Fenomenologia: um trajeto de Husserl a Heidegger

Débora Inácia Ribeiro

19 Sept 202316:40

Summary

TLDRThis lecture explores the evolution of phenomenology from Edmund Husserl to Martin Heidegger, referencing 'Being and Time' and 'Authenticity of Being.' It discusses Husserl's aim to return to the essence of things through suspending judgment and focusing on phenomena as they present themselves. Heidegger diverges by emphasizing the temporality and movement of being, suggesting that phenomena can both reveal and conceal the sense of being. The lecture highlights the importance of hermeneutics in understanding and interpreting phenomena to uncover the true essence of existence.

Takeaways

📚 The lecture discusses phenomenology, tracing its trajectory from Husserl to Heidegger, with references to 'Being and Time' by Martin Heidegger and 'The Craftsmanship of Authenticity' by the lecturer.
👀 Husserl is noted as the founder of phenomenology, aiming to return to the 'things themselves' by observing phenomena as they present themselves to the investigator.
🚫 A key Husserlian concept is the 'epoché', which involves suspending judgment and preconceived notions to focus on the phenomenon itself.
🔍 The goal of Husserlian phenomenology is to liberate the gaze from pre-given conceptions and to fix it on the phenomena that appear.
🤔 Husserl's theory of knowledge proposes a relationship between the 'cogito' (the subject) and the 'cogitatum' (the object), termed 'intentionality'.
📉 Heidegger diverges from Husserl by arguing that temporal modifications themselves constitute the being of things, rather than seeking a stable essence in the being of things.
🕰️ Heidegger emphasizes that being can only be understood in the perspective of time, or the flow of its existence, rejecting the notion of a fixed essence.
🎭 Heidegger introduces the concept that phenomena can both reveal and conceal the sense of being, highlighting the importance of interpretation in phenomenology.
💡 The lecture stresses the importance of understanding whether a phenomenon reveals or conceals the sense of being, which is crucial for psychological interventions.
🔮 Heidegger's phenomenology is described as hermeneutic, emphasizing the need to interpret and comprehend phenomena to reveal the sense of being.

Q & A

What is the main theme of the lecture?
-The main theme of the lecture is phenomenology, focusing on the trajectory from Edmund Husserl to Martin Heidegger, with references to the books 'Being and Time' by Heidegger and 'Craftwork and Authenticity of Being' by the lecturer.
What is the central idea of phenomenology as proposed by Edmund Husserl?
-The central idea of phenomenology as proposed by Edmund Husserl is to 'return to the things themselves' by observing phenomena as they present themselves to the observer, without preconceived notions or judgments.
What does the term 'epoché' signify in the context of phenomenology?
-In phenomenology, 'epoché' refers to the suspension of judgment and preconceived notions to focus purely on the phenomenon as it appears to the observer.
How does Husserl define 'intentionality' in phenomenology?
-Husserl defines 'intentionality' as the relationship between the 'cogito' (the subject, the observer) and the 'cogitatum' (the object of observation), suggesting that consciousness is always directed towards an object.
What is the main divergence between Husserl's and Heidegger's views on phenomenology?
-The main divergence is that while Husserl seeks a stable essence in the being of things, Heidegger proposes that the temporal modifications themselves constitute the being of things, emphasizing the importance of existence and temporality.
How does Heidegger's approach to phenomenology differ from Husserl's?
-Heidegger's approach differs from Husserl's by focusing on the temporality and movement of existence, rather than seeking a fixed essence. Heidegger considers that phenomena can reveal or conceal the sense of being.
What is the role of 'hermeneutics' in Heidegger's phenomenology?
-In Heidegger's phenomenology, 'hermeneutics' is the task of interpreting and understanding phenomena, not just observing them. It emphasizes the need to interpret the phenomenon to reveal its meaning.
What does the term 'unveiling' mean in the context of Heidegger's phenomenology?
-In Heidegger's phenomenology, 'unveiling' refers to the process of revealing the true sense of being by removing the appearances that conceal it, allowing the phenomenon to be seen in its true essence.
How does the lecturer's own work relate to phenomenology?
-The lecturer's work relates to phenomenology by developing a research method based on phenomenology, as influenced by Husserl and Heidegger, and applying it to understand the authenticity of being and craftwork.
What is the significance of the temporal dimension in Heidegger's understanding of being?
-The temporal dimension is significant in Heidegger's understanding of being because it is through time and the flow of existence that the sense of being can be comprehended, rather than through a static essence.
What challenges does Heidegger's view of phenomenology pose for psychological research?
-Heidegger's view poses challenges for psychological research by emphasizing the need to understand not just the observable phenomena but also the concealed sense of being, which requires a deeper interpretive approach beyond surface appearances.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Phenomenology and its Development

