Urie BRONFENBRENNER - Bioecological Systems Theory | How INSTITUTIONS and CULTURE affect Development

Summary

This video script discusses the concept of generational differences in family dynamics and development through the lens of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems theory. It explores how contextual factors like biology, environment, and societal changes influence human development across generations. The script delves into the impact of immediate environments, such as family and school, and broader systems like workplace policies and cultural values on family size and attitudes. It also considers the effects of significant historical events, like wars and pandemics, on shaping cultural norms and individual priorities, leading to the observed differences in generational behaviors and attitudes towards family and life choices.

Takeaways

• 👵👴 The script discusses generational differences in family dynamics, noting that grandparents often married and had children at a young age, sometimes as early as 18, and had large families.
• 💍 Parents of the speaker married in their early 20s and had fewer children, usually three to five, compared to previous generations.
• 🏡 The speaker, at 28 years old, is considered late in starting a family and does not yet have children, reflecting a shift in attitudes towards family formation.
• 🌐 The concept of 'context' from Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems theory is introduced as a key factor influencing human development and the environment.
• 🧬 Biological factors such as genetics and sex are identified as contributors to similarities and differences within a generation.
• 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 The immediate environment, particularly family, school, and peers, is highlighted as having a direct influence on an individual's development.
• 🤝 The collaboration between institutions like family and school is emphasized for positive development, referring to this interaction as the microsystem.
• 🏢 The script touches on the exosystem, which includes indirect influences on child development, such as the workplace of parents.
• 🌟 Cultural values and priorities, especially the importance of family in Filipino culture, are discussed as significant factors affecting institutional development and, in turn, personal development.
• ⏳ The chronosystem, representing the influence of time and historical events on culture and development, is introduced to explain generational differences in attitudes and family structures.

Q & A

What is the main factor that causes generational differences according to the script?

The main factor causing generational differences is the context or change in context and environment of a person, as explained by Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems theory.

Why do people within the same generation have similarities despite their individual differences?

People within the same generation have similarities because of shared biological makeup, age, and cultural influences, despite their individual differences due to factors like family, peers, and personal experiences.

How does the immediate environment influence a person's development?

The immediate environment, which includes family, school, and peers, has a direct influence on a person's development because these institutions interact with the individual, shaping their attitudes and behaviors.

What is meant by the 'microsystem' in the context of human development?

The 'microsystem' refers to the immediate environment or the direct interactions between the developing person and their immediate surroundings, such as family, school, and peers.

What is the role of the 'mesosystem' in a person's development?

The 'mesosystem' refers to the interactions between the various microsystems or institutions that directly influence a person's development, such as the collaboration between family and school.

How does the workplace of parents indirectly affect a child's development?

The workplace of parents can indirectly affect a child's development by influencing the parents' behavior, stress levels, and the amount of time and resources they can devote to their child, which can spill over into the family environment.

What is the 'exosystem' and how does it relate to a person's development?

The 'exosystem' consists of institutions or groups that have an indirect effect on a person's development, such as the workplace of parents, which can influence family dynamics and parenting practices.

How does the 'macrosystem' influence a person's development?

The 'macrosystem' refers to the broader cultural and societal values and norms that can shape the development of institutions and, in turn, affect an individual's development, such as cultural attitudes towards family size and work-life balance.

What is the 'chronosystem' and how does it contribute to generational differences?

The 'chronosystem' is the influence of time or historical events on the development of individuals and society. It contributes to generational differences by affecting societal priorities and cultural values across different time periods.

How has the economic situation influenced family size and attitudes towards family across generations?

Economic situations have influenced family size and attitudes by affecting the resources and opportunities available to individuals. In times of economic prosperity, larger families were more feasible, while economic challenges led to smaller family sizes and different attitudes towards family planning.

What is the assignment given to the viewers at the end of the script?

The assignment given to the viewers is to reflect on how the 2020 pandemic affected the development of people at various stages of life, including children, teenagers, and college students, and to share their thoughts in the comment section.

Outlines

00:00

👵👴 Generational Differences in Family Formation

The speaker discusses the differences in family formation across generations. They mention that in the past, people would marry and start families at a young age, often having many children. As time progressed, the speaker notes that their own generation is marrying later and having fewer children, if any. The speaker ponders why there are generational differences in attitudes towards development and progress. They introduce the concept of context and change in context as key factors in human development, as proposed by Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems theory. The video aims to explore these differences in an episode of a human development series.

