Fenomenologia: um trajeto de Husserl a Heidegger

Summary

This lecture explores the evolution of phenomenology from Edmund Husserl to Martin Heidegger, referencing 'Being and Time' and 'Authenticity of Being.' It discusses Husserl's aim to return to the essence of things through suspending judgment and focusing on phenomena as they present themselves. Heidegger diverges by emphasizing the temporality and movement of being, suggesting that phenomena can both reveal and conceal the sense of being. The lecture highlights the importance of hermeneutics in understanding and interpreting phenomena to uncover the true essence of existence.

Takeaways

• 📚 The lecture discusses phenomenology, tracing its trajectory from Husserl to Heidegger, with references to 'Being and Time' by Martin Heidegger and 'The Craftsmanship of Authenticity' by the lecturer.
• 👀 Husserl is noted as the founder of phenomenology, aiming to return to the 'things themselves' by observing phenomena as they present themselves to the investigator.
• 🚫 A key Husserlian concept is the 'epoché', which involves suspending judgment and preconceived notions to focus on the phenomenon itself.
• 🔍 The goal of Husserlian phenomenology is to liberate the gaze from pre-given conceptions and to fix it on the phenomena that appear.
• 🤔 Husserl's theory of knowledge proposes a relationship between the 'cogito' (the subject) and the 'cogitatum' (the object), termed 'intentionality'.
• 📉 Heidegger diverges from Husserl by arguing that temporal modifications themselves constitute the being of things, rather than seeking a stable essence in the being of things.
• 🕰️ Heidegger emphasizes that being can only be understood in the perspective of time, or the flow of its existence, rejecting the notion of a fixed essence.
• 🎭 Heidegger introduces the concept that phenomena can both reveal and conceal the sense of being, highlighting the importance of interpretation in phenomenology.
• 💡 The lecture stresses the importance of understanding whether a phenomenon reveals or conceals the sense of being, which is crucial for psychological interventions.
• 🔮 Heidegger's phenomenology is described as hermeneutic, emphasizing the need to interpret and comprehend phenomena to reveal the sense of being.

Q & A

What is the main theme of the lecture?

The main theme of the lecture is phenomenology, focusing on the trajectory from Edmund Husserl to Martin Heidegger, with references to the books 'Being and Time' by Heidegger and 'Craftwork and Authenticity of Being' by the lecturer.

What is the central idea of phenomenology as proposed by Edmund Husserl?

The central idea of phenomenology as proposed by Edmund Husserl is to 'return to the things themselves' by observing phenomena as they present themselves to the observer, without preconceived notions or judgments.

What does the term 'epoché' signify in the context of phenomenology?

In phenomenology, 'epoché' refers to the suspension of judgment and preconceived notions to focus purely on the phenomenon as it appears to the observer.

How does Husserl define 'intentionality' in phenomenology?

Husserl defines 'intentionality' as the relationship between the 'cogito' (the subject, the observer) and the 'cogitatum' (the object of observation), suggesting that consciousness is always directed towards an object.

What is the main divergence between Husserl's and Heidegger's views on phenomenology?

The main divergence is that while Husserl seeks a stable essence in the being of things, Heidegger proposes that the temporal modifications themselves constitute the being of things, emphasizing the importance of existence and temporality.

How does Heidegger's approach to phenomenology differ from Husserl's?

Heidegger's approach differs from Husserl's by focusing on the temporality and movement of existence, rather than seeking a fixed essence. Heidegger considers that phenomena can reveal or conceal the sense of being.

What is the role of 'hermeneutics' in Heidegger's phenomenology?

In Heidegger's phenomenology, 'hermeneutics' is the task of interpreting and understanding phenomena, not just observing them. It emphasizes the need to interpret the phenomenon to reveal its meaning.

What does the term 'unveiling' mean in the context of Heidegger's phenomenology?

In Heidegger's phenomenology, 'unveiling' refers to the process of revealing the true sense of being by removing the appearances that conceal it, allowing the phenomenon to be seen in its true essence.

How does the lecturer's own work relate to phenomenology?

The lecturer's work relates to phenomenology by developing a research method based on phenomenology, as influenced by Husserl and Heidegger, and applying it to understand the authenticity of being and craftwork.

What is the significance of the temporal dimension in Heidegger's understanding of being?

The temporal dimension is significant in Heidegger's understanding of being because it is through time and the flow of existence that the sense of being can be comprehended, rather than through a static essence.

What challenges does Heidegger's view of phenomenology pose for psychological research?

Heidegger's view poses challenges for psychological research by emphasizing the need to understand not just the observable phenomena but also the concealed sense of being, which requires a deeper interpretive approach beyond surface appearances.