History of Counseling Psychology
Summary
TLDRCounseling psychology is a specialty within professional psychology that focuses on personal and interpersonal functioning across the lifespan. It emphasizes multicultural competence and social justice. Originating in the early 1900s during the Progressive Era, it was influenced by the Guidance movement and vocational guidance. Francis B. Robinson, a pioneer in the field, developed counseling psychology at Ohio State University, creating the first graduate program accredited by the APA in 1950. His work, along with technological advancements and collaborations with Carl Rogers, helped shape the field, which officially emerged post-World War II, addressing everyday problems and developmental concerns.
Takeaways
- 📚 Counseling psychology is a specialty within professional psychology that focuses on personal and interpersonal functioning across a person's lifespan.
- 🌐 It emphasizes emotional, social, vocational, educational, health-related, developmental, and organizational concerns.
- 🌟 The field has expanded with a special emphasis on multicultural competence and social justice advocacy.
- 🏫 Counseling psychology emerged from the Guidance movement in the early 1900s, aiming to prepare the younger generation for a changing world.
- 🔍 Vocational guidance was a key part of this movement, focusing on practical assistance and long-term social and educational reform.
- 👨🏫 Frank Parsons was instrumental in structuring vocational guidance and emphasizing self-discovery in career choices.
- 🎓 Francis B. Robinson, one of the founding fathers of counseling psychology, was born in 1906 and contributed significantly to the field's development.
- 🛠️ Robinson's work at Ohio State University included the development of remedial counseling and the establishment of practicum courses for counselor training.
- 📈 The use of technology, such as audio recording systems, was pioneered by Robinson to enhance counseling and training methods.
- 🤝 Robinson collaborated with Carl Rogers, a key figure in humanistic psychotherapy, to improve counseling practices.
- 🌐 World War II was a turning point for counseling psychology, which found its niche in addressing everyday problems and developmental concerns not covered by clinical psychology.
Q & A
What is counseling psychology?
-Counseling psychology is a specialty within professional psychology that focuses on facilitating personal and interpersonal functioning across a person's lifespan. It addresses emotional, social, vocational, educational, health-related, developmental, and organizational concerns.
Why is multicultural competence important in counseling psychology?
-Multicultural competence is important in counseling psychology because it enables practitioners to interact effectively with individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds, which is crucial in a globalized and multicultural society.
How did the Progressive Era influence the development of counseling psychology?
-The Progressive Era was marked by public demand for social reform and better living conditions. This led to the Guidance movement, which aimed to prepare the younger generation for the changing world, focusing on educational reform and vocational guidance. This environment laid the groundwork for the emergence of counseling psychology.
Who was Frank Parsons and what was his contribution to counseling psychology?
-Frank Parsons was a pioneer in the field of vocational guidance. He emphasized the importance of self-discovery and decision-making in choosing careers and established the Vocational Bureau in 1908 to provide vocational guidance.
What role did Francis B. Robinson play in the development of counseling psychology?
-Francis B. Robinson was one of the founding fathers of counseling psychology. He developed the field at Ohio State University, creating practicum courses, training counselors, and contributing to the establishment of the field's standards and the founding of Division 17 of the American Psychological Association.
What was the significance of the 'how to study' program developed by Robinson at Ohio State University?
-The 'how to study' program was significant because it expanded beyond teaching study skills to also address other problems that could distract students, such as vocational planning, social or personal issues, health problems, or lack of interest in schoolwork. This holistic approach to counseling was a precursor to modern counseling psychology.
How did World War II impact the field of counseling psychology?
-World War II led to significant changes in the world, and for psychology, it solidified counseling psychology's niche. After the war, clinical psychology focused on deviant populations, leaving educational, vocational, and developmental concerns to counseling psychology, which found its place in addressing these areas.
What was the role of Carl Rogers in the development of counseling psychology at Ohio State University?
-Carl Rogers, known as the father of humanistic psychotherapy, worked closely with Francis B. Robinson at Ohio State University. Their collaboration helped improve the reporting systems and practicum facilities, contributing to the advancement of counseling psychology.
What was the significance of the meeting hosted by Gilbert W. Reed at Northwestern University in 1951?
-The meeting at Northwestern University was significant because it included leading experts like Robinson who helped coin the term 'Counseling Psychology,' define it, and create the standards for training in the field.
When was the Journal of Counseling Psychology established and who was involved?
