DNA-molekylens struktur och funktion (Biologi 1)

Magnus Ehinger
18 Aug 202109:49

Summary

TLDRThis educational video script delves into cellular genetics, focusing on DNA's structure and function. It explains proteins' role in the body, using alcohol dehydrogenase as an example. The script then details DNA's composition of nucleotides, including adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, and how they pair to form the double helix. It further discusses DNA's packaging within chromosomes and its replication process, emphasizing DNA's dual function: encoding proteins via transcription to mRNA and translation to proteins, and self-replication to pass genetic information, crucial for cell division and inheritance.

Takeaways

  • 🧬 DNA is the molecule responsible for storing genetic information in cells.
  • đŸ„Œ Proteins, like alcohol dehydrogenase, perform various functions within the body and are encoded by DNA.
  • 🔑 DNA is composed of nucleotides, which include a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
  • 🔑 There are four types of nitrogenous bases in DNA: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).
  • 🔄 The DNA molecule is double-stranded, with the two strands held together by complementary base pairing (A with T, C with G).
  • 🌀 DNA forms a double helix structure, resembling a twisted ladder.
  • đŸ§” In human cells, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes, each consisting of a long DNA molecule and associated proteins.
  • 🧰 DNA is tightly packed within the cell nucleus using proteins like histones, which help wind and organize it.
  • 📖 The segment of DNA that contains the information to make a protein is called a gene.
  • ✍ DNA serves two main functions: it carries the recipes for proteins and replicates itself to pass genetic information to new cells.
  • 🔄 DNA replication is possible because each strand of the DNA molecule can serve as a template for a new complementary strand.

Q & A

  • What is the primary function of proteins in our cells?

    -Proteins are very large molecules that perform various functions within the cell or the body, such as breaking down substances like alcohol in the liver.

  • How are proteins related to DNA molecules?

    -Proteins are related to DNA molecules because the information contained in DNA acts as a 'recipe' for proteins. The DNA molecule contains the instructions for building proteins.

  • What are nucleotides and how are they structured?

    -Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA, consisting of a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate group (denoted by 'P'), and a nitrogenous base. There are four types of nitrogenous bases in DNA: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).

  • What is the significance of the complementary base pairing in DNA?

    -Complementary base pairing is significant because adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine (G). This allows for the accurate replication of DNA, as each strand can serve as a template for a new complementary strand.

  • Describe the double helix structure of the DNA molecule.

    -The DNA molecule is a double helix, meaning it consists of two strands that are coiled around each other. The strands are held together by the complementary base pairing and are connected by a backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate groups.

  • How many chromosomes are there in human cells, and what are they made of?

    -There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in human cells. Each chromosome is made up of a long DNA molecule and proteins that help to package and organize the DNA.

  • What is the role of histones in DNA packaging during cell division?

    -Histones are proteins that help to package DNA during cell division. DNA wraps around histones, forming a structure that resembles beads on a string, which is then further compacted into a more complex structure known as a metaphase chromosome.

  • What is the process of DNA replication, and how does it occur?

    -DNA replication is the process by which a DNA molecule is copied. It occurs when the two strands of the DNA molecule separate, and each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand, resulting in two identical DNA molecules.

  • What is the role of mRNA in the process of protein synthesis?

    -mRNA (messenger RNA) plays a crucial role in protein synthesis. It is transcribed from DNA and carries the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes, where it is translated into a sequence of amino acids that form a protein.

  • How does the DNA molecule carry the 'recipes' for all the proteins in a cell?

    -The DNA molecule carries the 'recipes' for proteins by containing specific sequences of nucleotides, known as genes, which code for proteins. These genes are transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into proteins.

  • What are the two primary functions of the DNA molecule?

    -The two primary functions of the DNA molecule are to carry the 'recipes' for proteins by being transcribed into mRNA and then translated into proteins, and to replicate itself to pass genetic information to new cells during cell division.