05:01

🌱 Biological and Environmental Influences on Development

This paragraph delves into the reasons for similarities and differences within a generation, emphasizing biological factors such as gender and age. The speaker explains that while biology plays a role, the environment, particularly the immediate environment, has a significant impact on development. They discuss the influence of family, school, and peers as part of the microsystem that directly affects an individual's development. The speaker also touches on the concept of institutions and how they can collaborate to improve development, such as schools working with parents to enhance their children's growth.

10:02

🏛️ Broader Systems Influencing Individual Development

The speaker expands on the influence of broader systems beyond the immediate environment, such as the workplace, which indirectly affects a child's development through its impact on parents. They introduce the exosystem, which refers to these indirect influences. The speaker discusses how cultural values and priorities, part of the macrosystem, can shape the development of institutions and, in turn, affect individuals. They also mention how historical events and time, the chronosystem, can lead to shifts in culture and priorities, which then influence the pace and attitudes towards life events like marriage and family formation across generations.

Keywords

💡Generational differences

Generational differences refer to the distinctions in attitudes, values, and behaviors between different age groups or generations. In the video, this concept is central to understanding how societal changes over time have influenced family dynamics and life choices. For instance, the speaker contrasts the family sizes and marriage patterns of grandparents' generation with those of their own, highlighting how economic conditions and cultural values have shaped these differences.

💡Bioecological systems theory

This theory, proposed by Urie Bronfenbrenner, posits that human development is influenced by multiple, interconnected systems of environmental influences. The video uses this theory to explain how changes in context and environment can alter a person's developmental trajectory. The speaker cites Bronfenbrenner's theory to discuss how various factors, from family to societal norms, contribute to generational shifts in attitudes towards marriage and family size.

💡Context

Context in this video refers to the circumstances or setting in which individuals develop and live their lives. It is a key factor in the bioecological systems theory and is used to explain why different generations might have different attitudes and behaviors. The speaker mentions that changes in context, such as economic shifts or cultural evolution, can lead to significant changes in how people approach life decisions like marriage and family planning.

💡Development

Development in the video is used to describe the growth and change in human beings over time, encompassing physical, cognitive, and social aspects. It is tied to the main theme as the speaker explores how different generations have different developmental experiences due to the varying contexts they live in. For example, the speaker discusses how economic conditions during one's upbringing can influence their developmental progress and life choices.

💡Attitude

Attitude in the video refers to the settled way of thinking or feeling about something, which can change over time and differs among generations. The speaker uses this term to discuss how attitudes towards family size and marriage have evolved across generations due to changes in societal context. For example, the speaker notes that their generation might have a different attitude towards family size due to economic pressures compared to their grandparents.

💡Family

Family is a central theme in the video, used to illustrate the influence of generational differences and environmental context on life choices. The speaker discusses how family dynamics, such as the number of children and the timing of marriage, have changed across generations. The video uses the family as a microcosm to explore broader societal changes and their impact on individual development.

💡Economics

Economics in the video is discussed as a significant factor influencing generational differences in family size and life choices. The speaker points out how economic conditions, such as job availability and financial stability, have historically affected decisions regarding marriage and family planning. For instance, economic prosperity might encourage larger family sizes, while economic hardship might lead to smaller families.

💡Cohort effects

Cohort effects refer to the influence of the time period in which a group of people are born and grow up, leading to shared experiences and attitudes. The video discusses how cohort effects can explain why different generations have different perspectives and behaviors. The speaker uses the example of how the economic conditions prevalent during the upbringing of different generations can lead to distinct cohort effects on their attitudes towards family and career.

💡Microsystem

The microsystem in Bronfenbrenner's theory, as mentioned in the video, refers to the immediate environment where development takes place, such as family, school, and peer groups. The speaker explains how the microsystem has a direct influence on an individual's development. For example, the speaker discusses how the collaboration between parents and schools (microsystem elements) can positively impact a child's development.

💡Exosystem

The exosystem in the video refers to external influences or institutions that do not directly interact with the developing person but can affect their environment, such as the workplace of parents. The speaker uses the concept of the exosystem to explain how indirect influences can have significant effects on development. For instance, the stress or dynamics of a parent's workplace can indirectly affect the family environment and thus the child's development.

