Trypanosoma | Trypanosoma Life Cycle | Trypanosoma Cruzi | Chagas' Disease | Medzukhruf

Summary

In this episode of the Parasitology Series, the focus is on *Trypanosoma cruzi*, a parasitic organism responsible for Chagas disease. The video covers the parasite’s habitat, transmission methods, life cycle, and the clinical effects on humans, including symptoms such as myocarditis and Romana’s sign. It also discusses the diagnostic methods, available treatments like Nifurtimox and Benznidazole, and prevention strategies such as improved housing and blood transfusion testing. The presenter emphasizes the educational intent and invites viewers to contribute feedback or request topics for future episodes.

Takeaways

• 🦠 Trypanosoma cruzi is a parasitic species responsible for causing Chagas disease.
• 🔍 There are multiple pronunciations for both Trypanosoma cruzi and Chagas disease, and the speaker opts for 'Chagas'.
• 🐾 Hosts and reservoirs for Trypanosoma cruzi include humans, domestic animals (cats, dogs), and wild species (armadillo, rodents).
• 🐞 The parasite is transmitted via the bite of the reduviid bug, also known as the kissing bug, as well as through blood transfusions and transplacental transmission.
• 🔄 The life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi involves transformation stages within both the reduviid bug and the human body, starting with trypomastigotes and ending with amastigotes in human cells.
• 🏡 Chagas disease is most prevalent in rural areas where the kissing bug lives in the walls of huts and bites people, often around the mouth and eyes.
• ❤️ Pathogenesis includes damage to cardiac muscle and other tissues, which can lead to severe complications like cardiac arrhythmias, megaesophagus, and megacolon.
• 🤒 Clinical findings include facial edema, fever, lymphadenopathy, and Romana's sign (unilateral swelling around the eye). The acute phase lasts about 2 months but can progress to chronic disease.
• 🧪 Lab diagnosis involves blood, bone marrow, or muscle biopsy for microscopy, culture, and serological tests to detect antibodies.
• 💉 There is no effective drug for chronic Chagas disease. Prevention involves reducing exposure to the reduviid bug and screening blood transfusions for Trypanosoma cruzi.

Q & A

What is Trypanosoma cruzi, and what disease does it cause?

Trypanosoma cruzi is a species of parasitic euglenoids responsible for causing Chagas disease, also known as Shacks disease.

What are the primary hosts and reservoirs for Trypanosoma cruzi?

Humans and animals, particularly mammals like domestic cats, dogs, wild species like armadillos, and rodents, are the primary hosts and reservoirs for Trypanosoma cruzi.

How is Trypanosoma cruzi transmitted?

Trypanosoma cruzi is transmitted via the bite of the reduviid bug (Triatoma), commonly known as the 'kissing bug.' It can also be transmitted through transplacental transmission (mother to fetus) and blood transfusions.

What is the life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi?

The life cycle starts with the reduviid bug ingesting trypomastigotes from a host. In the bug's gut, they transform into epimastigotes, then multiply and differentiate into trypomastigotes. When the bug bites another host, these trypomastigotes infect cells, transform into amastigotes, and eventually reenter the bloodstream, where the cycle repeats.

Why is the Triatoma bug referred to as the 'kissing bug'?

The Triatoma bug is called the 'kissing bug' because it prefers to bite humans around the mouth or eyes, typically while they are sleeping.

What are the clinical findings of Chagas disease?

In the acute phase, patients may exhibit facial edema, fever, lymphadenopathy, and Romana's sign (unilateral periocular swelling). In the chronic phase, the disease can lead to myocarditis, mega-colon, and mega-esophagus due to cardiac arrhythmias and tissue damage.

What diagnostic methods are used to detect Trypanosoma cruzi infection?

Diagnosis can involve examining blood, bone marrow aspirates, or muscle biopsies under a microscope. Serological tests for antibodies and xenodiagnosis are also used.

What treatments are available for Chagas disease?