Outlines

00:00

🧬 DNA Structure and Function

The script begins by introducing the topic of cell genetics or molecular genetics, emphasizing the importance of understanding the structure and function of DNA molecules. It starts with a discussion about proteins, using alcohol dehydrogenase as an example to illustrate their role in cells. The video then delves into how proteins are formed, hinting that the answer lies within the DNA molecule. DNA is described as a complex molecule that contains information akin to a 'recipe' for proteins. The video simplifies the complex structure of DNA by using building blocks to represent nucleotides, which are the basic units of DNA. It explains the components of nucleotides, including sugar molecules, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases, focusing on adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. The script also touches on the differences between DNA and RNA, highlighting the substitution of uracil for thymine in RNA. The video explains the complementary base pairing of adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine, which allows DNA to form a double helix structure. The description of DNA as a double helix is complemented by an illustration of how DNA molecules are packed within chromosomes and the role of histones in this process. The script concludes by emphasizing the length of DNA within human cells and the necessity for an efficient packing mechanism, which is achieved through the coiling of DNA around histones and the involvement of other structural proteins.

05:05

🔑 The Role of DNA in Protein Synthesis and Replication

This paragraph expands on the functions of DNA molecules, focusing on their role in protein synthesis and replication. It introduces the concept of a gene as a segment of DNA that contains the information necessary to produce a protein. The paragraph explains the process of transcription, where the genetic information from DNA is copied into mRNA, and translation, where the mRNA sequence is used to synthesize proteins. The video uses a simplified illustration to depict these processes, emphasizing the central dogma of molecular biology. Additionally, the script discusses DNA replication, illustrating how the complementary nature of the DNA strands allows each strand to serve as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. The video uses animations to demonstrate the separation of DNA strands and the subsequent formation of two identical DNA molecules. The paragraph concludes by summarizing the dual functions of DNA: to carry the blueprint for proteins and to replicate itself to pass on genetic information, which are essential for the cell's functions and inheritance.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Proteins

Proteins are large molecules that perform a vast array of functions within cells and the body. In the video, the example of alcohol dehydrogenase is given, which is a protein that breaks down alcohol in the liver. Proteins are crucial for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs. The script emphasizes that proteins are responsible for nearly all the activities within a cell, highlighting their central role in cellular processes.

💡DNA Molecule

The DNA molecule, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. It is composed of nucleotides and carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. The video script describes DNA as containing the 'recipes' for proteins, emphasizing its role as the repository of genetic information.

💡Nucleotides

Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and one of four types of nucleobases. In the script, the nucleotides are likened to puzzle pieces that fit together, with adenine (A) pairing with thymine (T) and cytosine (C) pairing with guanine (G) in DNA. Nucleotides are fundamental to understanding the structure of DNA and the process of replication.

💡Complementary Base Pairing

Complementary base pairing is a principle in molecular biology where two nucleotides form hydrogen bonds, allowing the DNA strands to pair up. In the video, it is explained that adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine (G). This principle is essential for DNA replication and the transmission of genetic information.

💡Double Helix

The double helix refers to the structure of the DNA molecule, which consists of two intertwined strands that form a helical shape. This iconic structure was described in the video as resembling a spiral staircase. The double helix is a key concept in understanding how DNA is organized and how it can be compactly stored within cells.

💡Chromosomes

Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain the genetic material DNA. In humans, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell, and each chromosome is made up of a single, very long DNA molecule. The video script mentions that DNA is incredibly long, with about two meters of DNA in each cell, necessitating an efficient packing mechanism.

💡Histones

Histones are proteins that play a crucial role in the packaging of DNA within the cell's nucleus. As described in the script, DNA wraps around histones, forming structures known as nucleosomes, which are likened to 'beads on a string.' This packing is essential for the efficient organization and compaction of DNA within the cell.

💡Gene

A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for producing a specific protein. In the video, genes are described as containing the information needed to make proteins, which are essential for various functions within the cell. The script explains that a gene is a section of DNA that 'codes for' a protein, highlighting the gene's role in determining the traits and characteristics of an organism.

