Arkitekturang Filipino - Philippine Vernacular Architecture

Summary

Philippine architecture showcases a diverse range of styles influenced by its rich history and cultural heritage. From early cave dwellings to sophisticated defensive structures, the evolution of Filipino architecture reflects a deep connection with nature and the environment. The bahay Kubo, a raised wooden structure with a pitched roof, exemplifies the country's vernacular architecture. Influenced by the Austronesian building heritage, it varies in materials and design across different regions, adapting to local ecology and cultural practices. The introduction of new building techniques, such as lime processing, and the influence of Spanish and Islamic cultures have further enriched the architectural landscape, creating a unique blend of traditional and modern styles.

Takeaways

• 🏞️ Philippine architecture showcases a diverse range of expressions, forms, types, styles, and periods.
• 🌿 Early Filipinos utilized caves as a natural refuge against harsh weather conditions.
• 🏡 The first architectural revolution involved the creation of simple shelters like lean-tos and treehouses.
• 🌐 Vernacular architecture in the Philippines is deeply rooted in the greater Austronesian building heritage.
• 🏠 The archetypal house, or 'bahay kubo,' is characterized by a raised wooden structure, pitched roof, and decorative gable finials.
• 🏞️ Ifugao houses are known for their distinctive circular rat guards, while Marinduque houses rest on stout posts.
• 🌊 Houses built on the seabed, like the Bajau houses, are supported by slender posts or stilts to adapt to the marine environment.
• 🏰 The introduction of lime processing in the 18th century by Spanish colonists enabled the construction of stone and mortar houses, known as 'bahay na bato'.
• ❄️ Mountain province houses are designed to protect against cold weather and are built in relation to the mountainous terrain.
• 🕌 The spread of Islam in the southern Philippines led to the development of mosques with distinct architectural styles, such as the multi-layered roof of the Tawi-Tawi mosque.
• 🛶 The Sulu and Mindanao regions have developed unique naval architecture, including houseboats that serve as both homes and fishing boats.

Q & A

What is the primary influence on Philippine architecture?

Philippine architecture is primarily influenced by its Austronesian heritage, which is characterized by a waterborne lifestyle and a strong allegiance to the greater Austronesian building tradition.

What is the significance of the petroglyphs in a rock shelter in Angono?

The petroglyphs in a rock shelter in Angono provide evidence of ancient Filipinos' efforts to embellish their habitations, indicating early expressions of Philippine architecture.

How did early Filipinos adapt to the environment before developing sophisticated architecture?

Early Filipinos adapted to the environment by using caves as refuges and places of dwelling, which were defenseless against the elements but served as a starting point for architectural development.

What is the architectural significance of the treehouse in the context of Philippine architecture?

The treehouse represents an early form of shelter fashioned from nature, constructed around or among tree trunks or branches, and is part of the first architectural revolution initiated by the ancestors of Filipinos.

What is the prototypical bahay Kubo and how is it constructed?

The prototypical bahay Kubo is a raised wooden structure with a pitched roof and decorative gable finials, usually built with wooden posts as its framework, and is a quintessential example of vernacular architecture in the Philippines.

How do the architectural designs of houses in the mountain province differ from those in the lowlands?

Vernacular houses in the mountain province are designed to shield from cold weather and are often closed to protect from the elements, while lowland dwellings are open for light and ventilation, exemplified by the bahay Kubo.

What role did the introduction of lime processing play in the development of Philippine architecture?

The introduction of lime processing in the 18th century by Spanish colonists allowed Filipinos to construct more familiar houses made of stone and mortar, known as Cal a condo, which marked a significant advancement in building techniques.

How has the religion of Islam influenced architecture in the southern Philippines?

Islam has influenced the architecture in the southern Philippines by introducing the mosque, a permanent and distinct architectural form required for congregational worship, which is evident in structures like the Golden Mosque in Quiapo, Manila.