-The Journal of Counseling Psychology was established in 1954 with Francis B. Robinson as one of its stockholders, marking a significant milestone in the formalization of the field.
How has counseling psychology evolved from its inception until today?
-Counseling psychology has evolved significantly from its inception, with a focus on holistic care and addressing a wide range of personal and interpersonal issues. It has continued to adapt and expand its scope, incorporating new research, technological advancements, and cultural shifts to better serve individuals across diverse settings.
Outlines
📚 Introduction to Counseling Psychology
Counseling psychology is a specialty within professional psychology that focuses on personal and interpersonal functioning across the lifespan. It addresses various concerns such as emotional, social, vocational, educational, health-related, and organizational issues. The field has expanded to emphasize multicultural competence and social justice advocacy. Counseling psychology operates under a scientist-practitioner model, balancing clinical work with empirical research. The origins of counseling psychology date back to the early 1900s, a period of significant social and economic change post-Industrial Revolution and post-American Civil War. The Progressive Era's Guidance movement aimed to prepare the younger generation for the changing world, leading to vocational guidance. Frank Parsons, a key figure in this movement, emphasized self-discovery in career choices and established the Vocational Bureau in 1908. Francis B. Robinson, one of the founding fathers of counseling psychology, was born in this era and contributed significantly to the field's development.
🎓 The Evolution of Counseling Psychology at Ohio State University
Ohio State University played a pivotal role in the development of counseling psychology. Francis B. Robinson, after his graduate training, joined OSU in 1937 to expand the 'How to Study' program, which initially focused on college study skills but evolved to address broader issues affecting students' academic performance. Robinson introduced holistic counseling for remedial students, which later transitioned into a graduate-level practicum. He collaborated with Carl Rogers, a pioneer in humanistic psychotherapy, to enhance reporting systems and practicum facilities. Robinson's work led to the creation of a graduate program initially called Student Personnel work, focusing on educational counseling, which was renamed Counseling Psychology in 1951. Post-World War II, counseling psychology found its niche, differentiating itself from clinical psychology by addressing everyday problems and developmental concerns. Robinson's practicum courses and the university's counseling services solidified Ohio State's leadership in the field. Nationally, the American Psychological Association reorganized in 1946, leading to the establishment of Division 17 and the Journal of Counseling Psychology, with Robinson as a key contributor.
🌟 The Legacy of Francis P. Robinson in Counseling Psychology
Francis P. Robinson's contributions were instrumental in shaping counseling psychology as a respected field. His work at Ohio State University, focusing on holistic counseling and the development of educational counseling programs, laid the groundwork for modern counseling psychology. Robinson's emphasis on individual well-being in the context of health, personality, and vocational concerns has had a lasting impact. His role in defining the term 'Counseling Psychology' and setting training standards was crucial. The establishment of the Journal of Counseling Psychology, with Robinson as a stockholder, and his presidency of Division Seventeen further cemented the field's foundation. Counseling psychology, from its infancy influenced by pioneers like Robinson, has continued to evolve, helping individuals worldwide by addressing personal and interpersonal challenges.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Counseling Psychology
💡Multicultural Competence
💡Social Justice and Advocacy
💡Scientist-Practitioner Model
💡Vocational Guidance
💡Progressive Era
💡Francis B Robinson
💡Carl Rogers
💡Remedial Counseling
💡Audio and Recording Systems
💡Division 17
Highlights
Counseling psychology is a specialty within professional psychology focused on facilitating personal and interpersonal functioning across the lifespan.
The specialty pays particular attention to emotional, social, vocational, educational, health-related, developmental, and organizational concerns.
Counseling Psychology has expanded in recent years with a focus on multicultural competence and social justice.
The field practices within a scientist-practitioner model, emphasizing both clinical work and empirical research.
Counseling psychology originated in the early 1900s during the Progressive Era, a time of social change and reform.
The Guidance movement aimed to prepare the younger generation for a new world and focused on educational reform.
Vocational guidance emerged to assist individuals entering an ever-changing labor market.
Frank Parsons emphasized self-discovery and decision-making in choosing careers and created the Vocational Bureau in 1908.
Francis B. Robinson, one of the founding fathers of Counseling Psychology, was born in 1906 and contributed significantly to the field.
Robinson's graduate training at Iowa led to his work at Ohio State University, where he developed the 'how to study' program.
