Cell Organelles and Structures Review
Summary
TLDRThe Amoeba Sisters' video offers a quick review of cell organelles and structures, essential for understanding cellular functions. They discuss the cell membrane, cell wall, centrioles, chloroplasts, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, and vacuoles. Each organelle is rated for its importance and described with humor, emphasizing their roles in maintaining cell life and the broader implications for human health.
Takeaways
- 🧬 The cell membrane is crucial for all cells, regulating substances' entry and exit, and is essential for homeostasis.
- 🌿 The cell wall provides structural support and protection, and is found in prokaryotic and some eukaryotic cells like plants.
- 🔬 Centrioles, associated with the centrosome, are involved in cell division and spindle fiber formation, and are present in animal cells but not plant cells.
- 🌱 Chloroplasts, exclusive to plant cells, are responsible for photosynthesis and sugar production, earning them a 'cinnamon roll' analogy for their role.
- 🚫 Cytoplasm, containing the cytosol and cytoskeleton, is present in all cells and supports organelles, despite being humorously rated 'extra'.
- 🛤️ The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a transport network within eukaryotic cells, with rough ER involved in protein synthesis and smooth ER in lipid production and detoxification.
- 📦 The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages materials for delivery in eukaryotic cells, functioning like a cell's 'packaging facility'.
- 💣 Lysosomes contain enzymes for breaking down substances, acting as the cell's 'wrecking ball' and are found in eukaryotic cells, though their presence in plant cells is debated.
- ⚡ Mitochondria are the 'powerhouses' of the cell, producing ATP through cellular respiration, and are present in both plant and animal cells.
- 🧠 The nucleus houses and controls DNA and cell activities, and is found in all eukaryotic cells, with a playful critique of its plural form 'nuclei'.
- 🏭 Ribosomes, present in all cells, are the protein-producing factories and are appreciated for their work ethic.
- 💧 Vacuoles store materials such as water, proteins, and waste, and are found in eukaryotic cells, with plant cells typically having a large central vacuole.
Q & A
What is the primary function of the cell membrane mentioned in the script?
-The cell membrane's primary function is to control what goes in and out of the cell, which is crucial for maintaining homeostasis.
Why does the script give the cell wall a rating of 6/10?
-The cell wall is rated 6/10 because the speaker is not fond of walls, preferring an open floor plan, and notes that not all cells have one, which feels unfair.
What is the role of centrioles in eukaryotic cells?
-Centrioles are involved in cell division, originating from the centrosome, and are associated with the formation of spindle fibers during mitosis.
Why does the script describe chloroplasts as 'cinnamon rolls'?
-Chloroplasts are described as 'cinnamon rolls' because the speaker finds them endearing and they are essential for photosynthesis, making sugar.
What is the main difference between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
-The rough ER has ribosomes that make proteins, while the smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?
-The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages materials for delivery in eukaryotic cells, functioning like a cell's packaging facility.
Why does the script give lysosomes a perfect score of 10/10?
-Lysosomes are given a 10/10 because they contain enzymes that can break down substances, acting as a 'wrecking ball and an enzyme grenade' for pathogens.
What is the primary function of mitochondria in cellular processes?
-Mitochondria are responsible for making ATP through cellular respiration, which serves as the energy currency for many cellular processes.
Why does the script rate the nucleus an 8/10 and express a dislike for the plural form 'nuclei'?
-The nucleus is rated 8/10 for being easy to draw and holding important cellular components. The dislike for 'nuclei' as a plural form is due to the speaker's preference for a simpler term like 'nucleuses'.
What is the general function of ribosomes in all types of cells?
-Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis in all types of cells, demonstrating a solid work ethic as described in the script.
How does the script describe the function of vacuoles in eukaryotic cells?
-Vacuoles in eukaryotic cells store materials such as water, proteins, and waste, with plant cells typically having one large central vacuole and animal cells having several smaller ones.
Outlines
🔬 Cell Organelles and Structures Overview
The video script introduces a review of cell organelles and structures, focusing on their functions and importance in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The narrator provides clues for each structure and organelle, then reveals their names and rates them based on personal criteria. The cell membrane is described as crucial for homeostasis, earning an 8/10. The cell wall, present in some eukaryotic and many prokaryotic cells, is given a 6/10 for its structural and protective roles. Centrioles, found in animal cells, receive a 4/10 for their involvement in cell division. Chloroplasts, essential for photosynthesis in plant cells, are highly rated at 10/10. The cytoplasm, which includes the cytosol and cytoskeleton, is given a 2/10, criticized for being 'extra.' The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), with its rough and smooth forms, is detailed for its roles in protein synthesis, lipid production, and detoxification, receiving a 6/10. The Golgi apparatus, involved in material modification and packaging, is appreciated with a 9/10. The lysosome, with its digestive capabilities, is a favorite at 10/10. The mitochondrion, known as the powerhouse of the cell, is given a 2/10, criticized for its overused 'powerhouse' meme.