The first paragraph introduces the theme of the lecture, which is phenomenology. It references the works of Martin Heidegger and the lecturer's own book, 'Work Craftsmanship and Authenticity of Being,' which is based on their doctoral thesis. The lecture aims to explore the trajectory of phenomenology from Edmund Husserl to Heidegger, focusing on the methodological development of phenomenology as a scientific approach and philosophical movement. Key concepts such as 'returning to the things themselves' and the importance of suspending judgment (epoché) to observe phenomena as they present themselves are discussed. The paragraph also touches on Husserl's concept of intentionality, which is the relationship between the subject (the observer) and the object (the observed).

05:02

🔍 Divergence in Phenomenological Thought: Husserl vs. Heidegger

The second paragraph delves into the differences between Husserl's and Heidegger's approaches to phenomenology. While Husserl sought a stable essence in the being of things, disregarding superficial appearances and temporal changes, Heidegger argued that these temporal modifications are what constitute the being of things. Heidegger's view emphasizes the temporality and flux of existence, suggesting that being is found in the flow of existing rather than in a fixed essence. This divergence is significant as it shifts the focus from a search for a static essence to an understanding of being as a dynamic process. The paragraph also mentions how Heidegger's philosophy critiques the Western philosophical tradition for forgetting the question of being and how his work aims to reclaim this investigation within the context of time.

10:03

🌟 Phenomena as Revealers and Concealers of Being

The third paragraph further discusses Heidegger's perspective on phenomena, which he sees as not only revealing but also potentially concealing the sense of being. Heidegger agrees with Husserl that phenomena are things that show themselves, but he adds that they can also appear in a way that hides their true being. This concept is crucial for psychology, as it suggests that initial appearances might obscure more fundamental aspects of a person's being. The paragraph introduces the term 'hermeneutics' to describe the interpretive work required in phenomenology, emphasizing that understanding phenomena involves not just observation but also interpretation to reveal the concealed sense of being.

15:05

🎓 Conclusion: Phenomenology as Unveiling the Sense of Being

The final paragraph concludes the lecture by summarizing Heidegger's view on phenomenology as the act of unveiling the sense of being. It explains that phenomenology is not just about making phenomena visible but also about interpreting them to understand their meaning. The term 'unveiling' is used to describe the process of removing the veil that conceals the true sense of being, allowing for a deeper understanding of the phenomena as they relate to the being of individuals. The lecture ends with a call for psychologists to embrace this approach to understand the sense of being as it is presented.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Phenomenology

Phenomenology is a philosophical movement that focuses on the study of structures of consciousness as experienced from the first-person point of view. In the context of the video, phenomenology is presented as a method to return to 'the things themselves,' aiming to observe phenomena as they present themselves to the investigator. It is used to explore the essence of things and the intentionality between the observer (cogito) and the observed (cogitatum).

💡Edmund Husserl

Edmund Husserl is considered the founder of phenomenology. The video script mentions him as establishing phenomenology as a scientific method and philosophical current. Husserl's approach to phenomenology is characterized by the 'epoché' or the suspension of judgment to focus on the phenomena as they appear without preconceived notions.

💡Intentionality

Intentionality refers to the concept that consciousness is always directed towards something, the object of consciousness. In the video, Husserl's notion of intentionality is discussed as the link between the subject (cogito) and the object (cogitatum), emphasizing that consciousness is always about something and is not an empty process but is filled with the content of the object it is aware of.

