Forensics: Fingerprints - Loops, Arches, and Whorls
Summary
TLDRThis video script introduces a three-part series on fingerprint analysis. It begins by defining fingerprints and their unique characteristics, emphasizing that no two are alike. The script outlines the three governing principles of fingerprints: individuality, permanence, and classifiable ridge patterns. It then categorizes fingerprints into primary, secondary, and tertiary classifications, focusing on the eight general patterns: two loops, two arches, and four whorls. The video promises to teach viewers how to identify these patterns, commit them to memory, and distinguish between minutiae in subsequent installments.
Takeaways
- 😀 The video introduces a double loop whirl fingerprint and explains there are eight general fingerprint patterns.
- 📚 The video is the first part of a three-part series, teaching fingerprint identification, classification, and minutiae comprehension.
- 🔍 There are three governing principles of fingerprints: uniqueness, permanence, and classification based on ridge patterns.
- 🔗 Fingerprints are classified into three main categories: loops, arches, and whorls, with loops being the most common (60%), arches least common (5%), and whorls at 35%.
- 🖐️ Loops are classified as either ulnar loops (towards the pinky) or radial loops (towards the thumb) based on the bone they point to, ulna or radius.
- 🏞️ Arches are simpler patterns, with two subtypes: plain arches (gradual curve) and tented arches (sharp peaks). Arches lack deltas and typelines.
- 🌪️ Whorls include four types: plain whorls, central pocket loop whorls, double loop whorls, and accidental whorls. All whorls have at least two deltas.
- 🔑 Ridge characteristics (minutiae) such as ridge endings, bifurcations, and islands are used for secondary classification.
- 🧠 Tertiary classification involves sweat pore placement, which can be used for more precise fingerprint matching.
- 📊 The second and third videos in the series will cover how to lift fingerprints, identify minutiae, and test comprehension through quizzes and practical examples.
Q & A
What is a double loop whirl fingerprint?
-A double loop whirl fingerprint is a specific type of fingerprint pattern characterized by having two deltas and two cores that appear to swirl in a yin-yang fashion.
What are the three governing principles of fingerprints?
-The three governing principles of fingerprints are individuality, permanence, and classifiability. Individuality means no two fingerprints are the same, permanence indicates fingerprints remain unchanged from six months after conception until death, and classifiability means fingerprints have ridge patterns that can be systematically classified.
What are the three types of classifications for fingerprints?
-The three types of classifications for fingerprints are primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary classifications include general patterns such as loops, arches, and whorls. Secondary classifications are minutiae or ridge characteristics like ridge endings, lakes, islands, and bifurcations. Tertiary classifications involve sweat pore placements.
What is the difference between an ulnar loop and a radial loop?
-An ulnar loop is a fingerprint pattern where the ridges enter and exit towards the pinky finger side, while a radial loop has ridges entering and exiting towards the thumb side.
How can you remember the difference between ulnar and radial loops?
-To remember the difference, note that 'ulnar' starts with 'u' and is closer to the pinky finger, which is associated with the ulna bone. 'Radial' is associated with the thumb side, which is on the radius bone of the hand.
What are the characteristics of a plain arch fingerprint?
-A plain arch fingerprint is characterized by ridges that enter the pattern area and exit in a gradual, non-curved manner, without any deltas or type lines.
How do you identify a tented arch fingerprint?
-A tented arch fingerprint is identified by its sharp, pointed pattern where the ridges enter and exit the pattern area in a dramatic, upward and downward motion, without any deltas or type lines.
What is a plane whirl fingerprint, and how is it distinguished from other whorl patterns?
-A plane whirl fingerprint is identified by having at least one ridge pattern that goes around in a full circle and crosses a line drawn between two deltas, then returns on the other side of the line.
What are the features of a central pocket loop whorl fingerprint?
-A central pocket loop whorl fingerprint has two deltas and ridge patterns that circle around but do not cross a line drawn between the deltas and return on the other side.
How is an accidental whorl fingerprint defined?
-An accidental whorl fingerprint is defined by the presence of two or more different types of patterns within the fingerprint or by not following the rules of other whorl patterns.
What is the significance of deltas in fingerprint classification?
