POLITIK ETIS 1901 | Pemerintah Kolonial Belanda Balas Budi dengan rakyat Hindia Belanda, Benarkah?
Summary
TLDRThis video discusses the Ethical Policy (Politik Etis) implemented by the Dutch colonial government in Indonesia starting in 1901. The policy, also known as 'balas budi' or reciprocation, aimed to improve the welfare of the Indonesian people after the forced Cultivation System caused great harm. The three main programs of the policy focused on irrigation, education, and emigration. However, there were many misuses of the policy, leading to negative outcomes. Despite its flaws, the policy helped create an educated class in Indonesia, sparking the national movement for independence.
Takeaways
- 🎤 The speaker greets viewers, encourages them to subscribe, like, comment, and share, and introduces the topic: a colonial policy in the Dutch East Indies.
- 📜 The policy discussed is the Ethical Policy (Politik Etis), introduced by the Dutch colonial government on September 17, 1901, which is closely linked to the emergence of the educated class and the national movement in Indonesia.
- 🌱 The Ethical Policy was introduced as a response to the forced cultivation system (Cultuurstelsel), implemented in 1830 by Governor-General Johannes Van den Bosch, which led to hardships and abuses for the Indonesian people.
- 💡 Criticism of the forced cultivation system led to its abolition in 1863, but it had already caused significant harm to the Indonesian population.
- 🤝 Dutch activists like Conrad Theodore van Deventer advocated for the Ethical Policy as a form of moral obligation to the Indonesian people, which focused on improving their welfare.
- 📚 The Ethical Policy included three main programs: irrigation, education, and emigration, aimed at improving agriculture, literacy, and population distribution.
- 💧 The irrigation program involved building infrastructure like dams, irrigation channels, and transportation routes for agricultural products, but in practice, these benefited the Dutch more than the local population.
- 👨🏫 The education program aimed to improve human resources and reduce illiteracy but was largely limited to males and higher-class individuals, leading to educational discrimination.
- 🚜 The emigration program relocated people from densely populated areas like Java and Madura to new settlements in Sumatra, though it ultimately exploited the relocated people as laborers in plantations.
- 🏛 Despite the Ethical Policy's flaws, it contributed to the emergence of an educated class and the national movement in Indonesia, which later led to the formation of political parties and the struggle for independence.
Q & A
What is the 'Politiek Ethisch' or 'Ethical Policy' mentioned in the script?
-The 'Politiek Ethisch' or 'Ethical Policy' was a policy implemented by the Dutch colonial government in the Dutch East Indies starting from September 17, 1901. It was intended to improve the welfare of the Indonesian people as a response to the negative impacts of the previous 'Cultivation System'.
What was the Cultivation System (Cultuurstelsel) and why was it criticized?
-The Cultivation System was a policy where the Dutch forced the Indonesian population to cultivate export crops for the benefit of the Dutch. It was criticized because it caused significant hardship for the Indonesian people and was eventually abolished in 1863.
Who were the Dutch activists that advocated for the 'Ethical Policy'?
-Dutch activists like Bitterbruschop and Theodore Van Deventer were instrumental in advocating for the 'Ethical Policy' as a form of compensation to the Indonesian people for the suffering caused by the Cultivation System.
What were the three main programs of the 'Ethical Policy'?
-The three main programs of the 'Ethical Policy' were irrigation, education, and emigration. These programs aimed to improve the well-being of the Indonesian people by supporting agricultural activities, enhancing the quality of human resources, and balancing population density across the Dutch East Indies.
How did the irrigation program under the 'Ethical Policy' benefit the Indonesian people?
-The irrigation program involved the construction of dams, irrigation channels, and transportation routes to support agricultural and plantation activities, which were intended to improve the livelihood of the Indonesian people.
What was the goal of the education program within the 'Ethical Policy'?
-The education program aimed to improve the quality of human resources and reduce illiteracy rates among the Indonesian population by establishing schools. However, it was noted that initially, only men were allowed to receive colonial education, while women were limited to home learning.
What was the purpose of the emigration program under the 'Ethical Policy'?
-The emigration program was designed to redistribute the population from densely populated areas like Java and Madura to newly established settlements in Sumatra, aiming to alleviate overpopulation and provide more living space.
What were some of the negative impacts of the 'Ethical Policy' during its implementation?