What are the three categories of vernacular architecture among Muslim societies in the southern Philippines?

The three categories of vernacular architecture among Muslim societies in the southern Philippines are land-based stilted dwellings, oceanic stilt dwellings, and houseboats, which reflect the region's terrestrial and naval architectural influences.

How does the ecology of the vicinity affect the construction of the bahay Kubo?

The ecology of the vicinity influences the construction of the bahay Kubo by determining the types of botanic materials used, primarily bamboo and thatch, which are adapted to the local environment and resources.

What is the significance of vernacular architecture in the Philippines today?

Vernacular architecture remains an omnipresent building practice in the Philippines and is an accessible architectural idiom to the majority of Filipinos, reflecting the country's indigenous, folk, tribal, ethnic, and traditional architectural traditions.

Outlines

00:00

🏰 Philippine Architectural Evolution

Philippine architecture showcases a diverse range of expressions, forms, types, styles, and periods. Early Filipinos utilized caves for shelter and adorned them with petroglyphs. The development of stone tools led to the creation of temporary shelters like lean-tos and treehouses. The Southeast Asian cultures, including the Philippines, share a common Austronesian ancestry, which is reflected in their vernacular architecture. The archetypal house in the Philippines is a raised wooden structure with a pitched roof and decorative gable finials. Different regional houses, such as the Ifugao house with its circular rat guards and the Marinduque house on stout posts, demonstrate variations in architectural styles. The bahay Kubo is a typical house built with wooden posts and is constructed from various botanic materials like bamboo and thatch. Spanish colonists introduced lime processing, enabling the construction of stone and mortar houses known as Cal a condo. In the mountain province, houses are designed to shield from cold weather, while lowland dwellings prioritize light and ventilation. The architecture also adapts to religious and political structures, as seen in the resistance of Mindanao's people against Spanish rule and the influence of Islam on architectural styles, such as the mosque.

05:03

🕌 Islamic Influence on Southern Philippine Architecture

The southern Philippines, with its strong Islamic influence, has developed a unique architectural style characterized by mosques, which are essential for congregational worship in Islam. The oldest standing mosque in the country is found in Tawi-Tawi, featuring a multi-layered roof reminiscent of pagoda styles. Later mosques adopted styles similar to Middle Eastern models, such as the Golden Mosque in Quiapo, Manila, which combines modern design with traditional elements like gilded domes and colorful patterns. The region's geography has also influenced both terrestrial and naval architecture, including the construction of houses and boats. The vernacular architecture of the southern Philippines is categorized into three types: land-based stilted dwellings, oceanic stilt dwellings built over the sea, and houseboats that serve as both homes and fishing vessels. This architectural tradition is deeply rooted in the local culture and remains a prevalent building practice among the diverse ethno-linguistic societies in the Philippines.

Keywords

💡Philippine Architecture

Philippine Architecture refers to the diverse architectural styles and traditions that have developed in the Philippines over time. It encompasses a wide range of expressions, forms, types, and periods, reflecting the country's rich cultural heritage and history. In the video, this term is central to understanding the various ways Filipinos have adapted their living spaces to their environment and needs, from early cave dwellings to modern structures.

💡Austronesian

Austronesian refers to the family of languages spoken across a large area of Asia and the Pacific, including the Philippines. The script mentions that the cultures of Southeast Asia, including the Philippines, have descended from a common Austronesian ancestry. This linguistic connection has influenced the architectural styles in the region, with vernacular architecture in the Philippines showing a strong allegiance to the greater Austronesian building heritage.

💡Bahay Kubo

Bahay Kubo is a traditional Filipino house design, often associated with rural and vernacular architecture. The term is used in the script to describe a prototypical house built with wooden posts as its framework, elevated on posts, and featuring a pitched roof and decorative gable finials. This type of house is an example of how Filipinos have adapted their architecture to local materials and environmental conditions.