-Deltas are significant in fingerprint classification as they help identify the type of pattern. Loops have one delta, arches have none, and whorls have at least two deltas.
Outlines
👁️🗨️ Introduction to Fingerprint Patterns
The video script begins with an introduction to fingerprint analysis, focusing on the unique characteristics of fingerprints. The speaker outlines a three-part series, with the first part detailing the eight general fingerprint patterns. The video promises to teach viewers how to identify these patterns, organize them, and commit them to memory. The second part will cover the lifting of prints and the differences between latent, visible, and plastic prints, while the third part will test the viewers' knowledge with practical examples. The script emphasizes the individuality, permanence, and classifiability of fingerprints, introducing the concepts of primary, secondary, and tertiary classifications within fingerprint analysis.
🔍 Understanding Loop Fingerprint Patterns
The second paragraph delves into the specifics of loop fingerprints, which are the most common type, making up 60% of all fingerprints. Loops are characterized by ridges that enter from one side of the print and recurve back to the same side. There are two subcategories of loops: ulnar loops, where ridges enter and exit towards the pinky finger, and radial loops, which point towards the thumb. The speaker uses anatomical references to the ulna and radius bones to help viewers remember the difference between the two. The paragraph also explains the presence of a delta and two type lines in loop patterns and provides a practical example of identifying an ulnar loop on a finger.
🌀 Exploring Arch and Whorl Fingerprint Patterns
Paragraph three continues the discussion on fingerprint patterns, introducing arches and whorls. Arches are simpler, with no deltas or type lines, and are divided into plain arches, which have a gentle slope, and tented arches, which are sharply defined. Whorls, on the other hand, are more complex and must have at least two deltas. The script describes four types of whorls: plain whorls, central pocket loop whorls, double loop whorls, and accidental whorls. Each type is distinguished by the presence of circulating ridge patterns and their interaction with an imaginary line drawn between the two deltas. The paragraph aims to clarify the differences between these patterns and provides guidance on how to identify them.
📊 Classifying Fingerprint Patterns with Examples
In the fourth paragraph, the speaker provides a visual aid to help viewers classify fingerprint patterns. A table is suggested as a tool for practicing and memorizing the characteristics of loops, arches, and whorls. The percentages of each pattern type are reiterated, with loops being the most prevalent at 60%, followed by whorls at 35%, and arches at 5%. The paragraph reinforces the importance of understanding deltas, with loops having one, arches having none, and whorls having at least two. The speaker also clarifies the direction of ridge patterns in relation to the hand's position when making a print, ensuring that viewers can correctly identify ulnar and radial loops in practical scenarios.
🎓 Conclusion and Encouragement for Further Learning
The final paragraph serves as a conclusion, urging viewers to take their time in learning and memorizing the fingerprint patterns discussed. The speaker recommends practicing by drawing each pattern by hand to solidify understanding. The script concludes by encouraging viewers to proceed to the second video for a deeper dive into minutiae and to use the third video as a test of their knowledge. The speaker thanks the viewers for their time and attention, promising to see them in the next installment of the series.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Fingerprint
💡Double Loop Whirl Fingerprint
💡FRS (Friction Ridge Skin)
💡Minutiae
💡General Patterns
💡Ulnar Loop
💡Radial Loop
💡Arches
💡Whorls
💡Tertiary Classification
💡Delta
Highlights
Introduction to fingerprint patterns, specifically the double loop whirl fingerprint.
Overview of the three-part series on fingerprint analysis.
Explanation of the three governing principles of fingerprints: individuality, permanence, and classifiability.
Description of the primary, secondary, and tertiary classifications of fingerprints.
Prevalence of loop patterns in fingerprints, accounting for 60% of all fingerprints.
Definition and characteristics of a loop fingerprint, including the presence of a delta and type lines.
Subcategories of loops: ulnar loops and radial loops, based on the direction of ridge lines.
Memory aid for distinguishing between ulnar and radial loops using the hand's anatomy.
How to identify an ulnar loop fingerprint by the direction of ridge lines towards the pinky finger.
Introduction to arch patterns, which make up 5% of fingerprints and lack deltas and type lines.
Differences between plane arches and tented arches based on the shape and sharpness of the pattern.
