12 Intro to Biological Psychology
Summary
TLDRThis week's lecture focuses on biological psychology, exploring the central and peripheral nervous systems, and the brain's role in communication and behavior. It covers neuron functions, nervous system divisions, brain parts, and their functions. The lecture also delves into neurogenesis, long-term potentiation, neuroplasticity, and the endocrine system's function. It highlights the interdisciplinary nature of biopsychology and its growing popularity with advancements in technology like fMRI machines, emphasizing the study of how the brain and body chemistry influence our actions and thoughts.
Takeaways
- 🧠 Biological psychology, also known as biopsychology, physiological psychology, behavioral neuroscience, or psychobiology, is an interdisciplinary field that studies how the brain and other bodily aspects influence our behaviors, thoughts, and feelings.
- 🌐 The course will cover the central and peripheral nervous systems, the brain's structure and functions, and the communication between neurons.
- 🔬 Neurons are the fundamental units of the nervous system, with approximately 85 billion in the human brain, forming around 160 trillion connections.
- 💬 Neurons communicate information electrically through action potentials and chemically via neurotransmitters across a synapse, which is the space between two neurons.
- 📡 The three main parts of a neuron are the dendrites, which receive signals; the cell body or soma, which contains the nucleus and manufactures cell components; and the axon, which transmits signals to other neurons.
- 🔍 The lecture will also explore how psychologists study the brain, including historical methods and the use of modern technology like fMRI machines.
- 📈 Learning objectives include describing neuron parts and their functions, explaining neuron communication, detailing the nervous system divisions, locating and explaining brain parts, and understanding neurogenesis, long-term potentiation, and neuroplasticity.
- 🧪 Neurogenesis refers to the birth of new neurons, long-term potentiation to the strengthening of synapses, and neuroplasticity to the brain's ability to change and adapt throughout life.
- 🤔 The endocrine system's function and its interaction with the brain will be discussed, highlighting the body's hormonal communication and its impact on behavior and cognition.
- 📚 The course aims to provide a simplified yet comprehensive overview of biological psychology, making complex information accessible to students, especially those new to the subject.
Q & A
What is the main focus of the lecture on biological psychology?
-The lecture focuses on the central and peripheral nervous systems, the brain, neurons, and how they communicate. It also covers other body systems that interact with the brain and how they all function together.
What are the different terms used to refer to biopsychology?
-Biological psychology is also referred to as physiological psychology, behavioral neuroscience, psychobiology, and other similar names.
Why is the study of the brain and its functions considered a popular area in psychology?
-The study of the brain and its functions is popular because it's an interdisciplinary field that analyzes how the brain and other body aspects affect behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. The advent of new technologies like fMRI machines has made it an even hotter area of study.
How many neurons are estimated to be in the human brain?
-There are approximately 85 billion neurons in the human brain.
What is the role of neurons in communication within the body?
-Neurons are specialized for communication with other neurons and transmit information in electrical and chemical forms, allowing for tasks such as communication, movement, and information processing.
What are the three main parts of a neuron?
-The three main parts of a neuron are the dendrites, the cell body (also known as the soma), and the axon.
What is the function of the cell body in a neuron?
-The cell body, or soma, is the central region of the neuron that contains the nucleus and is responsible for manufacturing new cell components and helping repair or renew current cell components.
What is the primary role of the axon in a neuron?
-The axon is responsible for sending signals, specifically transmitting electrical signals to other neurons.
How do neurons receive information from other neurons?
-Neurons receive information from other neurons through their dendrites, which are branch-like extensions that connect with the axon terminals of other neurons.
What is a synapse and how does it relate to neuron communication?
-A synapse is the space between two connecting neurons where information is transmitted across from one neuron to another. It's the gap over which neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal and picked up by the dendrites of the next neuron.
What is the significance of the number of connections between neurons in the brain?
-The approximately 160 trillion connections between neurons in the brain highlight the complex network of communication that allows for the vast range of cognitive functions and behaviors.
Outlines
🧠 Introduction to Biological Psychology
This paragraph introduces the topic of biological psychology, which focuses on the central and peripheral nervous systems, the brain, and its various components. It discusses neurons, their communication, and the brain's functions. The lecture aims to cover these topics in a simplified manner due to time constraints, emphasizing the interdisciplinary nature of biopsychology. The field is highlighted as a popular and growing area in psychology, especially with advancements in technology like fMRI machines. The lecture also outlines learning objectives, such as understanding neuron parts, nervous system divisions, brain parts and their functions, neurogenesis, long-term potentiation, neuroplasticity, endocrine system functions, and the historical mapping of the brain.