For acute disease, Nifurtimox is used to kill trypomastigotes in the blood, with Benznidazole as an alternative. However, there is no effective treatment for the chronic form of Chagas disease.

What are the preventive measures for Chagas disease?

Prevention includes improving housing conditions to avoid contact with reduviid bugs, testing blood transfusions for Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies, and avoiding contact with infected animals. There is currently no vaccine or prophylactic drug available.

Where is Chagas disease primarily found, and what factors contribute to its prevalence?

Chagas disease is primarily found in rural areas where reduviid bugs inhabit the walls of poorly constructed huts and feed at night. The lack of improved housing contributes to the spread of the disease.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Trypanosoma Cruzi and Overview of Lecture

The speaker introduces the topic of Trypanosoma cruzi (also pronounced Trypanosoma cruzi) and explains that the video is part of a parasitology series. They emphasize that the information is for educational purposes and may change over time. Viewers are encouraged to provide input in the comments. The outline of the lecture includes an introduction to the parasite, its habitat, transmission, life cycle, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical findings, lab diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease, which has two pronunciations. The hosts and reservoirs of this parasite include humans, domestic animals (e.g., cats, dogs), and wild species (e.g., armadillos, rats). The disease is transmitted primarily through the bite of the reduviid (kissing) bug and can also be passed transplacentally or through blood transfusions.

05:05

🔄 Life Cycle of Trypanosoma Cruzi

This section details the life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi. The cycle begins when a reduviid bug injects trypomastigotes from the blood of a reservoir host. The trypomastigotes multiply and differentiate into epimastigotes and then into trypomastigotes within the insect's gut. When the bug bites a host, the site becomes contaminated with bug feces containing trypomastigotes, which then enter the bloodstream and invade host cells. Inside the host cells, these parasites transform into amastigotes, which are non-flagellated and multiply. The cycle continues when amastigotes differentiate back into trypomastigotes, which can be taken up by another bug when it bites an infected host. The bug then repeats the cycle, with the parasite transforming back into epimastigotes within the insect's midgut before becoming infective trypomastigotes again.

Keywords

💡Trypanosoma cruzi

Trypanosoma cruzi is a species of parasitic protozoan that causes Chagas disease. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of the reduviid bug (also called the kissing bug). In the video, the speaker discusses its life cycle, hosts, and its role in causing the disease, emphasizing its transmission through blood and from mother to fetus.

💡Chagas disease

Chagas disease, also known as Shacks disease in the video, is an illness caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. It can lead to serious heart and digestive system problems. The video explains that Chagas disease is mainly transmitted by the reduviid bug and affects the cardiac muscles, leading to conditions like myocarditis, megacolon, and megaesophagus.

💡Reduviid bug (kissing bug)

The reduviid bug, also referred to as the kissing bug, is the insect responsible for transmitting Trypanosoma cruzi to humans. The video explains that this bug bites around the mouth or eyes at night, hence its nickname. It plays a key role in the transmission cycle of Chagas disease, making it a central element in the video's narrative.

💡Life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi

The life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi involves transmission from the reduviid bug to a human host, where the parasite multiplies and spreads. The video describes how the parasite transforms into different forms such as epimastigotes and trypomastigotes within the insect's gut before being introduced into the human bloodstream, completing the cycle when another bug bites.

💡Pathogenesis

Pathogenesis refers to the process by which a disease develops in the body. In the case of Trypanosoma cruzi, the video highlights how the parasite causes inflammation in various tissues, particularly the heart, leading to complications like cardiac arrhythmias. This is a critical part of understanding the damage caused by Chagas disease.

💡Romana’s sign

Romana's sign is a classic clinical symptom of acute Chagas disease, characterized by swelling around the eye where the reduviid bug bites. The video mentions it as a key feature in the early stages of infection, serving as an indication that the parasite has entered the bloodstream.

💡Transplacental transmission

Transplacental transmission is when an infection is passed from a pregnant mother to her fetus through the placenta. In the video, this mode of transmission is noted as one of the ways Trypanosoma cruzi can spread, highlighting the dangers it poses to newborns and emphasizing the importance of preventive care.

