ЕГЭ ПО ЛИТЕРАТУРЕ. РОДЫ И ЖАНРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

Александра Ливинская Эксперт ЕГЭ

18 Jan 201911:30

Summary

TLDRThe video script is an educational lesson by Александр Левинская, focusing on the fundamental concepts of literary theory, specifically genres and types of literature. It emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between 'genre' and 'type' and their interrelation. The lesson categorizes literature into three main types: epic, lyric, and drama, each with its subtypes like novel, romance, and tragedy. It discusses the characteristics of each, such as the objectivity of epic and the subjectivity of lyric, using examples like Chekhov's 'The Death of a Government Clerk'. The script aims to help viewers understand literature for academic purposes and personal enrichment.

Takeaways

📚 Literature is divided into three main types: epic, lyric, and drama.
🎭 Genres are subcategories of literature types; for example, epics include novels and stories, and dramas include tragedies and comedies.
✍️ An epic focuses on objective storytelling, where the author narrates events neutrally without personal involvement.
💭 Lyric poetry emphasizes subjectivity and the personal emotions of the author or lyrical hero.
🎬 Drama is constructed through dialogues and monologues, with limited input from the author beyond stage directions and setting.
📖 A story typically involves one or two events with a limited number of characters, focusing on a specific issue or conflict.
📙 A novel is a more complex and large-scale epic form, with multiple characters and intertwining plots covering various themes like love, society, and philosophy.
📝 In lyric poetry, genres include elegies, epigrams, odes, and letters, each with distinct purposes, such as meditative thought or praise.
🎨 Dramas are characterized by types of conflicts: comedies focus on humorous contradictions, tragedies deal with unresolved struggles, and standard dramas have solvable, realistic issues.
📅 The largest epic genre is the novel-epic, which covers historical events and the fate of a nation, such as Mikhail Sholokhov's *Quiet Don*.

Q & A

What is the main purpose of studying literary genres and types according to the script?
-The main purpose of studying literary genres and types is to understand the system of coordinates that encompasses world literature from a theoretical perspective, and more pragmatically, to be able to correctly identify the genre or type of a literary work after reading a text, which is essential for answering test questions.
How are the concepts of 'genre' and 'type' differentiated in literary theory?
-In literary theory, 'genre' refers to a group of artistic works that share similar structural and thematic features, while 'type' refers to a broader category that includes several genres. The script emphasizes not confusing the two and understanding their interrelation.
What are the three main types of literature according to the script?
-The three main types of literature are 'epic', 'lyric', and 'drama', each of which includes a certain group of genres.
What is the defining characteristic of the epic type in literature?
-The defining characteristic of the epic type is 'objectivity'. It is the most objective literary type, where the author must recount events and reconstruct history in an impartial and detached manner, without expressing personal thoughts or feelings directly.
How is the lyric type different from the epic type in literature?
-The lyric type is the most subjective literary type, characterized by the expression of personal, intimate, and subjective experiences of the lyrical hero. The focus is on the emotions and experiences, making it the main event in a lyrical work.
What is the primary structure of a dramatic text according to the script?
-A dramatic text is primarily structured with dialogues, monologues, and asides of the main characters. It consists only of the characters' speeches, with minimal space for authorial words, which can be found in expositions and stage directions.
What are the four epic genres mentioned in the script?
-The four epic genres mentioned are 'narrative', 'novel', 'epopee', and 'short story'.
What is the main difference between a 'novel' and an 'epopee' in literature?
-The main difference is that an 'epopee' is the largest genre and must be dedicated to a historical event, depicting the life of a nation during a historical turning point or crisis, unlike a 'novel' which can be multi-themed and does not necessarily have to be tied to historical events.
Which lyrical genre involves a poem that is a letter in verse?
-A 'message' is a lyrical genre that involves a letter in verse, which can be either love or friendship-themed.
What are the three dramatic genres discussed in the script?
-The three dramatic genres discussed are 'comedy', 'tragedy', and 'drama'. A comedy is characterized by humorous situations and conflicts, a tragedy involves an irreconcilable conflict often resolved by the death of the protagonist, and a drama has more grounded, possibly resolvable conflicts.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Literary Genres and Kinds

