Language teaching methods: a timeline
Summary
TLDRThis language teaching methodology course introduces various historical methods of language instruction, from the 17th-century inductive approach of Comenius to the 20th-century's audiolingualism and communicative language teaching. It also covers innovative methods like Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) and Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL), highlighting the evolution from grammar translation to a focus on communication and real-world application.
Takeaways
- 📚 Language teaching became a formal profession in the 20th century, with many methods developed to enhance teaching effectiveness.
- 👨🏫 Johan Comenius, a Czech scholar, introduced an inductive approach to language teaching in the 17th century, focusing on imitation and practical language use over grammar rules.
- 📖 The 19th century saw a return to the grammar-translation method, emphasizing grammar study and text translation for reading classical literature.
- 🗣️ The direct method emerged in the late 19th century, focusing on teaching in the target language through listening and speaking practice.
- 🔊 The audiolingual method of the 1950s was based on behaviorism, using drills and repetition to form new language habits.
- 💬 Communicative language teaching arose in the 1970s-80s, prioritizing language use for communication over grammatical accuracy.
- 🧠 Total Physical Response (TPR) appeared in the 1970s, using body movements to reinforce language learning through physical response.
- 🫶 Humanistic language teaching in the 1970s-80s, with methods like the Silent Way, Suggestopedia, and Community Language Learning, emphasized emotional well-being and learner autonomy.
- 📝 Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) focuses on language learning through task completion, emphasizing functional success over language accuracy.
- 🗨️ Innovative methods like Dogme (teaching without textbooks) and CLIL (integrating content and language learning) have gained popularity in recent years.
Q & A
What is the main focus of the language teaching methodology course?
-The course focuses on discussing various methods in language teaching and provides a historical timeline of these methods.
When did language teaching become established as a profession?
-Language teaching became established as a profession in the 20th century.
Who was a key influence in language teaching before the 20th century?
-Johann Comenius, a Czech scholar and teacher, was a key influence in language teaching before the 20th century.
What was Comenius' approach to language teaching?
-Comenius introduced an inductive approach, focusing on teaching students to use the language through imitation and association, rather than teaching rules and analysis.
What characterized language teaching in the 19th century?
-The 19th century was characterized by the grammar-translation approach, which focused on studying grammar and translating texts to learn to read literature.
What was the direct method in language teaching?
-The direct method, introduced in the late 19th century, involved teaching exclusively in the foreign language, focusing on speaking and listening to make learning more naturalistic.
What is the audiolingual method and when was it introduced?
-The audiolingual method, introduced in the 1950s, was based on behaviorism and involved repetitive drills to form new habits in language use.
What is communicative language teaching and when did it emerge?
-Communicative language teaching emerged in the 1970s and 80s, focusing on actual communication in the target language to achieve the goal of language teaching.
What is Total Physical Response (TPR) and how does it work?
-Total Physical Response (TPR) is a method where the teacher gives commands with body movements, and students respond by imitating these movements.
What are the three key methods associated with humanistic language teaching in the 1970s and 80s?
-The three key methods associated with humanistic language teaching are The Silent Way, Suggestopedia, and Community Language Learning.
How does Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) differ from other methods?
-Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) focuses on students learning language by completing tasks, with assessment based on task completion rather than the language used to do so.
What is the Dogme method and what does it encourage?
-The Dogme method encourages teaching without textbooks and focuses on the language that emerges from conversation.
What is CLIL and how does it integrate language learning?
-CLIL, or Content and Language Integrated Learning, teaches curriculum content and foreign languages together, integrating language learning with subject matter.
Outlines
📚 Historical Overview of Language Teaching Methods
The paragraph discusses the evolution of language teaching methods from the 20th century onwards. Initially, language teaching was influenced by Comenius, who advocated for an inductive approach focusing on language use rather than grammar rules. The 19th century saw the dominance of the grammar-translation method, which emphasized the study of grammar and text translation. The direct method was introduced in the late 19th century, aiming for a more naturalistic approach by teaching exclusively in the target language and focusing on speaking and listening skills. The audiolingual method emerged in the 1950s, based on behaviorism, which involved repetitive drills to form new habits. In the 1970s and 80s, communicative language teaching gained prominence, emphasizing active mental processes and the goal of achieving communication in the target language. Other methods like Total Physical Response (TPR) and humanistic approaches such as the Silent Way, Suggestopedia, and Community Language Learning were also introduced during this period.