💡Transcription

Transcription is the process by which the genetic information in DNA is copied into a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). The video script mentions that DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is a molecule similar to DNA. This process is a critical step in gene expression, as it allows the genetic information to be used to produce proteins.

💡Translation

Translation is the process by which the information in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins. The video script describes translation as the step where mRNA is 'translated' into proteins, which then carry out almost all cellular functions. This process is essential for converting the genetic code into functional proteins.

💡DNA Replication

DNA replication is the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules. The video script explains that DNA replication occurs because the two DNA strands are complementary, allowing each strand to serve as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. This process is essential for the transmission of genetic information during cell division.

Highlights

Introduction to the structure and function of DNA molecules in cell genetics and molecular genetics.

Discussion on proteins and their role in cells, exemplified by alcohol dehydrogenase.

Proteins are large molecules that perform various functions in the cell or body.

DNA molecules contain the information to form different proteins.

DNA is composed of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of genetic material.

Explanation of the structure of a nucleotide, including a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

DNA contains four types of nitrogenous bases: cytosine, thymine, adenine, and guanine.

RNA uses uracil instead of thymine, differing from DNA.

Nucleotides fit together like puzzle pieces, with adenine pairing with thymine and cytosine with guanine.

DNA is double-stranded, with each strand held together by a backbone of alternating phosphate and sugar.

DNA forms a double helix structure, resembling a spiral.

Human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, each consisting of a long DNA molecule and associated proteins.

DNA is extremely long, with approximately two meters of DNA in each cell.

DNA is efficiently packed using proteins called histones during cell division.

DNA and histones are coiled and packed even tighter by various structural proteins.

The X-shaped structure of DNA during cell division is called a mitotic chromosome.

DNA appears as a tangled mess in non-dividing cells, unlike the structured form seen during division.

A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the information needed to make a protein.

DNA functions include carrying protein recipes and replicating to pass on genetic information.

DNA replication is possible due to the complementary nature of the two DNA strands.

DNA can be copied as each strand serves as a template for a new complementary strand.

Proteins, including those involved in DNA replication, perform nearly all cellular functions.

Transcripts

play00:01

NÀr vi nu kommer in pÄ cellgenetik eller molekylÀrgenetik,

play00:04

sÄ mÄste vi börja med att prata om DNA-molekylens struktur och funktion.

play00:08

Men jag ska faktiskt börja med att prata om det hÀr, nÀmligen proteiner.

play00:12

HÀr har jag en liten videosnutt som visar ett typiskt protein som finns i vÄra celler.

play00:17

Just det hĂ€r rĂ„kar vara ett alkoholdehydrogenas – eller, pĂ„ vanlig svenska, ett protein som bryter ner alkohol i levern.

play00:25

Proteiner Àr alltsÄ mycket stora molekyler, och varje protein sköter nÄgon slags funktion i cellen eller i kroppen.

play00:33

Men hur bildas de olika proteinerna? Svaret, som vi kommer till alldeles strax, finns i DNA-molekylen!

play00:40

Vi skriver dÄ sÄhÀr, och det skriver du ocksÄ, att proteiner, de sköter nÀstan allt som sker i en cell.

play00:46

Men varifrÄn kommer proteinerna? Ja, det Àr ju det som Àr sjÀlva frÄgan!

play00:52

DĂ„ Ă€r det sĂ„hĂ€r, att DNA-molekylen, den innehĂ„ller information – man kan se det som en slags ”recept” pĂ„ proteiner.

play00:59

Men för att kunna förstÄ hur det gÄr till, mÄste vi först titta pÄ hur DNA-molekylen Àr uppbyggd.

play01:05

DNA-molekylen Àr uppbyggd av nukleotider. Nu tÀnker jag utgÄ frÄn att du inte har lÀst nÄgon organisk kemi Àn,

play01:11

sÄ just nu blir det bara med byggklossar, hur en nukleotid ser ut. Vi börjar med att rita en fyrkant hÀr,

play01:19

som fĂ„r förestĂ€lla en liten bit socker – eller rĂ€ttare sagt, en sockermolekyl eller sockerrest, som man hellre kallar den.