🧬 The Nucleus and Beyond
Continuing the review, the script discusses the nucleus, the DNA-containing control center of the cell, which is rated 8/10 for its simplicity and importance. Ribosomes, essential for protein synthesis, are given a 9/10, appreciated for their work ethic. Vacuoles, which store various materials depending on the cell type, receive a 3/10, with the narrator expressing suspicion about their vague functions. The video concludes with a challenge for viewers to identify the structures in provided diagrams of animal and plant cells and to recall their functions. It emphasizes the significance of organelle function for cell health and the broader implications for the organism, drawing parallels to human diseases that can result from organelle dysfunction. The script ends with a reminder of the importance of understanding cell organelles and structures for medical and scientific advancements.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Cell membrane
💡Cell wall
💡Centrioles
💡Chloroplast
💡Cytoplasm
💡Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
💡Golgi apparatus
💡Lysosome
💡Mitochondrion
💡Nucleus
💡Ribosome
💡Vacuole
Highlights
Introduction to a quick review video on cell organelles and structures.
The cell membrane is crucial for controlling what enters and exits the cell, maintaining homeostasis.
The cell wall provides structure and additional protection in prokaryotic and some eukaryotic cells.
Centrioles, found in animal cells, are involved in cell division and spindle fiber formation.
Chloroplasts, present in plant cells, are essential for photosynthesis and sugar production.
Cytoplasm is the internal part of a cell, excluding the nucleus, and contains cytosol and the cytoskeleton.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranes that aids in material transport and processing within the cell.
The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages materials for delivery in eukaryotic cells.
Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down substances, playing a role in digestion within the cell.
Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, producing ATP through cellular respiration.
The nucleus houses and protects DNA, controlling cell activities in eukaryotic cells.
Ribosomes are the protein-making factories found in all cells.
Vacuoles store materials such as water, proteins, and waste, depending on the cell type.
Challenge for viewers to identify cell structures in an animal and plant cell diagram.
Emphasis on the importance of organelle function for cell health and the potential impact on the entire organism.
Mention of diseases resulting from organelle dysfunction, such as mitochondrial disorders and ribosomopathies.
Encouragement for viewers to stay curious about cell organelles and their significance in health and disease.
Transcripts
So, if you’re reviewing cell organelles and structures, we thought we’d make a video that
is a quick review: most of these are mentioned in our intro to cells video but some show up
in other videos. I’m going to go through them individually –try to guess the name of each
of them based on the clues I mention. Then, I’ll tell you the organelle or structure name.
And I’M going to rate them. Rate them? What do you mean?
Oh you’ll see. Uh ok.
First structure. This is something all cells have: both prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells. It’s external. Really important for controlling what goes in and
out of the cell. Which means it is important for homeostasis. It is…the cell membrane.
Ok I give it an 8/10. Not very cute, but I know that thing is important. Mainly because
you’ve used the word homeostasis over 9000 times in our videos.
Over 9000 times?? Really? Dragon Ball Z reference – just move on.
Okay, so this external structure is part of most prokaryotic cells and some eukaryotic cells,
like plant cells. Really important for structure, you know it helps the cell maintain shape and
offer additional protection. It’s…the cell wall. Eh, I give this a 6/10. I’m not really into
walls, I like an open floor plan…plus not all cells have one so that feels unfair.
You’re just mad because you don’t have one. I said what I said.
Right then…these are in eukaryotic cells, but not all eukaryotic cells, for example:
it’s in animal cells but not plant cells. They come from the centrosome – there are
2 of these per centrosome so that’s why I’m making it plural here – and they’re involved
with cell division. The spindle fibers we mention in our mitosis video are definitely
involved with these. They are… centrioles. 4/10. Pulling chromosomes around is kinda rude.
Rude? Really? I do like that they remind me of tamales though…
Tamales. Oh! Or maybe churros…man, I’m hungry.
Yeah... Ok you find this in eukaryotic cells, but not all eukaryotic cells. For example,
it’s in plant cells but not animal cells. It’s all about making sugar so it’s for
photosynthesis. It’s…the chloroplast. 10/10. Total cinnamon roll. AND it makes
sugar? What’s not to like? Cinnamon roll? What?
It’s a reference to…you know what, nevermind.