The speaker, Aleksandr Levinskaya, introduces the topic of literary genres and kinds, emphasizing the importance of understanding these concepts for navigating the world of literature and for practical purposes like literary analysis. The paragraph explains that literature is categorized into three main kinds based on how reality is represented: the epic (objective), the lyric (subjective), and the dramatic (dialogue-based). Each kind encompasses specific genres, and understanding the distinction between kinds and genres is crucial for literary analysis. The epic kind is described as the most objective, focusing on recounting events and history without the author's personal feelings, while the lyric kind is the most subjective, expressing the personal emotions and experiences of the lyrical hero. The dramatic kind is characterized by its construction from dialogues and monologues, with minimal authorial intrusion.

05:01

📖 Exploring Literary Genres in Depth

This paragraph delves deeper into the sub-genres of epic literature, which include the short story, the novella, the novel, and the epic poem. The short story is characterized by its small scale, focusing on a single event and problem, often within a short time frame, as exemplified by Chekhov's 'The Death of a Government Clerk'. The novella is larger in scope, with more characters and a single or multiple plotlines. The novel is a more extensive form, potentially addressing multiple themes and featuring numerous characters and plotlines, such as Goncharov's 'Oblomov' or Turgenev's 'Fathers and Sons'. The epic poem is the largest form, focusing on historical events and the life of a nation during a critical period, like Sholokhov's 'Quiet Flows the Don'. The paragraph also touches on lyrical genres such as the ode, which celebrates historical events or figures, and the elegy, which is characterized by a melancholic tone and philosophical reflections on life and death.

10:03

🎭 The Dramatic Genres: Comedy, Tragedy, and Drama

The final paragraph discusses the dramatic genres, which include comedy, tragedy, and drama. Comedy is defined by its humorous effect, created through situations, characters, and actions that are comically incongruous. Tragedy, on the other hand, involves an irresolvable conflict that can only be resolved through the death of the main character, reflecting an insurmountable contradiction. Drama is a more grounded form of theater that deals with conflicts that are resolvable, often of a social or everyday nature. The speaker concludes by inviting feedback on the video's content and asking viewers to suggest topics for future videos related to literature and literary analysis.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Genres and Types of Literature

Genres and types of literature refer to the broad categories and specific forms that literary works can take. In the video, these concepts are fundamental to understanding how literature is classified and analyzed. The script discusses how world literature can be viewed through the lens of theory, and how recognizing genres and types is essential for literary analysis, especially in the context of preparing for exams where one must identify the genre or type of a literary work based on a text excerpt.

💡Epos

Epos, or epic, is one of the three main types of literature discussed in the video. It is characterized by its objectivity and is considered the most objective type of literature. The video explains that in an epic, the author must recount events in a dispassionate and detached manner, aiming to reconstruct history as honestly as possible without expressing personal thoughts or feelings about the events. An example from the script is the mention of 'War and Peace' by Tolstoy, which is an epic novel that covers a broad historical canvas.

💡Lyric

Lyric is a genre of literature that is highly subjective, focusing on the personal, intimate, and emotional experiences of the lyrical hero. The video script emphasizes that in lyric poetry, the main event is the expression of emotions and subjective experiences. The lyrical hero's consciousness stands behind any lyrical work, and the genre is characterized by the emotionality and introspection of the poet. An example given is the 'Elegy', a form of lyric poetry that often reflects on themes of sadness and loss.

💡Drama

Drama, as a type of literature, is distinguished by its construction, primarily consisting of dialogues between characters. The video explains that drama is made up of polylogues and monologues, and the author's voice is minimal, often only appearing in expositions or remarks within the text. Drama can be further divided into sub-genres such as comedy, tragedy, and tragicomedy, each with its own specific characteristics regarding the nature of the conflict and resolution. The script uses the example of plays written for theatrical performance to illustrate this genre.