🚀 Neurons and Their Communication
This paragraph delves into the structure and function of neurons, which are the fundamental units of the nervous system responsible for communication. It explains that neurons transmit information both electrically, through action potentials, and chemically, via neurotransmitters. The three main parts of a neuron are identified as dendrites, the cell body (or soma), and axons. Dendrites receive signals from other neurons, the cell body houses the nucleus and is involved in cell maintenance, and axons transmit signals to other neurons. The paragraph also introduces the concept of the synapse, the space between neurons where communication occurs, and how neurotransmitters are released from axon terminals to be received by dendrites of other neurons.
🔄 The Process of Neurotransmission
The final paragraph of the script uses an analogy to describe the process of neurotransmission. It likens the transfer of information between neurons to passing a letter from one person to another, emphasizing the non-direct connection between neurons through the synapse. The paragraph sets the stage for further discussion on how this electrical communication is facilitated in the next lecture video, hinting at the complexity of the topic and the importance of breaking down the information for better understanding.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Biological Psychology
💡Central Nervous System (CNS)
💡Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
💡Neurons
💡Synapse
💡Neurogenesis
💡Long-term Potentiation (LTP)
💡Neuroplasticity
💡Endocrine System
💡Brain Mapping
Highlights
Introduction to biological psychology, focusing on the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Exploration of the brain, including neurons and their communication methods.
Discussion on different parts of the brain and their functions.
Overview of how other body systems interact with the brain.
Simplification of complex topics for a one-week lecture series.
Emphasis on the importance of understanding the functions of brain parts, not just their names.
Introduction to key concepts like neurogenesis, long-term potentiation, and neuroplasticity.
Explanation of the endocrine system's function and its relation to the brain.
Historical perspective on how the brain has been mapped over time.
Definition of biopsychology and its interdisciplinary nature.
The impact of new technologies like fMRI on the field of biopsychology.
The popularity and interdisciplinary collaboration in the field of neuroscience.
Description of a neuron as a nerve cell specialized for communication.
Quantification of neurons and connections in the human brain.
Explanation of how neurons transmit information electrically and chemically.
Breakdown of a neuron into dendrites, cell body, and axons.
Function of the cell body in manufacturing and repairing cell components.
Role of the axon in sending electrical signals to other neurons.
Dendrites' function in receiving information from other neurons.
The process of signal transmission from axon terminals to dendrites via synapses.
Illustration of the synapse as a space for message transmission between neurons.
Anticipated continuation of the lecture series for deeper exploration of neuron communication.
Transcripts
hi
everyone this week we are going to talk
about biological psychology so
essentially what we're going to do is
we're going to talk about our central
nervous system we're going to talk about
our peripheral nervous system we're
going to talk in depth about the brain
and going from things like neurons and
how neurons communicate with one another
to talking about the different parts of
the brain and then we also talk about
some of the other systems in our body
that you know commun with the brain and
how it all
works now if you've taken like an
anatomy class or some sort of other
class where you've gone over this before
you might realize that not only is this
review but we're going to go over things
in a much more simplistic version that
you might have gotten in other classes
you know we only have one week to talk
about all of this you know it's a lot of
material especially for students who've
never really talked about this before in
other classes
so we're not going to go into all the
details that you might get in a
different class we're just going to kind
of Hit the highlights with that being
said we also will talk about you know
how psychologists specifically
biopsychologists focus on the brain you
know the like the endocrine system the
you know different nervous systems Etc
so let's get
started so we have several learning
objectives uh first to describe the
parts of the neuron including their
primary
functions to explain how neurons
communicate with each
other to describe the divisions of the
nervous
system to describe and locate the parts
of the
brain to explain the main functions of
the parts of the brain so you not you
know don't just have to be able to tell
me where the parts of the brain are you
know name them all you also need to be
able to tell me you know what they
actually do
to explain neurogenesis long-term
potentiation and
neuroplasticity to describe the function
of the endocrine system and then to
explain how the brain has been mapped
over time so basically how have
scientists studied the brain yeah we
know how they study it now or you might
know how they study it now but how do
they used to study it
Etc so in this
particular video we'll talk about you
know the definitions and then we'll
start talking a little bit about neurons
but first the definition so this is the
lecture on biological psychology and
biopsychology which is also referred to
as physiological psychology behavioral
Neuroscience psychobiology Etc there a
number of different names for
essentially the same area is an
interdisciplinary field where
researchers analyze how the brain and
other aspects of our body like
neurotransmitters and hormones affect