💡Chronosystem

The chronosystem in the video represents the influence of time and historical context on development. The speaker uses this concept to explain generational differences by pointing out how significant historical events or changes over time can alter societal values and priorities, which in turn affect individual development. For example, the speaker discusses how economic shifts and cultural evolution over time have influenced attitudes towards family size across different generations.

Highlights

People in the past, like grandparents, often married and started families at a young age, sometimes as early as 18 or even younger.

They would typically have large families with 8 to 15 children.

Parents of the current generation married in their early 20s and had 3 to 5 children, which was common.

The speaker is 28 years old and married but has not yet had children, which is a contrast to peers who have started families.

Many peers in the same age group also do not have children or are not yet married.

The speaker discusses generational differences in attitudes towards family and development.

Biological factors such as genetics and sex influence individual development within a generation.

Environmental factors, particularly the family and immediate surroundings, play a significant role in shaping a person's development.

Institutions like family, school, and peers directly influence a person's development and can collaborate for better outcomes.

The concept of microsystem refers to the direct interactions between an individual and their immediate environment.

Different institutions can have varying influences on an individual, leading to diversity within a generation.

The workplace, as an indirect influence, can affect parents and consequently impact family dynamics and child development.

Cultural values and priorities can shift over time, affecting the development of institutions and individuals.

The concept of macrosystem refers to the broader cultural and societal influences that shape institutions.

Chronosystems describe how historical events and changes over time can alter cultural priorities and development.

Economic conditions and job availability in different eras influence family size and attitudes towards having children.

The speaker suggests that the pace of life and economic pressures have contributed to smaller family sizes and later marriages.

The theory of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems theory is used to explain generational differences.

The pandemic of 2020 is posed as a significant historical event that may have affected development across various life stages.

The speaker invites viewers to consider how the 2020 pandemic might have influenced child and adolescent development.

The importance of context in development is emphasized, highlighting that generational differences are a result of the time and environment in which people grow up.

Transcripts

Nong panahon ng mga lolo't lola ko eh

nag-aasawa sila at around the age of 18

years old minsan mas maaga pa nga don

and then pag gagawa na sila ng pamilya

eh around 8 or 9 or 10 or even 15 na mga

anak yung gagawin nila ' ba and then

eventually nung mga magulang ko na nung

sila na yung mga magiging magulang

Syempre eh Kinasal sira at around 21 22

23 no mga early 20s ' ba and then nung

gumawa na sila ng kanilang pamilya no

mga tatlo no apat at lima usually ganun

yung mga members ng family nung mga nasa

batch ko na ' ba and then ngayon na ako

na yung nasa age ng pagpapamilya eh

Medyo na late no nasa 28 years old lang

naman ako nung Kinasal na ako then yung

may ibang ka-batch ko halos kinakasal pa

lang din sila and then kung meron na

silang mga anak mga nasa isa or dalawa

lang ako in my case Wala pa akong anak

no ah and then marami rin sa mga

ka-batch ko yung mga wala pang anak let

alone wala pa ring asawa yung iba ' ba

So Bakit nagkaganun Bakit I mean Bakit

nagkaroon ng pagbabago sa facing ng

development or even sa attitude ng mga

tao Regarding sa developmental progress

nila as a human being So bakit may

generational differences to answer that

question In a simple sense It's all

about context ' ba sabi nga ni Yuri

bronfenbrenner sa kanyang theory of

bioecological systems theory context or

change in context and the environment of

a person can really change everything sa

development niya ngayon ang tanong is

Paano ba na

cha-chang pag-usapan natin ngayon sa isa

na namang episode ng human development

series at Ako si JP huwag na nating

patagalin Roll na natin yung

[Musika]

intro so before natin i-tag yyung

differences between Generation eh

pag-usapan muna natin kung bakit meron

bang pagkakaiba within Generation muna '