💡Myocarditis

Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle and is a major complication of Chagas disease. The video discusses how Trypanosoma cruzi infects cardiac tissues, leading to arrhythmias and other severe heart conditions. This makes myocarditis one of the most serious outcomes of the chronic phase of the disease.

💡Laboratory diagnosis

Laboratory diagnosis refers to the methods used to detect the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi in patients. The video mentions tests like microscopy of blood or tissue samples and serological tests for antibodies. These diagnostic tools are essential for confirming Chagas disease and determining the appropriate treatment.

💡Prevention

Prevention focuses on strategies to reduce the spread of Trypanosoma cruzi and avoid Chagas disease. The video highlights key preventive measures such as improving housing to keep out reduviid bugs, screening blood donations for the parasite, and the lack of an available vaccine or prophylactic drug. This underscores the importance of public health efforts in controlling the disease.

Highlights

Introduction to the parasitic species Trypanosoma cruzi and its role in causing Chagas disease.

Trypanosoma cruzi can be transmitted through the bite of the triatomine bug, also known as the kissing bug.

Alternative transmission methods include transplacental transmission from mother to fetus and through blood transfusions.

Life cycle stages of Trypanosoma cruzi include transformation from trypomastigotes to epimastigotes and then to amastigotes within the host cells.

Cardiac muscle and neuronal damage caused by amastigotes can lead to severe complications like cardiac arrhythmias, megacolon, and megaesophagus.

Chagas disease primarily affects rural areas where the kissing bug lives in the walls of huts and bites around the mouth or eyes.

Clinical findings include facial edema, nodules near the bite, fever, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and Romana’s sign (unilateral swelling around the eye).

The acute phase of Chagas disease lasts for around two months and can present with mild or no symptoms, but it may progress to chronic disease.

Chronic Chagas disease can lead to serious complications like myocarditis and congestive heart failure.

Laboratory diagnosis involves specimens like blood, bone marrow aspirates, or muscle biopsy, and techniques include microscopy and serologic tests.

Current treatments for acute Chagas disease include Nifurtimox and Benznidazole, though no effective drug exists for chronic disease.

Preventative measures include protection from the kissing bug by improving housing and testing blood transfusions for antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi.

There are no prophylactic drugs or vaccines available for Chagas disease.

The kissing bug bites primarily at night, and its preference for biting near the mouth is the reason behind its name.

The video encourages viewers to provide input and suggestions in the comments for future parasitology series topics.

