Teori Golongan Darah

Summary

In this video, Ibu Tuti Yuniarti discusses the theory of blood groups, focusing on the role of antigens on erythrocytes (red blood cells) in determining blood types. The video explains different blood group classifications, including ABO, Rh, Lewis, Kell, and others. It also covers the importance of matching blood types for transfusions to prevent dangerous reactions, such as hemolysis. The video concludes with a discussion on Rh factor, especially the complications that can arise during pregnancy if there is an Rh incompatibility between the mother and fetus.

Takeaways

• 🩸 Blood type determination is based on antigens present on the surface of red blood cells (erythrocytes).
• 🔴 Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, are the focus for blood type classification due to the presence of antigens.
• 🧬 Different people have different antigens on their erythrocytes, leading to various blood types (A, B, AB, O).
• 🔍 Blood classification also includes the Rh factor (positive or negative) and other lesser-known classifications like Lewis, Kell, and Kidd.
• 🅰️🅱️ Blood type A has antigen A on erythrocytes and anti-B antibodies in plasma; blood type B has antigen B and anti-A antibodies.
• 🆎 Blood type AB has both A and B antigens on erythrocytes and no anti-A or anti-B antibodies, making it a universal recipient.
• 🅾️ Blood type O lacks A and B antigens but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, making it a universal donor but only in certain conditions.
• 💉 Mismatched blood transfusions can lead to agglutination and hemolysis, causing serious health complications.
• 👶 Rh incompatibility during pregnancy can cause hemolytic disease in newborns, especially if the mother is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive.
• 🔬 Proper blood matching and crossmatching are crucial in transfusions to prevent adverse reactions.

Q & A

What is the primary focus when determining a person's blood type?

The primary focus is on the antigens present on the surface of erythrocytes (red blood cells). These antigens determine the blood type by identifying which specific antigens are present, such as A, B, AB, or O.

Why are erythrocytes used to determine blood type rather than leukocytes or thrombocytes?

Erythrocytes are used because blood type is determined by the antigens present on their surface. Leukocytes (white blood cells) and thrombocytes (platelets) do not have these specific antigens that are used to classify blood types.

What are the two main classifications of blood type based on antigens?

The two main classifications are the ABO blood group system, which includes types A, B, AB, and O, and the Rh (Rhesus) blood group system, which determines whether someone is Rh positive or Rh negative.

What is the significance of the ABO blood group in blood transfusions?

The ABO blood group is crucial in transfusions because it determines compatibility between the donor's and recipient's blood. Mismatched blood types can cause adverse reactions, such as agglutination and hemolysis, leading to potentially life-threatening complications.

How does the Rh factor affect blood compatibility in transfusions?

The Rh factor affects compatibility by determining if a person is Rh positive or Rh negative. If an Rh-negative individual receives Rh-positive blood, their immune system may produce antibodies against the Rh antigen, leading to complications.

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), and how is it related to the Rh factor?

HDN occurs when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus. If the mother produces antibodies against the Rh antigen during a previous pregnancy or delivery, these antibodies can cross the placenta in subsequent pregnancies, attacking the fetus's red blood cells, leading to hemolysis and severe anemia.

What happens if blood from a donor with type A is transfused into a recipient with type B blood?

If type A blood is transfused into a type B recipient, the recipient's anti-A antibodies will attack the donor's A antigens, leading to agglutination (clumping of red blood cells) and hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells), which can be fatal.

What are the roles of antigens and antibodies in determining blood type?

Antigens on the surface of erythrocytes determine the blood type, while antibodies in the plasma correspond to these antigens. For example, type A blood has A antigens and anti-B antibodies, while type B blood has B antigens and anti-A antibodies.

Why is type O blood considered a universal donor, and what are the limitations of this concept?

Type O blood is considered a universal donor because it lacks A and B antigens, reducing the risk of immune reactions in recipients. However, this concept has limitations due to other antigens that can cause reactions, making it essential to ensure a full compatibility match during transfusions.

How does the process of crossmatching improve the safety of blood transfusions?

Crossmatching involves testing the donor's blood with the recipient's blood to ensure compatibility, preventing adverse reactions like agglutination and hemolysis. This step is crucial in ensuring a safe transfusion by verifying that the blood types and Rh factors are compatible.