-Despite its intended benefits, the 'Ethical Policy' faced implementation issues such as the irrigation program favoring Dutch interests over native Indonesians, the education program being dominated by the wealthy and nobility, and the emigration program leading to the exploitation of the relocated population as laborers.
How did the 'Ethical Policy' contribute to the rise of the Indonesian national movement?
-The education provided under the 'Ethical Policy' gave rise to a literate native middle class, which played a significant role in initiating the national movement. This group later established various organizations and movements that contributed to the push for Indonesian independence.
When did the 'Ethical Policy' come to an end?
-The 'Ethical Policy' ended when the Dutch colonial government surrendered to Japan in 1942 during World War II.
What is the significance of the 'Ethical Policy' in the broader context of Indonesian history?
-The 'Ethical Policy' is significant in Indonesian history as it marked a shift in colonial governance towards addressing the welfare of the colonized people. It also indirectly contributed to the emergence of a national consciousness and the eventual struggle for independence.
Outlines
📚 Introduction to Dutch Colonial Policies in Indonesia
The video script introduces the audience to a discussion on one of the colonial policies implemented by the Dutch in Indonesia, known as 'politiek etis' or 'ethical policy'. This policy was initiated on September 17, 1901, as a response to the negative impacts of the previous 'Cultuurstelsel' policy, which forced the Indonesian population to cultivate export commodities for Dutch benefit. The script outlines the historical context leading to the implementation of 'politiek etis', including the criticisms of the 'Cultuurstelsel' and the efforts of Dutch activists to introduce a more benevolent approach towards the Indonesian people.
🌱 The Three Pillars of Ethical Policy: Irrigation, Education, and Emigration
The script delves into the three main programs under the 'politiek etis': irrigation, education, and emigration. The irrigation program aimed to improve agricultural and plantation activities by constructing water reservoirs, irrigation channels, and transportation routes. The education program sought to enhance the quality of human resources and reduce illiteracy rates by establishing schools. Lastly, the emigration program was designed to alleviate population density in Java and Madura by encouraging migration to less populated areas like Sumatra. However, the script also highlights the discrepancies and negative impacts that arose during the implementation of these programs, such as the irrigation water being primarily for the Dutch and the education program being accessible mainly to the wealthy or nobility, leading to educational discrimination.
📉 Unintended Consequences and Positive Outcomes of Ethical Policy
Despite the well-intentioned programs of 'politiek etis', the script points out that they were not without their flaws. The irrigation program, for instance, was criticized for benefiting the Dutch at the expense of the local population. The education program was also marred by discrimination, as it was primarily accessible to the rich and noble, thus perpetuating social inequality. However, the script also acknowledges the positive outcomes, such as the emergence of the educated native middle class, which later played a significant role in initiating the national movement for independence. The script concludes by noting that the 'politiek etis' came to an end with the Dutch surrender to Japan in 1942, following the Dutch defeat in the East Asian War.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Politik Etis
💡Cultuurstelsel
💡Johannes Van den Bosch
💡Irigasi
💡Edukasi
💡Emigrasi
💡Golongan Terpelajar
💡Pergerakan Nasional
💡Budi Utomo
💡Proklamasi
💡Perang Asia Timur Raya
Highlights
The Dutch colonial government in the Dutch East Indies implemented policies, one of which was closely related to the birth of the educated middle class and the national movement.
The policy, known as Ethical Policy or Policy of Reciprocal Obligations, was introduced to address the negative impacts of the Cultivation System.
The Cultivation System, initiated by Johanes Van den Bosch in 1830, forced the Indonesian population to grow export crops for Dutch benefit.
Criticism of the Cultivation System led to its abolition in 1863, but it had already caused significant harm to the Indonesian people.
Activists like Bitterbrush Hop and Theodore Van Deventer proposed the Ethical Policy as a form of compensation to the Indonesian people.
The Ethical Policy was officially implemented on September 17, 1901, focusing on the welfare of the Indonesian people.
The policy included three main programs: irrigation, education, and migration.
The irrigation program aimed to support agricultural and plantation activities by building infrastructure like dams and irrigation channels.
The education program sought to improve the quality of human resources and reduce illiteracy rates among the population.
However, the education program was initially limited to males and was dominated by the wealthy or nobility, leading to educational discrimination.
The migration program aimed to redistribute the population density in the Dutch East Indies by establishing new settlements in Sumatra.