play01:26

PÄ den hÀr sockermolekylen sitter det en fosfatgrupp ocksÄ sÄhÀr.

play01:31

Vi skriver den med ett ”P” eftersom den kemiska formeln för fosfor Ă€r just ”P”.

play01:37

Kopplat till sockerresten sitter det ocksÄ nÄgot som kallas för en kvÀvebas.

play01:42

Det finns fem olika varianter av kvÀvebaser, men just nu tÀnker jag bara rita upp fyra av dem.

play01:47

Just den hĂ€r ska förestĂ€lla kvĂ€vebasen guanin, vilket förkortas med ett ”G”.

play01:52

LĂ€gg mĂ€rke till ocksĂ„ hur jag har ritat guaninresten lite rundad hĂ€r – det finns en sĂ€rskilt pedagogisk poĂ€ng med det!

play01:59

I DNA-molekylen finns det dÄ ytterligare tre andra kvÀvebaser, och det Àr cytosin, som jag ritar sÄhÀr,

play02:05

det Àr tymin, som jag ritar pÄ det hÀr sÀttet, och sÄ Àr det adenin, som ser ut sÄhÀr.

play02:11

Det hÀr Àr alltsÄ de fyra nukleotider som bygger upp DNA, men i RNA anvÀnds en femte kvÀvebas kallad uracil istÀllet för tymin.

play02:20

Men det pratar jag mer om i min videogenomgÄng om transkription.

play02:25

Den hÀr speciella formen som jag har gett nukleotiderna,

play02:28

det har jag gjort för att rent kemiskt passar nukleotiderna ihop med varandra som pusselbitar – pĂ„ det hĂ€r sĂ€ttet.

play02:35

Adenin och tymin kan alltid binda till varandra – det kallas att de basparar med varandra – liksom cytosin och guanin.

play02:44

HÀr har vi dÄ en liten snutt DNA, och vi kan bygga ut den lite, pÄ till exempel det hÀr sÀttet.

play02:48

Hela tiden Àr det sÄ att A basparar med T, och C basparar med G.

play02:54

Det du ska lÀgga mÀrke till hÀr dÄ Àr att DNA-molekylen blir dubbelstrÀngad.

play02:59

Vi har en strÀng hÀr uppe, i just det hÀr fallet med bara A och C, och sÄ ytterligare en strÀng hÀr nere,

play03:05

just den hÀr med bara T och G. Varje strÀng hÄlls samman med en sÄ kallad ryggrad med omvÀxlande fosfat och socker.

play03:16

DNA-molekylen Àr inte bara dubbelstrÀngad, den vrider sig ocksÄ som en slags spiral, som du kan se i den hÀr bilden.

play03:23

DĂ€rför sĂ€ger man ibland att DNA-molekylen Ă€r en dubbelhelix, efter det grekiska ordet ”helix” som betyder skruv eller spiral.

play03:32

I mÀnskliga celler finns det 23 par kromosomer,

play03:36

och varje kromosom bestÄr av en lÄng, lÄng DNA-molekyl plus proteiner som hÄller samman DNA-molekylen.

play03:42

Och nĂ€r jag sĂ€ger att DNA-molekylen Ă€r lĂ„ng, sĂ„ menar jag *mycket* lĂ„ng –

play03:47

i varje cell finns det motsvarande ungefÀr tvÄ meter DNA!

play03:52

DÄ förstÄr du att det mÄste finnas ett mycket effektivt sÀtt att packa DNA-molekylen pÄ, sÄ att det inte bara blir trassel av allt.

play04:00

NÀr cellen ska dela sig mÄste allt DNA packas mycket tÀtt, och det sker med hjÀlp av sÄna hÀr proteiner som kallas för histoner.

play04:07

DNA-molekylen viras tvĂ„ varv runt varje histon, sĂ„ att det blir lite grann som ”pĂ€rlor pĂ„ en trĂ„d”.