ba So bakit may diversity within

Generation and somehow kahit may

diversity ay may similarity pa rin sila

sa bawat isa Okay First reason kung

bakit nagkakaroon ng similarities or

differences between people in the same

Generation is because of biology ' ba So

sa biological makeup natin kasama diyan

yyung jeans kasama diyan yyung sex

kasama diyan yyung age ' ba So iba ang

development ng mga lalaki kumpara sa mga

babae iba din yung ugali or iba din yung

parang mga priorities ng mga 5 year old

kumpara sa mga 25 year old no ideally

dapat ganun kasi kung Gan parehas pa rin

kayo Ewan ko na lang ' ba yung mga yon

eh pwede silang magd talaga ng

differences among people but at the same

time dahil member tayo ng species na

homo sapiens eh Meron pa rin tayong

pagkakapareho sa bawat isa especially sa

mga taong malapit yung genes natin Like

for example yung mga kapatid natin ' ba

kung may kambal ka Okay so yung mga yan

magkakalapit tayo ng jeans o kaya naman

sa kapwa mo lalaki kapwa mo babae so

medyo may pagkakaparehas yung

development na gayon Especially if

nabubuhay kayo within the same age

kumbaga magka-batch kayo okay but of of

course Hindi lang naman biology

nagpapatakbo ng development natin

na-establish natin yan sa mga previous

videos natin So Iyung another Factor sa

development natin is yyung environment

especially Iyung immediate environment

natin ' ba So pag sinabing environment

ang automatic na naisip natin diyan is

yung family specifically yyung mga

parents kasi yyung mga parents sila

yyung una nating makaka-inspire

vice versa and then of course kasama din

sa immediate environment natin is yung

school no and even yung mga churches na

kalalakihan natin kasi majority of our

time no maliban sa time natin with

parents eh nagi-stay tayo sa school no

so yyung mga teachers no or even yyung

mga barkada yan kasama iyan sa mga

immediate environment natin and sila

yyung mga may direct influence sa atin

kasi literal natin sila nakaka-in

interact so therefore yung mga types of

institutions no tatawagan nating

institutions yung mga grupo ng tao na to

yung scho yung family and yung peers

yung churches So yung mga yan direkta

yung epekto nila sa atin So kung maganda

or maayos yung yyung influence na iyan

yyung family natin yyung school yyung

peers or yung church of course yung

development din natin is magkakaroon ng

positive na development and again vice

versa na naman Tapos dahil direct yyung

influence nila sa atin eh direct din

natin silang maiimpluwensyahan So merong

two way Street or two way relationship

na tinatawag so interaction na to

between the institution and the

developing person is tinatawag nating

micr system So yung mga institutions na'

they can do a collaboration No they can

collaborate with each other para mas

ma-develop ng maayos yyung development

ng isang tao so ' ba yyung sa mga school

iyung mga parents no nagpapa-api sila

wherein they will meet with the parents

and then pag-uusapan yung mga programs

pag-uusapan yung mga interventions na

pwedeng gawin no para mas ma-improve pa

yung development ng kanilang mga anak so

that is a collaboration between the

school which is an one institution and

then the family or The Parents which is

another institution na directly din

makakaapekto sa development ng bata So

yung tawag dito sa interaction between

microsystem na directly pa ring

mag-i-invest kung bakit pagkaiba ng

konti yung M development ng isang tao no

kumpara sa isang tao kasi they have

different parents ' ba they have

different cools they have different

peers and so on pero kahit ganon h naman

sobrang kakaiba no yung mga institutions

na kinabibilangan natin So This Would

explain why most of the time eh

magkakaparehas tayo ng mga ka-batch

natin ibig sabihin e kunyari yung mga

batch ko mga barkada ko medyo same kami

no ng facing ng development and even ng

attitudes Regarding sa development namin

as a person So In other words hindi nito

ma-explain Yung generational differences

na nakikita natin or napapansin natin

din sa mga ah nagdaang henerasyon ' ba

para ma-explain natin yung generational

differences na to eh pag-usapan natin

yung mga ibang system na indirect no

yyung influence sa developing ng person

but nonetheless may effect pa rin and

usually yyung effect na to is mas malaki

no and medyo detrimental kasi yung tao

mismo no yung developing person eh wala

siya masyadong control sa mga nangyayari

na

[Musika]