Despite some positive intentions, the implementation of the Ethical Policy also had negative deviations, such as the misuse of irrigation for Dutch benefit only.
The education program was intended to produce a highly skilled but low-wage workforce, which was seen as exploitative.
The migration program resulted in the people being sent to Sumatra being treated as slaves on plantations.
The Ethical Policy, despite its flaws, gave rise to the educated middle class, which later initiated the national movement and established various organizations.
These organizations eventually transformed into political parties that fought for Indonesia's independence.
The Ethical Policy came to an end when the Dutch colonial government surrendered to Japan in 1942 during World War II.
The video aims to increase viewers' knowledge of colonial history in the Dutch East Indies and its impact on Indonesia.
Transcripts
halo
[Musik]
halo semuanya kembali lagi dimari hari
channel gimana nih kabar kalian Semoga
selalu sehat dan semangat belajar
dimanapun kalian berada
Terima kasih sudah klik video Kali ini
dukung aku terus dengan cara Klik tombol
subscribe like komen dan share
di video kali ini kita akan membahas
salah satu kebijakan yang dibuat oleh
pemerintah kolonial di Hindia Belanda
pemerintah kolonial di Hindia Belanda
menerapkan beberapa kali kebijakan
teman-teman tapi ada satu kebijakan yang
erat kaitannya dengan lahirnya Golongan
terpelajar
akan juga pergerakan nasional kebijakan
Apa itu
tiap kebijakan ini disebut dengan
politik etis atau kebijakan balas budi
Bagaimana kebijakan ini bisa ada dan apa
sih tujuan dan dampak dari kebijakan ini
Hip semua penjelasanku di video kali ini
ya politik etis adalah kebijakan yang
dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah kolonial di
Hindia Belanda sejak 17september
1901 politik etis biasa disebut dengan
politik balas budi teman-teman
seperti yang aku bilang diawal bahwa
politik etis red kaitannya dengan
lahirnya pergerakan nasional di
Indonesia
politik etis ini muncul sebagai dampak
dari adanya kebijakan tanam paksa atau
Cultuurstelsel
di tahun
1830 Johanes Van den Bosch yang
merupakan seorang Gubernur Jenderal di
Hindia Belanda
ndak menerapkan kebijakan tanam paksa
atau Cultuurstelsel
ketika kebijakan culturstelsel
diterapkan masyarakat Indonesia dipaksa
untuk menanam komoditas ekspor demi
kepentingan Belanda akan tetapi banyak
penyimpangan yang terjadi dalam
pelaksanaan Cultuurstelsel sehingga
menyusahkan rakyat Indonesia
Hai kemudian mulai muncul kritikan dan
kecaman atas pelaksanaan kebijakan
culturstelsel ini bahkan kritikan ini
muncul dari kalangan orang-orang Belanda
sendiri akibat dari kritikan-kritikan
ini sistem tanam paksa atau
Cultuurstelsel akhirnya diberhentikan
tahun
1863
Meskipun begitu sistem tanam paksa atau
Cultuurstelsel ini terlanjur memberikan
kerugian yang sangat besar bagi rakyat
Indonesia
maka beberapa aktivis dari Belanda
seperti bitterbrush hop dan Theodore Van
Deventer memprakarsai
gagasan politik etis sebagai bentuk
balas budi kepada rakyat Indonesia jodoh
Revan Deventer pertama kali
mengungkapkan gagasan tentang politik
etis di dalam majalah De gids yang
terbit pada tahun
1899 the kita desakan untuk
diterapkannya politik etis ini diterima
oleh pemerintah kolonial di Hindia
Belanda maka sejak 17september 1901
politik etis resmi diberlakukan
isi dari politik etis ini berfokus pada
kesejahteraan rakyat Indonesia maka di
dalam politik etis ini ada tiga program
utama teman-teman yang pertama adalah
irigasi edukasi dan emigrasi yang
pertama program irigasi di dalam program
ini pemerintah kolonial Hindia Belanda
Membangun fasilitas untuk kesejahteraan
rakyat Indonesia
pemerintah kolonial Hindia Belanda
membangun sarana dan prasarana untuk
menyokong kegiatan pertanian dan