Introduction to whorl patterns, which constitute 35% of fingerprints and have at least two deltas.
Criteria for identifying a plain whirl fingerprint based on circulating ridge patterns.
Characteristics of a central pocket loop whirl, including the absence of ridge patterns crossing the delta line.
Identification of a double loop whirl fingerprint by the presence of two core patterns resembling a yin-yang.
Definition of an accidental whorl as a pattern with two or more different types of patterns or one that doesn't fit other categories.
Summary table of fingerprint patterns, including the number of deltas and key features for each type.
Encouragement for viewers to practice drawing fingerprint patterns to aid in memorization.
Conclusion and transition to the next video in the series focusing on minutiae and fingerprint analysis.
Transcripts
this is a fingerprint
but not just any fingerprint oh no no my
friends
this is what you call a double
loop whirl fingerprint
double loop
whirl fingerprint
stick around as you will learn the
difference between
all eight general patterns i will show
you how to organize them
i'll show you how to commit them to
memory and give you some tips and tricks
along the way
all in this first video of this
three part series
in the second video i will show you how
to
lift prints i will show you the
difference
between latent prints visible prints
and plastic prints and
finally i will show you how to tell the
different minutiae
like ridge endings lakes islands
bifurcations that kind of thing
from each other and finally in the third
video
i will give you the chance to test your
knowledge i will show you 20
different fingerprints and give you a
chance to name them correctly
and i'll give you a chance to check your
minushi
comprehension by putting up on your
screen two fingerprints
and giving you the chance to determine
whether or not they
come from the same finger all right
let's get right to it
so first things first what is this frs
well frs or friction ridge skin
that's the the peaks and valleys that
make up the fingers and the palms of
your hands
as well as the soles of your feet
and a fingerprint then is the
frs on the fingers specifically
and there are three governing principles
that govern fingerprints number one
a fingerprint is an individualistic
characteristic in other words no two
fingerprints are the same even between
your
right index finger and your left index
finger for example
even between two identical twins
no two fingerprints are the same
number two a fingerprint remains
unchanged throughout the life of the
person
from six months after conception
all the way until death your
fingerprints stay
the same and the third governing
principle
is that fingerprints have ridge patterns
that can be systematically classified
all right well there are three different
types of classifications
primary secondary and tertiary the
primary classifications are what we call
general patterns we got loops we got
arches
and we got worlds so between
those three there are actually eight
general patterns
we got two loops two different kinds of
arches
and four different kinds of worlds
notice what i have here there there are
six sixty percent of all fingers
in the whole world are loops
are some kind of are one of the two
different kinds of loops
five percent are arches and 35 percent
are worlds the secondary classification
are what we call
minutiae or ridge characteristics
i i see all these different kinds of
lines but i also see little dots
and islands and and lakes bifurcations
those are called ridge characteristics
or minutiae
and third we have tertiary
classifications
and these are what are the sweat
pore placements your your sweat glands
in your fingers and and palms of your
hands
lead to sweat pores and we can actually
individualize or or
with with more certainty we can
associate or or match to a common source
with with more
certainty when we look
at at how close and far away and where
exactly those
sweat pores are so that's tertiary
classification all right so let's
let's do loops and then we'll do arches
uh and then we'll do whirls
what makes a loop a loop well a loop
must have at least one
ridge entering from one side of the
recurving and going back the same side
that's what makes a loop a loop
well there are two different kinds
there's two subcategories of loops
if the ridges enter and exit
towards your pinky finger
it's called an ulnar loop
if the ridges enter and exit towards the
thumb
it's called a radial loop so what does
ulnar
and radial mean well these are the two
bones
that lead to your hand so let's just
take a look here
so here we got a skeleton and this
bottom finger here
this is your pinky finger and therefore
this bone is the ulna this is the
ulna and the pinky the ulna is right
above the pinky
this is your thumb this is your right
hand now this is your thumb
and that's the that's the radius
so again here is your pinky
and this is the ulna well how can you
tell ulna from radius how do you
remember
well ulna starts with the letter u and
u is closer to you so that's how you can
kind of remember here's you
and here's and here's the ulna so the
ulna
is always above
the pinky and of course the hand is is
supine
meaning it's facing forward the palm is