💡Vernacular Architecture

Vernacular architecture denotes indigenous, folk, tribal, ethnic, or traditional architecture that is native to a particular region or culture. In the context of the video, vernacular architecture is highlighted as an omnipresent building practice in the Philippines, reflecting the diverse ethno-linguistic societies and their traditions. It is characterized by the use of local materials and construction techniques that are adapted to the local environment and cultural practices.

💡Ifugao House

The Ifugao House is a specific type of traditional Filipino architecture, distinctive for its circular rat guards and being both a granary and a home. The script mentions this as an example of how different ethnic groups in the Philippines have developed unique architectural solutions to suit their needs and the local environment, showcasing the diversity within Philippine architecture.

💡Cal a Condo

Cal a Condo refers to a type of house made of stone and mortar, which was introduced to the Philippines by Spanish colonists in the 18th century. The script uses this term to illustrate how external influences, such as colonization, have contributed to the evolution of Philippine architecture, leading to the construction of more permanent and durable structures.

💡Mosque

A mosque is a place of worship for followers of Islam. The script discusses the influence of Islam on the architectural landscape of the southern Philippines, where the construction of mosques became necessary due to the religion's requirements for congregational worship. The oldest standing mosque in the Philippines is mentioned, highlighting the adaptation of architectural styles to local contexts while maintaining functional and religious purposes.

💡Stilt Houses

Stilt houses are a type of architecture where the structure is elevated on posts or stilts above the ground. The script mentions various forms of stilt houses in the Philippines, such as land-based, oceanic, and houseboats, which are adapted to different geographical features and lifestyles. These structures are designed to withstand severe weather conditions and to facilitate a waterborne lifestyle.

💡Bajau Houses

Bajau Houses are a specific type of stilt dwelling built by the Bajau people, who are part of the Austronesian lineage. As mentioned in the script, these houses are built on slender posts or stilts and are designed to withstand storms and sea sprays. They are an example of how architecture can be adapted to the needs of a seafaring community.

💡Ethno-Linguistic Societies

Ethno-linguistic societies refer to social groups that share a common culture and language. The script discusses how the vernacular architectural tradition in the Philippines is influenced by the various ethno-linguistic societies present in the country. Each society has its own unique architectural styles and practices, contributing to the rich tapestry of Philippine architecture.

💡Architectural Revolution

The term 'architectural revolution' in the script refers to significant changes or advancements in architectural practices and designs. It is used to describe the transition from early cave dwellings to the development of more sophisticated structures, such as the lean-to and treehouse, which were made possible by the invention of stone tools. This revolution represents a key development in the evolution of Philippine architecture.

Highlights

Philippine architecture is diverse, reflecting various expressions, forms, types, styles, and periods.

Early Filipinos used caves as a refuge against natural elements, with evidence from petroglyphs in Angono.

The mountaintop citadels of Sagada are an example of early defensive engineering.

The first architectural revolution was marked by the invention of stone tools, leading to the creation of shelters like lean-tos and treehouses.

Southeast Asian cultures, including the Philippines, share a common ancestry with the Austronesian language family.

The archetypal house in the Philippines is a raised wooden structure with a pitched roof and gable finials.

The Ifugao house is distinctive for its circular rat guards, while the Maranao rogen stands on stout posts.

Bajau houses are built on the seabed, with slender posts or stilts and cross cable finials.

The introduction of lime processing by Spanish colonists in the 18th century allowed for the construction of stone and mortar houses.

Mountain province houses are designed to shield from cold weather and are built in relation to mountain terrain.

Lowland vernacular dwellings, like the bahay Kubo, are open for light and ventilation, constructed from various botanic materials.

The Spanish empire's attempts to dominate Mindanao were resisted by the Islamic political structure.

The oldest standing mosque in the Philippines is found in Tawi-Tawi, featuring a multi-layered roof of pagoda style.

The Golden Mosque in Quiapo, Manila, combines modern mosque design with stylized and colorful patterns.