perkebunan sarana dan prasarana ini
meliputi yang pertama pembuatan waduk
yang kedua adalah saluran irigasi yang
nanti dialirkan ke lahan-lahan pertanian
ataupun Subhana perkebunan milik rakyat
Indonesia yang ketiga perbaikan saluran
sanitasi dan juga yang terakhir adalah
pembuatan jalur transportasi untuk
mengangkut hasil pertanian
yang kedua adalah program edukasi
Hai melalui program edukasi ini
peningkatan kualitas sumberdaya manusia
dan juga upaya untuk mengurangi angka
buta huruf masyarakat dilakukan
Hai slime itu mulai dilaksanakan
pengadaan sekolah-sekolah untuk rakyat
Hai akan tetapi berdasarkan
penjelasan dari bapak Suhartono di dalam
bukunya yang berjudul sejarah pergerakan
nasional dari Budi Utomo hingga
proklamasi tahun 1908 sampai dengan
1945 bahwa hanya kaum laki-laki saja
yang boleh mengenyam pendidikan kolonial
kala itu Sedangkan kaum perempuan hanya
boleh belajar dari rumah
yang ketiga program emigrasi
program emigrasi diterapkan dalam rangka
untuk meratakan kepadatan penduduk di
Hindia Belanda
pada tahun 1910 Jawa dan Madura sudah
cukup padat penduduknya oleh kebijakan
ini kemudian didirikan
pemukiman-pemukiman baru di daerah
Sumatera teman-teman pemukiman-pemukiman
ini disediakan untuk tempat perpindahan
rakyat dari wilayah yang padat
penduduknya
politik etis atau politik balas budi
pada file-nya memberikan keuntungan bagi
masyarakat Indonesia
akan tetapi dalam perjalanannya terjadi
penyimpangan-penyimpangan politik etis
yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah kolonial
Hindia Belanda
dalam program irigasi upaya pengairan
yang ditujukan untuk aktivitas pertanian
tidak berjalan mulus
air yang disalurkan ternyata hanya untuk
orang-orang Belanda teman-teman
sedangkan kaum pribumi seakan dipersulit
sehingga menghambat kegiatan
pertaniannya
selanjutnya dalam program edukasi
ternyata pemerintah kolonial Hindia
Belanda ini memiliki niatan buruk
teman-teman
Mereka ingin memperoleh tenaga kerja
dengan tingkat SDM yang tinggi namun
dengan upah yang cukup rendah
program edukasi yang pada awalnya yang
ditujukan untuk semua golongan pada
kenyataannya hanya didominasi oleh
orang-orang kaya atau dari golongan
bangsawan sehingga terjadi diskriminasi
pendidikan
berikutnya melalui program emigrasi
pemerintah kolonial Hindia Belanda ini
memiliki tujuan untuk memperoleh budak
jadi rakyat-rakyat yang dikirim ke
pemukiman-pemukiman yang ada di Sumatera
ternyata dijadikan budak untuk
perkebunan-perkebunan di sana meskipun
terjadi penyelewengan yang menimbulkan
dampak negatif
setidaknya politik etis juga memberikan
dampak positif bagi bangsa Indonesia
program edukasi yang diberikan dalam
politik etis melahirkan Golongan
terpelajar dari kaum pribumi mereka
inilah yang kemudian mengawali era
pergerakan nasional dengan mendirikan
beberapa organisasi-organisasi
diterapkannya politik etis
itu Lahirnya berbagai organisasi
pergerakan dan perhimpunan yang bersifat
kedaerahan maupun nasional nantinya
berbagai organisasi pergerakan ini
berganti wujud menjadi partai politik
yang kemudian
memperjuangkan dan mengupayakan
kemerdekaan bagi Indonesia itu tadi
adalah dampak negatif dan juga dampak
positif dari adanya kebijakan politik
etis bagi Indonesia politik etis
kemudian berakhir setelah pemerintah
kolonial Hindia Belanda menyerah kepada
Jepang pada tahun
1942 setelah kalah dari Perang Asia
Timur Raya Nah itu tadi adalah sejarah
tentang politik etis atau politik balas
budi yang diterapkan oleh pemerintah
kolonial di Hindia Belanda
Semoga dengan adanya video ini menambah
pengetahuan kalian akan sejarah kolonial
di Hindia Belanda atau Indonesia Terima
kasih sudah tonton video sampai habis
jangan jumpa di video selanjutnya salam
jasmerah jangan sekali-sekali
meninggalkan sejarah ya bye semuanya
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