facing forward so that's that's
that's how you can tell the two apart
the ulna is above
the pinky now
so so so again if if if you can imagine
now
the um if the ridge then
enters and exits towards the little
finger
it's called the ulnar loop because it's
going towards that
ulna bone and we'll show you this here
in just a second
the pattern area of of the uh um
surround of the surrounding uh ridges
um that that divert those are called
type lines with loops you have
one delta and two
type lines
as well as a core let's take a look here
all right so this is one of one of my
fingers on my
right hand you take a look and use
you you tell me if you can figure out
what this what what we're looking at
here
well i see right off the bat i see here
here is a delta right here
i see ridges
coming in and going out the same
direction
so here is a delta
that's your delta and on both sides
of the delta you have
what we call typelines these type lines
diverge at the delta and they go all the
way around
so how how how again can we tell that
this is
a a loop take any ridge
inside of the pattern there follow it
around
if it goes in and back out
in the same direction that's called a
loop
well since this is a finger from my
right
hand and remember my finger here is
under the microscope
under the dissecting scope so
if you can just i so i want you to take
your right hand
and have your palm facing up so so
you're looking at your your
palm and take a look at your pinky
and imagine your ulnar bone
the ulna just above the pinky
and imagine yourself putting your finger
under the microscope so you're looking
at
um any any fingerprint from your right
hand
since this finger is from the right hand
and these lines these two lines
are pointing where where are they
pointing to are they pointing to
the ulna to the ulnar bone or
to the radius to the ulna or to the
radius
well they're going to your midsection
they're going to the ulna
they're going to your pinky therefore
this
by default is the is an ulnar
loop because those two are
pointing because these two lines come in
and go back out towards your
pinky finger which is associated with
your
with the with the ulna so this is an
ulnar loop
now remember that in this in this
picture that you're seeing here
this is not the pr not a print that you
would normally see
which is because you know when people
touch
a surface you're going to see
the opposite here i'm turning my hand
the other way and just sticking my hand
right on the dissecting scope
looking so just that just so you can so
just so you're not confused
so that's loops my friends those are
loops so we have
ulner loops and we have radial loops
depending on if they open up in
and come back towards the towards the
ulnar bone
or towards the radius
next we have arches we also have two
different kinds of arches
these are a little bit easier here
with arches we we have
plane arches and we have tented arches
well a a plain arch just kind of goes up
and back down nice and easy
whereas tinted arches they are really
really really really really sharp
what else do we know about arches we
know that they have
no deltas and no type lines
so if you remember with pat with loops
there we
have we only have one delta loops have
only one
delta with arches they have
zero they have zero
deltas let's take a look alright
i see here this is a plane
arch and the reason why is because
the lines that come in and out of the
pattern
are pretty gradual definitely
gradual compared to the tented
over here where they come up and down
really really really dramatically they
shoot up and shoot back down
notice there are no deltas there are no
deltas like we just saw
with the loops those are
your arches two different kinds you have
your plane arch
and your tented arch with whirls now
there are four different kinds of worlds
you got plane worlds you have central
pocket loop worlds
you got double loop worlds and you have
accidental
worlds well let's start with let's start
with deltas
how many deltas at least how many deltas
do you have
in worlds there are two different
you have two at least two deltas with
all with all worlds so again
with your um with your loops
loops have one delta arches have
zero deltas and whirls
have at least two deltas
so can you find the deltas here on these
four
different kinds of worlds we got one
here
we got one here let's take a look at the
central pocket loop
the world can you find it
there it is and with a central pocket
loop is
the second one's usually a little bit
hard to find
there it is and even with double loops
you have
you have you got two deltas
one and two sometimes a little hard to
find but
and remember next to each of these
deltas you have
two diverging lines that go around the
pattern
called typelines with accidental
here's one and here's another
all right well what makes a a plane what
makes a whirl a plane whirl
well the first thing you do is of course
you got to find
your two deltas the next thing you do
is you draw a line a straight line
between the two deltas and
the rule is if
is you find a ridge
pattern that's going around in a circle
inside find a circle pattern inside
if even one
crosses one of these that are that go
around in a circle a complete circle
if even one of them crosses that line