play04:14

DNA med histoner snurras upp och packas Ànnu tÀtare med hjÀlp av olika strukturproteiner,

play04:20

och för varje nivÄ vrids DNA-molekylen mer och mer om sig sjÀlv

play04:25

för att till slut bilda en struktur som ser ut ungefÀr som ett X, sÄhÀr.

play04:30

DÄ vill jag att du ska veta ocksÄ att den hÀr strukturen upptrÀder bara just nÀr cellen hÄller pÄ att dela sig,

play04:36

och dÀrför kallas den för en delningskromosom. Ibland ser man bilder i typ populÀrvetenskapliga tidskrifter eller tidningar

play04:43

dÀr varje cell innehÄller 46 sÄdana hÀr, men det Àr alltsÄ bara inför celldelning som det ser ut sÄhÀr.

play04:50

I vanliga fall ser DNA:t i cellen bara ut som ett enda stort trassel.

play04:55

Nu nÀr du vet lite mer om hur DNA-molekylen Àr uppbyggd,

play04:58

kan vi titta noggrannare pĂ„ hur det kan komma sig att DNA-molekylen bĂ€r pĂ„ ”recept” pĂ„ alla proteiner i en cell.

play05:05

Den hÀr bilden behöver du inte rita av igen, utan du ska snarare rita en lite lÀngre DNA-molekyl pÄ det hÀr sÀttet.

play05:11

Det hÀr ska alltsÄ förestÀlla en bit dubbelstrÀngat DNA,

play05:14

och alla ”stegpinnarna” som vi ritar i mitten hĂ€r, det ska förestĂ€lla de olika kvĂ€vebaserna.

play05:20

DĂ„ Ă€r det sĂ„hĂ€r, att ett visst utsnitt, eller en viss del av en DNA-molekyl som innehĂ„ller ett sĂ„nt hĂ€r ”recept”,

play05:27

det kallar vi för en gen. I genen finns alltsÄ den information som behövs för att göra ett protein.

play05:33

Det uttrycker man pÄ det hÀr sÀttet om man pratar biologiska, att en gen kodar för ett protein.

play05:40

AlltsĂ„, i genen hĂ€r sĂ„ finns det en viss ”kod”, som kan översĂ€ttas till protein.

play05:45

Just nu, i den hĂ€r videogenomgĂ„ngen, sĂ„ kommer jag inte att gĂ„ vidare in pĂ„ hur den koden ser ut –

play05:49

– det kommer i en senare videogenomgĂ„ng – utan vi ska bara fokusera pĂ„ det som Ă€r DNA-molekylens funktioner.

play05:56

Och hÀr har vi faktiskt den första av DNA-molekylens funktioner,

play05:59

och det Àr att informationen i en viss gen kodar för ett visst protein.

play06:05

Och nu ska vi rita en bild som förklarar precis vad DNA-molekylen har för funktioner.

play06:10

Vi gör en liten ruta hĂ€r som vi skriver ”DNA” i, och sĂ„ skriver vi sĂ„hĂ€r, att DNA, det transkriberas till mRNA.

play06:18

Det hĂ€r betyder att informationen som finns i en gen i DNA-molekylen, den mĂ„ste först skrivas om –

play06:25

– det Ă€r det "transkriberas" betyder – till mRNA. mRNA Ă€r en molekyl som Ă€r mycket lik DNA,

play06:32

och precis hur den dÀr transkriptionen gÄr till, det kommer jag att prata mer om i min videogenomgÄng om just transkription.

play06:39

SÄ informationen skrivs alltsÄ om till mRNA, och sen har vi den informationen i mRNA-molekylen istÀllet.

play06:47

NÀsta steg Àr att informationen ska översÀttas till protein,

play06:51

och det visar vi genom att dra en pil sÄhÀr, och skriva att mRNA translateras till protein.

play06:57

Och ”translatera”, det betyder just â€Ă¶versĂ€tta”, precis som ”translate” pĂ„ engelska.