Robinson expanded the 'how to study' program to include holistic counseling for remedial students.
The practicum course 'Psychology of Remedial Counseling' was created in the early 1940s to supervise counselors and train them.
Robinson used audio and recording systems to monitor interviews, improving methods with technological advances.
Carl Rogers, known as the father of humanistic psychotherapy, collaborated with Robinson at Ohio State.
The graduate program 'Student Personnel work' was established, focusing on educational counseling of college students.
World War II left a niche for Counseling Psychology, focusing on developmental concerns and everyday problems of living.
The American Psychological Association reorganized in 1946, creating Division 17 for counseling and guidance psychologists.
In 1951, the term 'Counseling Psychology' was coined, and standards of training were established.
The Journal of Counseling Psychology was established in 1954, with Francis Robinson as one of its stockholders.
Counseling Psychology has evolved significantly from the 1950s to the present, influenced by pioneers like Francis P. Robinson.
Transcripts
hi my name is Elise joy and today we'll
be talking about how counseling
psychology King Tippi first for those of
you not familiar with the term
counseling psychology is a discipline of
you guessed it psychology it is quote a
specialty within professional psychology
that maintains a focus on facilitating
personal and interpersonal functioning
across a lifespan the specialty pays
particular attention to emotional social
vocational education health related
developmental and organizational
concerns Counseling Psychology focuses
on a person in their entire life the
field has expanded in recent years and
has placed special emphasis on
multicultural competence which is the
ability to interact effectively with
people of different cultures alongside
this culturally sensitive practice has
been highlighted as a key importance a
cyclist a plate of work counseling
psychology has also stressed the need
for social justice and advocacy
especially as experts in a vastly
diversifying world all of these values
are practiced within a scientist
practitioner model which is a training
model that stresses both the clinical
work of psychology and its influence on
and by empirical research and that is
what and where counseling psychology is
at in our current day but how did it
start
how did counseling psychology come into
the world for that we need to step back
in history to the 1900s the early 1900s
was a time of change it was a turn of
the century and the world was still
reeling from the changes the Industrial
Revolution had brought the United States
was especially adjusting to the economic
and social changes brought by the
American Civil War
specifically the u.s. was dealing with
the aftermath of the Gilded Age
a time of great expansion immediately
following the Civil War however along
with along with the social and economic
evolution came the harsh realities of
inhumane working conditions child labor
no protection for the workers and an
exponential increase in crime and
corruption this crime
we Bryce the Progressive Era this was a
time where the public rose up in
reaction to the living conditions of the
US and demanded reform it was in this
time that the Guidance movement also
came to momentum the Guidance movement
wanted to help prepare the young
generation that were growing into a new
world so they would not be victims of
the system they focused on reforming the
educational system to provide mandatory
education for all children and also to
help prepare students to enter the
workforce this at the foundation for and
gave rise to vocational guidance
vocational guidance is an applied field
that at the time focused on providing
immediate practical assistance to
individuals entering unprepared for an
ever-changing labor market as well as
being concerned with long-term social
and educational reform in particular a
man named Frank Parsons came into the
field and provided structure and gardens
for this new line of thinking
Parsons emphasized the importance of
self-discovery and decisions in choosing
careers
he created the vocation Bureau in 1908
which helped provide vocational guidance
to many and it was with these social and
educational foundations that counseling
psychology got its start
this was the era in which one of the
founding fathers of Counseling
Psychology was born into
Francis B Robinson was born on December
21st 1906 in Danville Indiana he came
into a world of social change in reform
while little is known about his
childhood Robinson did attend college at
the University of Oregon he then
attended the State University of Iowa
and received his master's and PhD in
Experimental Psychology studying under
Carl Seashore Robinson received his
graduate training right before the onset
of World War 2 this was a time when
Counseling Psychology done' a call that
was being applied in an educational
vocational manner similar to vocational
guidance quo helping students remove a
variety of obstacles of problems such as
personality educational occupational
financial and health so that students
can maximally benefit from course and
auction was the goal of college
counseling in universities around the
u.s. and this was how Robinson was
trained specifically he was in charge of
counseling students in remedial courses
to help them succeed academically now
this may be the point where you're
asking why Frances Robinson it is just
one of the founding fathers why focus on
him well that is because of where
Robinson would go on to develop his
lifelong career Ohio State University
while Counseling Psychology developed in
pieces all over the u.s. there are three
universities that had the first