💡Epoché

Epoché is a term used in phenomenology to describe the suspension of judgment and preconceived ideas to purely observe phenomena as they present themselves. The video explains that to achieve a true understanding through phenomenology, one must practice epoché to bracket out any pre-existing knowledge and focus on the immediate experience of the phenomenon.

💡Martin Heidegger

Martin Heidegger is a philosopher who is discussed in the video as diverging from Husserl's approach to phenomenology. Heidegger's view emphasizes the temporality and being of phenomena, suggesting that the essence of things is not a static substance but a dynamic process of existence. Heidegger introduces the idea that phenomena can both reveal and conceal the sense of being.

💡Authenticity

Authenticity, as discussed in the video, relates to the concept of 'Dasein' in Heidegger's philosophy, which refers to the way humans exist and can understand their own being. Authenticity involves recognizing and embracing one's own temporality and potential for self-questioning, which contrasts with inauthentic existence where one fails to acknowledge their own agency and being.

💡Temporality

Temporality in the video refers to the idea that the essence of being is not a static state but a process that unfolds over time. Heidegger's philosophy emphasizes that understanding the being of phenomena requires considering their temporal nature, as existence is a continuous and dynamic process rather than a fixed substance.

💡Reduction

Reduction in phenomenology, as mentioned in the video, refers to the method of 'phenomenological reduction,' which involves setting aside presuppositions and theoretical interpretations to focus on the immediate experience of phenomena. This process is crucial for achieving a pure description of the phenomena as they present themselves to consciousness.

💡Dasein

Dasein is a term from Heidegger's philosophy that refers to human existence. In the video, Dasein is discussed in relation to authenticity and the capacity for self-awareness and self-reflection. It highlights the human condition as one of being-in-the-world and the potential for understanding one's own existence and the world.

💡Hermeneutics

Hermeneutics, as discussed in the video, is the theory and practice of interpretation, especially of texts. Heidegger introduces hermeneutics into phenomenology, suggesting that understanding phenomena involves not just observing but also interpreting and comprehending their meaning. This concept is crucial for phenomenological psychology, as it recognizes the need to interpret the phenomena that reveal or conceal the sense of being.

💡Unveiling

Unveiling in the context of the video refers to the process of revealing the true nature of phenomena, particularly the sense of being. It is associated with Heidegger's phenomenology, where the goal is to move beyond appearances to disclose the deeper essence of existence. Unveiling is akin to lifting a veil to expose what was previously hidden or obscured.

Highlights

Introduction to the theme of phenomenology, tracing the trajectory from Russell to Heidegger.

Reference to Martin Heidegger's 'Being and Time' and the author's own work 'Craftsmanship and Authenticity of Being'.

Explanation of Edmund Husserl's foundational work in phenomenology as a scientific method and philosophical movement.

The concept of 'going back to the things themselves' through phenomenology, emphasizing direct observation of phenomena.

The importance of suspending judgment (epoché) to observe phenomena as they present themselves.

Phenomenology's goal to liberate perception from preconceived notions and focus on the phenomena that appear.

Husserl's theory of knowledge proposing a relationship between the 'cogito' (observer) and the 'cogitatum' (the observed).

The concept of 'intentionality' as the link between the subject and the object of consciousness.

The phenomenological reduction as a method to bracket prior knowledge and focus on the phenomenon itself.

Husserl's pursuit of the 'absolute' or essence of things through intentionality.

Divergent views between Husserl and Heidegger on the concept of essence and the nature of being.

Heidegger's argument that temporal modifications are constitutive of the being of things, contrasting with Husserl's stable essence.

Heidegger's rejection of Husserl's essence and substance, emphasizing the dynamic nature of phenomena.

The introduction of the concept of 'hermeneutics' by Heidegger, emphasizing the interpretation of phenomena.

Heidegger's view that phenomenology should not only reveal phenomena but also interpret them to understand the sense of being.

The challenge in phenomenological research to distinguish whether a phenomenon reveals or conceals the sense of being.

Heidegger's concept of 'unveiling' as a way to expose the phenomenon and reveal its true sense of being.

The application of Heidegger's phenomenology in psychology to understand the sense of being presented by individuals.