ito So may mga inss or mga factors o may

mga grupo ng tao na merong indirect

effect or influence sa development ng

isang bata for example yyung workplace

ng mga magulang so yyung workplace that

is an institution no pero hindi naman

naapektuhan directly ng workplace yyung

development ng isang bata kasi hindi

naman nagtatrabaho yung bata doun sa

workplace na iyon But still may effect

pa din kasi yung workplace na kung saan

nagtatrabaho yung magulang can influence

the magulang thems magulang the family

themselves ' ba So syempre p toxic yung

workplace ang tendency is mag Spill over

yun sa bahay so ang tendency is

madadamay yung bata o kaya naman ' ba

makikita natin na parang ah kulang na

yyung income ng isang magulang so

kailangan magtrabaho ng dalawang

magulang so imbes na may Stay at home na

parent eh ang tendency is parang yung

dalawa nagtatrabaho so nababawas yung

atten nababawas yung care nababawas yung

parang parenting na nangyayari doon sa

isang bahay so ang tawag sa interactions

between institutions no na may indirect

na effect sa development ng bata ay EXO

system Kaya nga medyo mahirap magkaroon

ng baby sa panahon ngayon kasi parang

dilema yan eh ' ba kung kung h ka

magtatrabaho hindi mo dadami yung

trabaho mo kulang yung pera pangtustos

but at the same time kung dadamihan mo

naman yung trabaho mo hindi mo malaga ng

maayos yung anak mo parang kahit anong

piliin mo parang talo ka ' ba and

usually dito sa Philippines ang

pina-prioritize natin is yung kapakanan

ng mga anak natin ' ba kasama yan sa

kultura ' ba Pamilya muna bago lahat

dito saip pipinas for better or for

worse so dahil nga dito sa Pilipinas may

kultura tayong ganon yung mga workplaces

natin is somehow ' ba ah napipilitan

silang gumawa ng policies na kung saan

parang ipa-prioritize natin yung mga

pamilya natin kaya nga yan Dumadami yung

mga work life balance sa chuchu no kaya

naman yung parang mga short and work

hours meron tayong mga maternal leave no

tapos yung bago paternal leave or

something like that ' ba So because of

that culture because of that value

system na meron tayo sa Filipino eh

Medyo nagkakaroon ng development sa mga

institutions na meron tayo so hindi lang

yan sa mga workplaces of course kasama

din yan sa mga schools kasi sa

Philippines ' ba ah Edukasyon ang

pinapamalas natin ng mga magulang natin

kasi hindi yun makukuha ng sino man So

nag papr din Iyung gobyerno sa education

natin ' ba So yyung mga iyan yyung

kultura yyung power ng culture can

really affect no the direction of the

development ng mga institutions natin in

in turn yung mga institutions na ion eh

directly din sila makaka-affect sa

development ng isang tao So yung tawag

dun sa power ng culture no to change the

direction of the development of

institution ay tinatawag nating macro

system The thing about culture is that

it's not Static It's very dynamic ibig

sabihin nagbabago iyan nag-evolve iyan

through time ' ba So usually yyung mga

Changes na to ay dala ng mga significant

historical events like mga gyera or

pandemya ' ba kasi yung mga events na

yan can really destroy re economy and

pag na- destroy ung economy of course

parang nagkakaroon ng shift no in

priorities yung mga tao within that

country so pag nagkaroon ng shift in

priorities no parang nagkakaroon din ng

shift in culture ' ba So ang tawag dito

sa power ng history or ng time no to

change the culture of a certain country

is tinatawag nating Chrono system from

the word chronos meaning time Okay so

Sabi nga nila Nothing is permanent but

change and this is also applicable sa

context of development ng mga tao within

that time frame so now going back don sa

question natin Bakit nga ba may

generational differences specifically

Bakit bumagal no yyung pacing of

development or yyung attitude ng mga tao

towards family as the Generation goes by

o So kung susundin natin yung theory ni

bronfenbrenner eh ang kasagutan ay nasa

chronos system so habang umaagos yung

panahon yung mundong kinagagalawan ng

mga tao eh nagbabago ' ba at yung

pagbabago na to eh malaki nagiging

epekto regard Regarding sa mga

priorities natin Regarding sa mga

attitudes natin no sa buhay in General

