Evolucion de las sociedades . Historia de la humanidad.

Summary

The video explores the evolution of human society, tracing its development from prehistoric times to the present. It covers key thinkers like Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who proposed ideas about social contracts and the nature of society. The script delves into early social structures, including patriarchal tribes and feudalism, and examines the rise of capitalism, industrialization, and technological advancements. The 20th century saw both global conflict and progress, culminating in the modern era, where society focuses more on collective well-being and global concerns such as ecology, feminism, and socialism.

Takeaways

• 😀 Early human societies were shaped by the need for organization, according to Thomas Hobbes, who believed that without the structure of a state, society would be impossible.
• 😀 Hobbes' theory of the social contract suggested that early humans formed societies to avoid constant conflict and compete for resources cooperatively.
• 😀 In the 19th century, social thinkers like Rousseau argued that humans in their natural state would not harm others and that cooperation for the common good was essential in society.
• 😀 Freud's theory of primitive societies drew parallels to gorilla groups, suggesting an 'alpha male' led society where the strong protect women and resources.
• 😀 Engels proposed that the basic unit of primitive society was the clan, with loyalty to the group forming the foundation of social organization.
• 😀 Early large societies, such as Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome, were based on a division of labor, with the lower classes performing physical labor while the elites engaged in arts, philosophy, and warfare.
• 😀 During the Middle Ages, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Europe experienced a period of poverty, famine, and cultural stagnation, with 90% of the population living in rural areas.
• 😀 The feudal system of the Middle Ages was hierarchical, with nobles offering protection in exchange for tribute from peasants, and the system ultimately became one of control and tribute rather than military service.
• 😀 The Enlightenment period (15th-18th centuries) saw societies focus on positivism, believing in constant human progress, with a rise in scientific knowledge and the power of the bourgeoisie class.
• 😀 The Industrial Revolution led to technological advancements and social changes, creating a new working class (the proletariat) and shifting power to those with control over production rather than land.
• 😀 The 20th century was marked by technological progress and cultural shifts, but also by two World Wars, dictatorial regimes, and notable achievements like the moon landing and the eradication of contagious diseases.
• 😀 Today, societies are heavily focused on service-based economies, scientific research, and global cultural unification, with an increasing emphasis on social issues like ecology, feminism, and socialism.

Q & A

What did Thomas Hobbes believe about society and the role of the state?

Thomas Hobbes believed that a society cannot exist without an organized state. He argued that without such a structure, humans would be in a constant state of conflict, making culture and cooperation impossible.

How did Rousseau's view on the social contract differ from Hobbes'?

Rousseau believed that in the natural state, humans would seek their own benefits without harming others. To live in society, they would need to sacrifice personal interests for the common good, unlike Hobbes, who thought humans would always be in conflict without a strong state.

What was Freud's view on primitive social groups?

Freud theorized that primitive social groups resembled those of gorillas, where a dominant 'alpha male' would have a harem of women to protect and provide for, while other males would compete for reproductive opportunities.

How did Engels view the social structure of primitive societies?

Engels believed that the fundamental unit of primitive societies was the clan. Loyalty to the tribe was paramount, as prehistoric humans did not understand paternity and considered children to be collectively owned by the tribe.

How were early civilizations like Mesopotamia and Rome organized?

In early civilizations like Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome, there was a great division of labor. Lower classes like slaves and peasants worked physically to produce food and resources, while the ruling classes focused on art, war, and philosophy.

What was life like during the Middle Ages, especially after the fall of the Western Roman Empire?

After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe entered a period of poverty, famine, illiteracy, and stagnation. The majority of people lived in rural areas, and society was largely focused on agriculture.

How did feudalism organize medieval societies?

Feudalism was a hierarchical system in which the lower classes, or vassals, pledged loyalty to the nobility in exchange for protection. Over time, the nobility also took on judicial and administrative roles, and the system became less military in nature.

How did society change during the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution?

During the Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution, society moved towards optimism and progress due to scientific advancements. The rise of the bourgeoisie, who were wealthy from commerce, shifted the social and economic power away from the traditional nobility. The Industrial Revolution also led to the creation of new social classes like the proletariat, who worked in factories.

What role did capitalism play during the Industrial Revolution?

Capitalism became more dominant during the Industrial Revolution, shifting focus to personal labor and individualism. Wealth was increasingly generated from industrial production rather than land, and the working class, or proletariat, emerged as a key part of the economy.

How did the 20th century contrast in terms of technological advancements and global conflicts?

The 20th century was marked by significant technological advancements, such as space exploration and the eradication of many diseases, alongside major global conflicts, including the two world wars and several historical dictatorships.