our behaviors thoughts and
feelings and this really is I don't say
it's an upand cominging area of
psychology because it's always been a
popular area of psychology uh but
especially getting into being able to
use newer technology like fmri machines
Etc um it definitely is a hot area in
Psychology um you know all the
Neuroscience stuff really is extremely
popular in Psych right now to the point
that other fields are kind of combining
with bioy you know specifically the
Neuroscience portion in order
to really do combinations of studies so
you have like cognitive Neuroscience or
social Neuroscience or social cognitive
Neuroscience where you have these other
fields that really don't talk about the
brain suddenly working with
neuroscientists in order to you know see
how you know a task is done to see what
areas of the brain light up when this
task is done or whatever the case may be
so looking at this combination of
fields now we're going to first talk
about a
neuron a neuron is a nerve cell in the
body and it's specialized for
communication with other nerve cells
with other
neurons
there are
approximately 85 billion neurons in our
brain and
approximately 160 trillion connections
between these neurons in the
brain so neurons essentially transmit
information so we can do a number of
tasks so we can communicate to one
another you know so we can talk so we
can move so we can process information
around us
Etc neurons communicate information in
electrical as well as chemical forms
electrical mainly through what's known
as an action potential we'll talk more
about that in a few lecture videos um
there are some neurons that release
essentially electrical information into
the synapse but most of them release
chemicals into the synapse if you have
no idea what a synapse is I will get
there in a second but essentially the
whole idea that neurons communicate this
information electrically in terms of
actually getting this information out
there um but the actual
Messengers uh those neurotransmitters
are
chemicals so when it comes to a neuron
there are essentially three parts you
have dendrites the cell body and
axons so let's actually start with the
cell body the cell body is also known as
the Som s o m a
Soma the cell body is the central region
of the
neuron and it contains the nucleus which
you can see right here in this
illustration so that's the
nucleus the cell body manufactures new
cell
components and can help repair or
sometimes as renew current cell
components now we also
have this axon axons can be pretty short
sometimes really short but they also can
be pretty long it just kind of depends
where they are in the
body so the axon is this long tail like
extension
and the axon is responsible for sending
signals so specifically sending those
electrical
signals so it can transmit information
to another
neuron so we have this
axon this part or is technically part of
the
axon and like said it's it's going to
transmit
information
through these areas of the axon look
into what they're actually called in a
minute and then on the other
side you would have another neuron here
with dendrites so dendroides which we
have over here on this
illustration are these Branch L
extensions that receive information from
other
neurons so the axon sends the signal it
transmits the information the dendroides
receive information from other
neurons now some neurons have just a few
dendric
branches others have numerous dendric
branches um and you know where you can
have a case where they're connecting
with hundreds if not thousands of
neurons now what ends up happening here
is that we end up having these signals
that are composed of
sacks
these sacks within these
signals travel the neuron to the end of
the axon and this is known as the axon
terminal so these little kind of areas
right here at the end of these branch
light extensions so you have the axon is
sending the signal to one of these axon
Terminals and when they reach the end of
this aent terminal as long as this whole
process is done in a way it's supposed
to we'll go over that when we talk about
Action potentials then neuron then EXC
me neurotransmitters are
released and then those
neurotransmitters can be picked up by
dendroides for another neuron
so let me explain it a different way
here so we have our cell nucleus we have
our cell
body technically we would have more uh
dendrites over here but you know just
for this illustration we have this
accent it's taking this information it's
going to take it to one of these accent
Terminals and then in between an accent
terminal and then the dendroides for the
next neuron we have what's known as a
synapse a synapse is just a space
between two connecting
neurons so these messages are
transmitted through synapse or across
the synapse from one neuron to
another so this might be a silly way of
illustrating it but it's kind of like if
you take a piece of information from
like your left hand move it to your
right hand and then give it to someone
else uh and they receive it with their
left hand so it's going to you know
you're taking this information from
someone else you grab this letter in
your left hand you move it across your
body to your right hand and then you
hand off that letter or that envelope or
whatever it is to someone else and they
grab it with their left hand now
technically we have the synapse in terms
of this space we're not directly
connecting these two neurons in any way
like we would if we were actually
pantsing an envelope to someone else but
it's a very similar
process now we'll talk more about how
this actually works because like I said
this is done
electrically uh in the next lecture
video so I am going to make sure I break
up these lecture videos because we are
going over a lot of information and I
know for some of you this is kind of
complicated information so we will talk
about how this all works in the next
lecture video
yeah
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