and you know comes back because it's
going in in a full circle
if even one of them does that you
automatically call it
a plane whirl no other
worlds will do this will follow this
behavior
this is called a plain whirl all right
well what about the central pocket loop
world
so you so you notice here well yeah i
don't see
i mean i do see some circles in here
but none of them would cross that line
if we drew a line
let's take a look so let's just draw it
here
let's follow any line and any ridge
pattern
inside and you can see that they all
cross
they may cross but they don't go back
around
remember the rule was you find a
a a ridge pattern
that's going in a full circle and that
will cross the line and come back
here we don't have that we may have a
couple here that go around
but they don't cross and come back
therefore this is called a
central pocket loop whirl
all right moving right on we got the
double
loop whirl and this is pretty easy and
it's it's pretty easy to find
and um in a double loop world again
you uh you can find your deltas but
inside it looks like you have two
cores that are sort of swirling
kind of like a like a yin yang um
and that's and that's it it's it's a
whirl
because you have two deltas and it's a
double loop world because you have
two sort of like these two cores
in the inside kind of looks like a yin
yang that's your double loop world
and finally the rule for accidental
is one either if
you find two or more different types of
patterns
inside or
if it just doesn't follow any of the any
of the other rules it's automatically
called
an accidental so here we have we have
two deltas so that makes it a whirl but
it's not a plain world it's not a
central pocket loop world
why well i mean i do see a pattern
inside but it almost looks like you have
a second
pattern inside so that's a whirl
and it's a um
as well as having lines come out that
this this this makes it um
a an accidental when you have two or
more
patterns or if it doesn't follow the
general rule
you have it automatically becomes an
accidental
accidentals are sort of hard to spot
they're pretty rare
um but uh um
but um they they they
they do a a uh you know you will find
them every once in a while
so that's your uh so that's your
accidental
uh world all right so
that's that's pretty much it so in
conclusion
let's just make a table here and let's
let's
let's draw in i want you to to to to
make a little table
and i want you to to practice making
these loops
that way on on a test it's it's it's
easy for you it's second nature
and and again remember um that
loops are uh remember these percentages
loops make up about sixty percent of all
fingerprints
arch is about five and and world's about
35 percent
um remember your deltas your loops have
one delta
arches have zero and your worlds have
two deltas and if we just draw this in
here
your your ulnar
if this was a right uh let's see here so
now if you're if this is an actual
print and you're printing it on a sheet
of paper
notice how they enter and exit
towards your pinky finger because now
your hand is facing down it's your hand
is
um not supine but it's prone in other
words you're
you know you're actually pushing you
know making a print
um on on a table on a sheet of paper
so that's why it's going the other way
now because you're not look it's not
facing you it's not looking up into a
microscope
so they're going towards the ulnar bone
the ulna
which is the which makes it the ulnar
loop
an ulnar loop if it's going this way
it's down it's going to well the other
the thumb side now if this is the right
hand
thumb side that makes it a radial loop
and notice you have one delta for
any loop plane arch just kind of goes up
and down
nice and gradual no deltas whatsoever
but a tented arch is pretty sharp
comes up sharp and comes back down real
real real
dramatic with all
worlds now you always have you always
got to have two deltas well
with in a plane whirl you got to have at
least one
circulating ridge that will cross
the line and come back in central pocket
loop
will will
you'll have two deltas but none of the
lines that are
going around in a circle will cross the
line
and come back double loop whirl
you'll have sort of two cores in there
and and an accidental world you're going
to have two
or more patterns here we have a double
loop
and we have a line a ridge line that
will
that will actually a circulating ridge
line that will
cross and come back so you have two or
more different types of patterns
making this an accidental world
all right well i want you to
take your time with this as you commit
each of the eight fingerprints to memory
try drawing each of them by hand
just like just like we saw here while
explaining
how each one differs from the rent from
the rest
once you feel you got a good handle
watch i want you then to watch the
second video
to go over the minutiae and
finally you'll want to test your
knowledge assess your comprehension
using the third video that i've made for
you
and so you can really see
what you know and what you don't know to
really test your
knowledge thank you for your time
everyone
and your concentration and study well
and we'll see you in the next one
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