The Sulu and Mindanao regions have encouraged the development of both terrestrial and naval architecture.

Vernacular architecture in the Philippines is an accessible and omnipresent building practice among different ethno-linguistic societies.

Transcripts

[Music]

philippine architecture covers a myriad

of expressions forms types styles and

periods its primeval expression recited

in nature for the early Filipinos who

were defenseless before the violence of

wind and rain the cave was a refuge a

place of dwelling the petroglyphs in a

rock shelter in an gonna resolve

provides evidence of the ancient

Filipinos effort to embellish his

habitation while the mountaintop

Citadel's of savvy Duke botanist there's

a testimony to sophisticated defensive

engineering of the early givataim

settlers emerging from the caves our

ancestors initiated the first

architectural revolution with the

invention of stone tools for cutting

fibrous materials compliance this helped

develop the lean-to a temporary tent

like shelter made of wooden skeleton and

vegetated or animal skin the treehouse

was another shelter fashioned from

nature constructed around next to or

among the trunk or branches of one or

more mature trees while above-ground

they're usually found in areas for

violent inter tribal conflict anak

toriel raid are frequent

the cultures of Southeast Asia have

descended from a common ancestry based

on affiliation with the Austronesian

family of languages its culture is

characterized by a waterborne lifestyle

vernacular architecture in the

Philippines professes a strong

allegiance to a greater Austronesian

building heritage for the archetypal

house consists of an architectural

system of a raised wooden structure

elevated on posts with attached pitch

roof and decorative gable finials the

prototypical bahay Kubo is usually built

with wooden posts as its framework the

four posts of the ifugao house which is

both granary and home is distinctive for

circular rat guards while the Marin out

rogen stands on stout blog posts resting

or round stones houses built on the

seabed like the Bajau houses are raced

on slender posts or stilts cross cable

finials which hold the rafters together

at the ridge or an ever-present feature

of Southeast Asian roofs in the moon

soon beaten botanist Islands the

dwellings are designed and built to

withstand the battering of the most

severe of storms sea sprays and

earthquakes with knowledge of processing

lime for building that was introduced in

the 18th century by Spanish colonists

the evidence are able to construct their

more familiar house made of stone and

mortar known as Cal a condo in the

altitudes of the mountain province the

vernacular houses were designed

primarily to shield from the cold

weather and designed in relation to the

terrain of the mountains

while lowland vernacular dwellings were

open to light and ventilation a typology

best embodied by the bahay Kubo

depending on the ecology of the vicinity

the bahay Kubo may be constructed from

various kinds of botanic materials

primarily of bamboo and thatch the

Spanish empires attempts to bring

Mindanao under its Dominion were

continuously foiled by its people who

were consolidated by the religion and

political structure of Islam a religion

based on congregational worship which

requires a permanent and distinct

architecture called the mosque the

oldest standing mosque in the

Philippines found in two big ending on

si Moodle Islands tawi-tawi is a

prototype of the multi-layered roof of

the pagoda style mosque later mosques

were rendered in a style approximating

Middle Eastern models the golden Mosque

in Quiapo Manila notable for its gilded

dome combines modern mosque design with

stylized and colorful Murano aakhir

patterns the geographic features of Sulu

and Mindanao have encouraged both

terrestrial and naval architecture such

as the salmon The Tao suit Thea conned

and the Bajau descending from the

Austronesian lineage the houses and

different muslim societies in the

southern Philippines are categorized

into three land-based stilted dwellings

situated along the shoreline oceanic

stilt dwellings built completely over

the sea and entirely detached from the

shoreline and the houseboat which is

both home and fishing boat vernacular

architecture is a broad category

denoting indigenous folk tribal ethnic

or traditional architecture found among

the different ethno-linguistic societies

in the Philippines undeniably the

vernacular architectural tradition is an

omnipresent building practice in the

country and remains an accessible

architectural idiom to the majority of

Filipinos