💡Objectivity

Objectivity in literature refers to the author's approach of narrating events without personal bias or emotional involvement. It is a key characteristic of the epic genre. The video script explains that objectivity allows the author to recount history honestly, leaving the interpretation to the reader. This is contrasted with the subjectivity found in lyric poetry, where the author's personal emotions are central to the work.

💡Subjectivity

Subjectivity in literature is the expression of personal, intimate, and emotional experiences by the author. It is a defining feature of lyric poetry, where the poet's emotions and subjective experiences are the main focus. The video script contrasts this with the objectivity of the epic genre, highlighting how the lyrical hero's inner world is explored through their feelings and reflections.

💡Conflict

Conflict in literature refers to the struggle or tension that drives the narrative forward. The video script discusses how the type of conflict can vary depending on the genre, with dramas often focusing on dialogues that reveal character conflicts, while in epics, the conflict might be portrayed on a larger, historical scale. The script uses the example of 'The Death of a Government Clerk' by Chekhov, where the conflict arises from a minor social faux pas that escalates due to the protagonist's inability to move past it.

💡Narrative

Narrative is the method of storytelling in literature, where events are recounted in a linear or non-linear fashion. The video script explains that in the epic genre, the narrative often involves a detailed recounting of historical events, while in the lyric genre, the narrative might be more introspective and focused on the poet's emotional journey. The script uses the example of a short story, where the narrative revolves around a single event and the characters involved.

💡Characterization

Characterization is the process by which authors create and reveal the personalities of characters in a literary work. The video script discusses how characterization can be achieved through dialogue in drama, through the author's descriptions in epics, or through the poet's introspection in lyric poetry. Characters are central to driving the plot and revealing the themes of the work, as illustrated by the script's mention of various literary characters and their roles in different genres.

💡Historical Context

Historical context is the backdrop of real-world historical events against which a literary work is set or which it reflects. The video script emphasizes the importance of historical context, especially in the epic genre, where works like 'Quiet Flows the Don' by Sholokhov depict the life of a nation during significant historical moments. The script explains how understanding the historical context can deepen the reader's appreciation of the themes and conflicts presented in the literature.

💡Literary Analysis

Literary analysis is the process of examining and interpreting literature to uncover its themes, characters, and literary devices. The video script discusses how understanding the concepts of genres and types of literature is crucial for literary analysis, particularly in an academic context where students must identify and discuss the genre or type of a given text. The script provides examples of how different genres require different analytical approaches, highlighting the importance of this skill for students preparing for exams.

Highlights

Introduction to the basic concepts of literary theory: genres and forms of literature.

Three main forms of literature are introduced: epic, lyric, and drama.

Genres are defined as subdivisions within literary forms, each characterized by structural and thematic similarities.

Epic literature focuses on narrating events objectively without the author's personal emotions or opinions.

Lyric literature emphasizes subjective experiences, emotions, and personal thoughts of the lyrical hero.

Dramatic literature is composed primarily of dialogues, with minimal direct input from the author.

Epic's main characteristic is objectivity, while lyricism's is subjectivity and emotional intensity.

Genres within epic literature include short stories, novellas, novels, and epic novels.

Short stories typically feature one event, a small number of characters, and a single problem.

Novellas are larger in scale, featuring multiple characters, more than one problem, and possibly multiple storylines.

Novels are multi-faceted works with many characters, plotlines, and themes, often addressing complex topics like love, social issues, and philosophy.

Epic novels are distinguished by their focus on major historical events, often portraying the life of an entire nation during a crisis.

Lyric genres include elegies, epigrams, and odes, each with distinct themes such as philosophical reflection or satire.

Drama genres consist of comedies, tragedies, and dramas, with different types of conflicts and resolutions.

Comedies focus on humorous situations, tragedies feature irreconcilable conflicts, and dramas address more realistic, resolvable issues.