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that surprising really quite a group a

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lot less interacting at best it looked

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like a bunch of students who don't know

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each other who are asked to hang out and

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drink water together for an hour we

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start seeing the really surprising

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finding is was you tell people we're

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gonna give you alcohol but we give

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people drinks that contain no alcohol at

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all they're told they're getting a vodka

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and tonic just tonic water they're told

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they're getting a beer it's a blend of

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different non-alcoholic beers what do we

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see this group looks just like the group

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that's been drinking the volume of the

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group increases people interacting a lot

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more people are shoving tables together

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and playing drinking games with water we

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see people say get more flirty more get

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more outgoing get more talkative at the

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end of the hour let them know none of

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the beverages you've consumed contained

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any

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when we do the other condition tell

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people we're just gonna give you water

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but actually give them alcohol what do

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we see they don't act any different when

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the effects of alcohol kick in they

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blame it on other things so people get

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tired and get sleepy but they blame it

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on how they had a long day at school or

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a rough night's sleep the night before

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some people when they drink they get

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really flushed get hot but instead of

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question was in a drink they blame it on

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the temperature of the room some people

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get kind of clumsy and they're like

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sorry clumsy but it's actually coming

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from the alcohol at the end we let them

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know the beverages you consume do

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contain alcohol and everyone blows the

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breathalyzer to verify that think about

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what this means if you're watching this

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video and here's someone that typically

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doesn't drink if this is information

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that helps you stay committed to a goal

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of not drinking then more power to you

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because so often people that don't drink

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here well if you did you'd be funnier

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you'd be less shy not according to a

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single published study ever if so it

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says well I do drink we know that one of

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the biggest predictors of drinking

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heavily in college is having a high

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number of those positive outcome

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expectancies and if a barrier to

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considering cutting down is what if I

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cut down and I miss out on that social

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stuff we have no evidence that's coming

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from the alcohol to start with if you

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have fun at a party it's probably really

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fun putting away schoolwork and mean out

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with who you're out with and your

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comfort socially may come as much from

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having a cup in your hand and less to do

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with the content of that cup it just

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goes to show it's not what you're

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drinking it's what you're thinking that

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matters the most

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