Transcripts

asalamu alikum everyone welcome to

another episode of parasitology Series

today we'll be discussing trapano sua

cruzi or trapano cruzi there are two

pronunciations for this word so you can

go with the one you

like but before getting into the lecture

I would like to tell you that these

videos are meant for educational

purposes things may change with time

treatments may change if I get wrong or

miss anything your input is welcomed in

the comment section let's get started

trapano zumma it is a Genus it has three

main pathogens the first one is trapan

suuma cruzi then

trapan

gambian

then

trapan

rodican but in this lecture I'll talk

about trapano zoma cruzi and the

remaining two will be discussed in in

the next lecture so the lecture outline

is here in this lecture we'll be talking

about the introduction of Japan Ooma

cruy its habitate and transmission life

cycle pathogenesis and epidemiology

clinical findings lab diagnosis

treatment and finally the prevention

trapano cruzi a species of parasitic

euglenoids and this parasite is

responsible for causing chags disease or

Shacks disease there are two

pronunciations for the name of this

disease you can go with the one you like

I would like to call it chags disease

here in the diagram along with human

cells you can see the

parasite habitate I've talked about

habitate in detail in my

parasytes in the description do check

that out guys humans and animals mainly

the mammals like domastic cats dogs and

wild species like armadillo Ron and rat

these are the hosts and reservoirs for

this trapano zoma Cruiser on the left

side you can see a bug this

is

redu

bug and when it bites a human it is

responsible for transmitting the chanos

cruy into the human body which is

responsible for causing chags disease so

the transmission of this trapano cruzi

occurs via the bite of ruid bug triatoma

cone nose or kissing bug there's a

reason why it is called kissing bug I'll

discuss this a bit

later it can also be transferred from

mother to the

fetus through the placenta and this sort

of transmission or transfer is called

trans placental

transmission and also during the blood

transfusions if one person has infected

blood or the person has antibodies

against this trapano or trapano cruy

then we if we transfer transfer that

blood to another person another person

would definitely get that disease ch

tags disease so blood transfusions also

play a role in the transmission of this

parasite life

cycle the cycle in the rudu bug begins

with the injection of tripo Master gos

from the blood of the reservoir

host the picture on the right side is

showing the tro mastoid of the trano

Zuma Cruiser

after the

inje in the insect gut the tripo

mastoids multiply and differentiate

first into

epimastigotes and then into Trio

mastertig gos here in the diagram you

can see the appy

Master when the bug bites again the site

is contaminated with the faces of bug

containing triom goats which and the

blood of the person or other reservoirs

including the

mammals and form non

flated aast goats within the host cells

in the diagram you can see this a goat

which is non flagellated many cells can

be affected but the myocardial gal

reticular and aial cells are most

frequent sites to complete the life cyle

cycle AAS goats differentiate into Trias

goats which enter the blood and are

taken up by redu bug the left

side the step number one shows that the

bug redu bug ingests the trasor into the

host the human being in this t two on

the right top side the Trias gos are

transformed into AAS gods the am Gods

multiplied by binary fishion in cells in

infected tissues the am Gods then again

transform into triot and the triot uh

trans uh form into AAS go a cycle uh

goes on but some of the AAS gos are

ingested by the bug when the bug bites

again then the amsd gods the sorry The

tramas Toots in the gut of the bug are

converted into epimastigotes which

multiply in midgut and then are

converted into Trias gots in the hind

gut of that bug which are again ingested

by the bug into the host with the bite

and the cycle is repeated all over again

emiology chags disease occurs primarily

in rural areas because the redu bug

lives in walls of rural huts and feeds

at night it bites preferentially around

the mouth or eyes hence it is named

kissing bug

pathogenesis the aast GS can kill and

cause inflammation consisting mainly of

mononuclear

cells cardiac muscle is the most

frequently a severely affected tissue in

addition neuronal damage leads to to

cardiac arrhythmias and loss of tone in

Colon leading to Mega colon to mega

esophagus during the acute phase there

are both

troots in the blood and aots

intracellularly in tissues in the chonic

phase the organism persists in the a

good form clinical findings acute face

has facial edema ndule near the bite

fever

lymphadenopathy hypatos pleno Roman's

sign unilateral palal swelling around

the eye due to the bite this is called

romana's sign in the picture you can see

the

swelling and the acute infection

normally ends within 2 months sometimes

the infection may be asymptomatic or

sometime the acute infection progresses

to chonic form and the chonic form is

present with myocarditis Mega colon and

that can occur due to cardiac arhythmia

or congestive heart failure lab

diagnosis we will need specimens like

blood bone marrow aspirate or muscle

biopsy then we will go for microscopy to

look for the tripo master guardes a

master guards and then culture it will

grow the organism then a Xeno diagnosis

serologic tests those are for antibodies

treatment nru marks for acute disease it

kills promas Gos in Blood and it is less

effective against a gos alternative is

Benz

nul there is no effective drug against

chronic disease chronic chags disease

prevention protection from the redu bug

improved housing cuz the redu bug mainly

lives in the walls of

Huts blood transfusions should be tested

for antibodies of Japan zoma

cruzi no prophylactic drug or vaccine is

available and that's it for today's

video I hope you liked it give this

video a big thumbs up leave the

suggestions in the comments below that

what topics you guys want me to cover

after the completion of this parasytes

series till next time Allah

h