play07:03

Proteiner i sin tur, de sköter som jag sa innan nÀstan alla cellens funktioner.

play07:08

SÄ dÀr har vi dÄ den första av DNA-molekylens funktioner.

play07:12

DNA-molekylen bÀr pÄ recept för proteiner genom att DNA-molekylen först transkriberas till mRNA,

play07:18

som sedan translateras till proteiner – som sköter nĂ€stan alla cellens funktioner.

play07:25

Men DNA-molekylen, den kan ocksĂ„ kopieras – eller replikeras, som vi sĂ€ger pĂ„ ”biologiska”. Hur gĂ„r det till dĂ„?

play07:33

Ja, titta Äterigen pÄ den hÀr lilla snutten DNA, sÄ ska jag först visa, och sedan ska vi skriva lite om hur det gÄr till.

play07:39

Nu blir det först lite animeringar, sÄ luta dig tillbaka och njut först, sÄ sÀger jag till nÀr det blir dags att anteckna igen.

play07:46

DÄ Àr det sÄhÀr, att DNA-molekylen kan kopieras tack vare att de tvÄ DNA-strÀngarna Àr komplementÀra till varandra.

play07:54

Vad betyder det? Jo, om vi separerar pĂ„ de tvĂ„ DNA-strĂ€ngarna – sĂ„hĂ€r – sĂ„ kan varje DNA-strĂ€ng vara mall för en ny strĂ€ng.

play08:05

Kolla pÄ vad som hÀnder hÀr nÀr jag lÄter nya nukleotider baspara med de tvÄ strÀngarna som Àr hÀr nu.

play08:11

Ser du att det nu bildas tvÄ identiska dubbelstrÀngade DNA-molekyler?

play08:15

Det Ă€r tack vare att A alltid basparar med T (och vice versa) – och att C alltid basparar med G (och vice versa).

play08:25

Nu har det blivit dags för dig att skriva lite i dina anteckningar ocksĂ„, sĂ„ vi skriver sĂ„hĂ€r, att DNA-molekylen kan kopieras –

play08:32

– eller replikeras, som sagt – och det sker genom att de tvĂ„ strĂ€ngarna i DNA-molekylen separeras frĂ„n varandra.

play08:39

DNA-molekylen blir dÄ enkelstrÀngad.

play08:43

NÀr DNA-molekylen Àr enkelstrÀngad,

play08:45

sÄ kan varje enkelstrÀngad DNA-molekyl fungera som mall för en ny DNA-strÀng.

play08:51

Och detta Àr alltsÄ tack vare att DNA-strÀngarna Àr komplementÀra till varandra!

play08:57

AlltsÄ: Tack vare att DNA-strÀngarna Àr komplementÀra till varandra,

play09:01

sÄ kan varje enkelstrÀngad DNA-molekyl funka som mall för en ny DNA-strÀng.

play09:07

Nu tar du och blÀddrar tillbaka till den hÀr bilden som vi började med innan, sÄ ska vi göra fÀrdigt den.

play09:12

Vi har redan DNA-molekylens ena funktion,

play09:15

nÀmligen att DNA innehÄller recept pÄ proteiner som först kan transkriberas till mRNA och sedan translateras till proteiner.

play09:23

Men nu lÀgger vi till den andra funktionen ocksÄ.

play09:26

Det Ă€r nĂ€mligen sĂ„ att en av alla de funktioner som proteinerna sköter i cellen, det Ă€r replikation – av DNA!

play09:34

SÄ dÄ har vi alltihopa hÀr nu dÄ:

play09:36

DNA-molekylen har tvÄ funktioner, nÀmligen att bÀra pÄ recept pÄ proteiner, och att föra arvet vidare genom att replikeras.

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Ähnliche Tags
DNA StructureMolecular GeneticsProtein FunctionCell BiologyBiological ProcessesGenetic CodeProtein SynthesisEducational VideoScientific AnimationBiotechnology
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