Now this one: it’s something all cells have: both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. And
you know it’s kind of confusing out there with diagrams; I mean, if you want to get technical,
in a eukaryotic cell, this would be everything inside the cell except the nucleus. It’s…the
cytoplasm. And the cytoplasm has cytosol. Cytosol is the jelly like substance part of
it. And just to know, that as well as the cytoskeleton both support the organelles.
Yeah, I’m going to give it a 2/10 because if it’s everything
except the nucleus, it’s just extra. You’re calling the cytoplasm extra.
It’s like highlighting a whole page in your textbook.
This next structure is found in eukaryotic cells, both plant and animal cells. It has many folds,
making it like a highway for materials to get around the cell, but it has other important
functions like processing those molecules. There’s also more than one type. It’s…the
endoplasmic reticulum, or ER for short. The rough ER has ribosomes that make protein,
and the smooth ER makes lipids and is involved in detoxification. But they
both can ship out items in vesicles to the NEXT structure we’ll mention.
That’s a 6/10. I like organelles with a nickname, but this is a really confusing nickname.
I agree the nickname can be a bit alarming. Also, it looks like a labyrinth,
which could either be really fun or really scary to get lost in.
So we said the ER can send assembled items to this next structure. This structure will then modify,
sort, and package the materials for delivery. It’s found in eukaryotic
cells (both plant and animal cells), and it’s a lot like a packaging
facility. It’s…the Golgi apparatus. 9/10. Golgi is just fun to say.
Golgi was actually named after a scientist! He - Okaaay science first please, then you can do
history. Fiiiine.
Next one! This is found in eukaryotic cells – typically it’s stated to be in animal cells and
not plant cells but I will say there is some debate about whether these are also in plant
cells… kind of depends on the specifics on how you define this organelle. Check
out our description for more on that. It usually contains enzymes that can break down substances,
digesting them. It’s…the lysosome. Total 10/10. It’s like a wrecking
ball and an enzyme grenade all in one. The stuff of nightmares for pathogens.
Wasn’t your last 10/10 the cute little chloroplast?
My tastes are complex.
This next one is found in eukaryotic cells – both plant and animal cells- this makes the ATP in
cellular respiration. ATP is an energy currency. So what’s this one? It is…the mitochondrion,
or plural: mitochondria. Ok, 2/10. This one has way
too many memes of being a powerhouse of a cell. Alright but is a very important organelle. ATP is
needed for so many cellular processes. Fine, fine.
This one is in eukaryotic cells – both plant and animal cells. This is where DNA is found in the
cell. It not only houses the DNA, but it also controls the cell activities. It’s…the nucleus.
I give it an 8/10. Easy to draw and holds cool stuff.
BUT you know I’m not a fan of the plural form - nuclei. Why can’t it just be nucleuses? Why
must it be so fancy? But I’ll move on. This organelle can be found in all cells.
It makes protein. It is… the ribosome! 9/10. I can appreciate a creator with
a solid work ethic. On that, we agree.
This one can be found in eukaryotic cells, both plant and animal cells. It can store materials
depending on the cell type. It is…the vacuole! And in plant cells, it’s usually one large one
called the central vacuole; you tend to have smaller ones and several in the animal cell.
Vague much? What kind of stuff does it store? Well it could be water, proteins, waste:
it depends on what type of cell. Suspicious. I’m going to give it a 3/10.
So, there it is: we just went through an alphabetized list of organelles and structures.
Now remember, there are more organelles and structures than what we went through,
but these are some basics. Now, we challenge you to pause this review
video to see if you can name these structures in this animal and plant cell here. And try
to also recall each structure’s general function. So, seriously, pause it now.
Here they are! And if you need to see any of the functions, review it again in our video.
You may be reviewing all of this for a quiz or test, but we want to emphasize
this matters far beyond that. Remember, these organelles and structures are what keep a cell
living. And all of life is made up of 1 or more cells, that’s part of the modern cell
theory after all. To really show the importance of organelle function: you know how the human
body can have problems when an organ doesn’t function as it should? Well, a cell can have
a problem when an organelle doesn’t function as it should. And it can affect the entire organism.
For example, there are diseases that can result from the dysfunction of the endoplasmic reticulum.
There are mitochondrial disorders when the mitochondria are not functioning as they normally
do. There are ribosomopathies from ribosome dysfunction. There are scientists working to
further understand these conditions and with more knowledge gained about these cell organelles and
structures, the more potential for understanding how to best treat conditions where they are not
functioning well. Well, that’s it for the Amoeba Sisters, and we remind you to stay curious.
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