🌟 Modern Language Teaching Innovations
This paragraph covers more recent developments in language teaching methods. Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) has become popular, linking language learning to the completion of tasks and focusing on the functionality of language use. Dogma encourages teaching without textbooks and emphasizes the language that emerges from conversation. Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) is another innovative approach where foreign language learning is integrated with content teaching. The paragraph concludes by mentioning that future lessons will delve deeper into these methods, exploring their theories and practical applications.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Language Teaching Methodology
💡Johann Comenius
💡Grammar Translation Method
💡Direct Method
💡Audiolingual Method
💡Behaviorism
💡Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)
💡Total Physical Response (TPR)
💡Humanistic Language Teaching
💡Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT)
💡Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL)
Highlights
Language teaching methodology course introduction
Historical timeline of language teaching methods
Establishment of language teaching as a profession in the 20th century
Influence of Johan Comenius on language teaching
Comenius' focus on spiritual development and inductive approach
Introduction of the grammar translation approach in the 19th century
The direct method for naturalistic language learning
Audiolingual method based on behaviorism in the 1950s
Focus on drills and habit formation in audiolingualism
Emergence of communicative language teaching in the 1970s
Total physical response (TPR) method
Humanistic language teaching emphasizing social and emotional involvement
The Silent Way method encouraging learner independence
Suggestopedia and the role of relaxation in learning
Community language learning focusing on non-threatening environments
Task-based language teaching (TBLT) and its connection to second language acquisition
Innovative methods like Dogma and CLIL
Dogma method encouraging teaching without textbooks
CLIL method integrating content and language teaching
Upcoming detailed discussion on language teaching methods in future lessons
Transcripts
[Music]
hi
and welcome to the first lesson of the
language teaching methodology course
in this first session we're going to
talk about methods in language teaching
and we're going to give a historical
timeline of the main language teaching
methods
first language teaching became
established as a profession
in the 20th century ever since
several methods have been proposed and
each one tried to be more effective and
theoretically sound
before the 20th century a key influence
in language teaching was that of johan
comenius
a czech scholar and teacher who
published books on teaching in the 17th
century
comenus focused on the spiritual
development of children and he claimed
that the way they learned was through
association to the world around them
caminos was the first to introduce an
inductive approach to language teaching
in which the goal was to teach students
to use the language
rather than teach them rules and
analysis of the language
he used imitation instead of rules
claiming that students
should repeat after the teacher he also
encouraged language to be taught through
pictures and the practice of reading and
speaking
comenus was quite revolutionary however
by the beginning of the 19th century the
systematic study of the grammar of
classical latin and classical texts
had once again taken over in schools and
universities in europe
the 19th century was characterized by
the so-called grammar translation
approach
which explicitly focused on studying
grammar and translating texts
to learn to read literature this was
followed by attempts to make language
learning more naturalistic
more similar to the ways children learn
their languages
the direct method was introduced in the
late 19th century
teaching exclusively in the foreign
language and focusing on speaking and
listening
in an attempt to give a more scientific
foundation to language teaching
other methods such as situational
language teaching were created
although the real change emerged with
the audiolingual method in the 1950s
the audiolingual method or
audiolingualism
was based on psychological theories of
behaviorism
according to behaviorism people's
behavior depended on a pattern of
stimulus
response and feedback and learning a
language meant using the language
communicatively to form new habits
and get rid of old habits from the first
language
lessons in audiolingualism focused on
drills
in which students repeated the same
target language items again and again
this was in line with behaviorism
because it involved a stimulus
provided by the teacher or by a tape a
response
provided by the learner and feedback
provided again by the teacher
in the 1970s and 80s communicative
language teaching emerged as a method
this was thanks to the emergence of
cognitive psychology
which claimed that language learning
involved active mental processes
and conscious learning and not just
getting rid of old habits
communicative language teaching is an
influential teaching method to this day
it started as a reaction to
grammar-oriented approaches
focusing on accuracy and it argued that
the goal of language teaching is
communication
which is achieved by actually
communicating in the target language in
class
another method that originated in the
1970s was called
total physical response or tpr
in tpr the teacher gives commands to the
students with body movements
and the students respond by imitating
these movements
in the 1970s another new orientation to
language teaching emerged
called humanistic language teaching
humanistic language teaching is based on
the idea that the whole social
and emotional human being and not just
the mind
should be involved in learning a
language
three key methods between the 1970s and
80s were associated with humanism
the silent way suggestopedia and
community language learning
the silent way as the name suggests is a
method based on the idea that the
teacher should be silent as much as
possible
and the learners should be encouraged to
speak
suggestopedia is based on the idea that
learning is fostered by reaching an
optimal state of alert relaxation
in this state of relaxation learning is
meant to happen accidentally and
naturally
the third humanistic method community
language learning
assumes that students are people with
feelings
and that learning happens when they
don't feel threatened
the teacher takes on a role similar to a
counselor and gradually encourages
students to become
more independent and collaborative
more recently a teaching method that has
become more and more popular
is task-based language teaching or tblt
which has strong connections to theories
of second language acquisition
tblt is based on the idea that students
can learn language by doing tasks
students are assessed in terms of
whether they manage to complete the task
rather than the language they used to do
so
finally more recently other innovative
methods have
written such as dogma which encourages
to teach without textbooks
and to focus on the language that
emerges from conversation
another method that has become quite
popular is clil
or content and language integrated
learning
in clil curriculum content and foreign
languages are taught
together in our next lessons
we will talk in more details about the
main language teaching methods
looking at their theory and practice
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