Counseling Psychology graduate program
to be accredited by the American
Psychological Association in 1950 two of
these Ohio State stands out as a
prominent leader of the field having had
six presidents of Division 17 and six
editors of the leading journals in the
field to be a faculty or graduate of the
program Ohio State has also helped
create many of the initial training
methods for counseling psychology some
of which are still used today Robinson
along with his colleagues helped develop
counseling psychology at its earliest
days now let's see how how that happened
Robinson's graduate training at Iowa led
him to being hired by OSU in 1937
specifically to take over the how to
study program the how to study class was
a course on college study skills which
was first created at Ohio State
however Robinson did the class beyond
its initial objectives and expanded the
course he offered a study skills course
where senior students provided remedial
counseling assistance to freshmen
students this allowed for the
development of counselors and training
and also helping students improve
academically which was similar to his
own training at Iowa Robinson noted that
it was not just a lack of study skills
that could hold students back he wanted
his course to help in quote attacking
other problems which may be distracting
a student in his university work namely
vocational planning social or personal
problems health problems or a lack of
interest in schoolwork
this style of providing holistic
counseling for remedial students was
first implemented with undergraduates
before transitioning to a graduate level
training and becoming a formal practicum
course titled the psychology of remedial
counseling in the early 1940s the
creation of this practicum course
allowed for organized supervision of
counselors and training
Robinson bolster this training with the
use of technology starting in 1938
Robinson installed audio and recording
systems to help monitor interviews being
conducted by the counselors in training
he continuously improved upon these
methods with technological advances such
as tape recorders it was at this time
that Robinson came to work closely with
Carl Rogers Carl Rogers is known as a
father of the humanistic or Rogerian
approach to psychotherapy which still
serves as a foundation for many
counseling programs Carl Rogers came to
Ohio State as a clinical faculty member
in 1939 Roger's interests in
psychotherapy along with Robinson's work
with remedial counseling came together
to help upgrade the reporting systems
and practicum facilities at Ohio State
these developments held Robinson create
a new graduate program called
Student Personnel work its initial focus
was on the educational counseling of
college students which was different
from other similar programs that only
focus on vocational guidance the program
would later be renamed in 1951 to
Counseling Psychology and this was how
Robinson and the still budding field of
counseling psychology greeted the end of
the world war ii world war ii brought a
great deal of change the world however
one of the greatest for psychology came
was counseling psychology finding its
niche after the war clinical psychology
had found its place in using traditional
psychological approaches to work with
the deviant populations this left a not
yet clearly defined group of
psychologists that have been working
with educational vocational issues as
well as usual izing psychometric testing
x' to their own it also left a clear
position for those who worked with
developmental concerns and everyday
problems of living that were not covered
by clinicals
colleges this was a niche that
Counseling Psychology found itself
occupying this was the same for Robinson
and OSU Robinson's practicum courses and
training of counselors along with Ohio
State University counseling and
consultation services helped bolster
Ohio State's place as a leader in
developing Counseling Psychology as its
own field this timing coincided with
changes on a national level that
solidify counseling psychologies place
the first step came in 1946 with a
reorganization of the American
Psychological Association in the
creation of division 17 which was
initially known as the division of
counseling and guidance psychologists
Frances Robinson participated as a
founding member in creating this new
charter division then in 1951 the big
step of creating Counseling Psychology
came a meeting host if I see Gilbert
read at Northwestern University included
the leading experts including Robinson
here Robinson helped coin the term
Counseling Psychology that didn't
defined it and helped create the
standards of training just a year
afterwards in 1952 division 17 was
renamed to the division of counseling
psychology and not long afterwards
in 1954 the flagship journal for this
field the Journal of Counseling
Psychology was established with Francis
Robinson as one of his stockholders that
year Robinson also served as division
Seventeen's president
and so Counseling Psychology was born
born from the hopes for reform and
wanting to help others in a time of
change in upheaval Counseling Psychology
has become a respected field that helps
numerous individuals all around the
world while Counseling Psychology
continued to change and evolve from the
1950s until the present its infancy was
greatly influenced by pioneers like
Francis P Robinson Robinson helped focus
the world on looking at an individual in
a holistic manner and taking into
consideration how different things like
health personality and vocational
concerns could all affect a person's
life without Robinson's contributions
and Ohio State's dedication to helping
out the individual students at their
school Counseling Psychology may look
very different today
you
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