kasama dito Syempre yung pagpapakasal at

pagpapamilya and dahil naimpluwensya ng

chronos system ang lahat ng institution

na meron tayo eh therefore naapektuhan

niya din yyung development ng mga tao

Depende sa kung anong time or anong

point of history nandon yyung tao na

iyon so to apply this concept nung

panahon ng mga lolo't lola natin

kakatapos lang ng World War I so yung

mga magulang nila eh hindi nahihirapang

maghanap ng trabaho dahil nagre-refuel

lahat no maraming mga available na work

no and dahil maraming available na work

eh madaling pumasok yyung pera madaling

pumasok ng resources so hindi sila

discouraged na mag-anak ng marami ' ba

lalo na wala pang contraception non so

pag mag-aanak sila ng marami may bonus

pa na kapag lumaki sila a magtatrabaho

sila for the family sobrang lucki talaga

ng magiging family ng maraming tao

during that time and then nung panahon

na ng mga magulang namin para maging

magulang sila ' ba eh Medyo bumagal Ying

ekonomiya but still kaya pa naman

mag-sstay ng mga anak yun nga lang hindi

na kayang walo no Hindi na kayang 10 ah

apat maximum or lima maximum na yon and

para mas matustusan ng maigi yung mga

pamilya nila eh pumunta ng ibang bansa

yung mga ibang magulang ' ba kasi nga

parang dito sa Pilipinas eh

nagkakaubusan na ng trabaho and yung

available lang na trabaho eh sa ibang

bansa ' ba Syempre nagkaroon din ng

effect Yun ' ba imaginin mo para lang

mabuhay ung isang pamilya kailangan

mawalay nung isang magulang dun sa

pamilya niya no para lang mabuhay ung

lahat ng mga kakapatid so siguro no kami

nung lumalaki kami na na-in namin yun na

mahirap yung buhay ' ba so as much as

possible eh hindi na namin uulitin yung

ganung klaseng setup ng family tapos

nung kami na yung mga nasa age na ng

pagiging magulang eh yun meron kaming

attitude na ganon Regarding sa size ng

family tapos isama mo pa ung ah

Economics Ngayon na kung saan kailangan

tatlo ung trabaho mo para lang

matustusan ung sarili mo paano pa kaya

kung meron kang baby paano pa kaya kung

meron kang pamilya ' ba So ang nangyari

is hindi kami incentivize no na

mag-start ng Family or kung mag-start

man kami ng family is Maliit lang para

ma sustainable pa rin yung aming

situation ' ba So sa mga gen Ewan ko nga

' ba kung paano yung sa inyo Kayo ba

Anong plano niyo an lagay niyo sa

comment section okay

[Musika]

of course this is just an over

simplification no to illustrate the

point of the theory of bronfenbrenner

pero I think you get the point naman na

iba yyung mundong kinagagalawan ng mga

taong nabuhay nung 1930s kumpara sa mga

taong nabuhay ngayong 2024 hindi pa

natin sinasama diyan yung nangyari na

pandemya nung 2020 no so siguro yun yung

magiging assignment ninyo sa baba

palagay niyo Paano kaya naka nakaapekto

sa development ng mga tao at various

stages in life yung pandemic na nangyari

nung 2020 ' ba Anong nangyari sa mga

bata No nung 2020 an nangyari sa mga

teenager sa mga high school sa mga

senior high school nung 2020 or even

nung college ' ba So comment niyo sa

baba So kung ano palagay niyo yung para

naging effect non so ' ba sobrang dami

So In short yung context ng development

ng isang tao or yung time no kung saan

kung kailan siya nag-develop as a tao is

malaking effect talaga sa magiging p or

kind of development na meron siya So yan

ang mag-explain kung bakit merong

generational differences or Kilala din

sa tawag na cohort effects Okay so Ayan

napag-usapan natin Iyung bioecological

systems theory ni Yuri bronfenbrenner

and nasagot din natin yung tanong kung

bakit may generational differences ' ba

Sana nag may natutunan kayo and

nag-enjoy kayo kahit papaano no Hwag

niyo R kalimutang i-like at i-share niyo

na rin to sa mga gen niyong friends di

ba at Huwag niyong kalimutang mag

subscribe Thank you din sa mga members

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users click niyo lang yung link sa

description no no if ever mo mag-join

kayo meron din akong mga Perks na

binibigay ah para sa mga members natin

ngayon kung nagre-review kayo for RPM

board exams no yyung tier 3 membership

natin Ayan malaki pwedeng maitulong

niyan kasi meron tayong mga members only

content na kung saan nagde-decide

[Musika]