Stomach - gross anatomy
Summary
TLDRIn this anatomy-focused video, the stomach's structure and function are explored in detail. It discusses the stomach's location, size, and capacity, as well as its anatomical divisions and orifices. The video delves into the stomach's peritoneal and visceral relations, blood supply, nerve supply, and the layers of its interior. It also highlights the common sites for gastric ulcers and carcinomas, providing insights into the stomach's applied anatomy and its relevance to health.
Takeaways
- 😀 The stomach, also known as the 'gestire' or 'venter,' is a large muscular organ and the most dilated part of the gastrointestinal tract.
- 📐 It is anatomically connected above to the lower end of the esophagus and below to the first part of the duodenum.
- 📍 The stomach is located in the left hypochondrium, epigastrium, and umbilical region of the abdomen.
- 🔍 The stomach's shape is typically described as 'J' shaped and is about 25 centimeters in size with a capacity ranging from 30 ml at birth to over 2 liters in adults.
- 🚪 It has two orifices: the cardiac orifice, which connects to the esophagus, and the pyloric orifice, which contains the pyloric sphincter.
- 🏗️ The stomach is divided into the cardiac and pyloric parts, with the pyloric part further divided into the pyloric antrum and pyloric canal.
- 🔄 The stomach's blood supply comes from the celiac trunk and its branches, with an anastomosis along the greater and lesser curvatures.
- 🌐 The stomach's innervation includes both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers, influencing motor functions and secretion.
- 🧬 Gastric ulcers are common along the lesser curvature due to factors like thin epithelium, less blood supply, and increased acid secretion.
- 💊 Gastric carcinomas often occur along the greater curvature and can metastasize through lymphatic vessels to other organs.
- 👨⚕️ The presence of Helicobacter pylori infection is a common cause of gastric ulcers and is associated with the gastric canal area.
Q & A
What is the stomach also known as in terms of anatomy?
-The stomach is also known as a 'gestire' or 'venter', and the terminology used for the stomach is 'gastric'.
What is the primary function of the stomach in the gastrointestinal tract?
-The stomach is a large muscular organ that forms the widest and most distendable part of the gastrointestinal tract.
How is the stomach connected to other organs?
-The stomach is connected above to the lower end of the esophagus and below to the first part of the duodenum.
What are the two orifices of the stomach?
-The two orifices of the stomach are the cardiac orifice and the pyloric orifice.
What is the physiological evidence of the cardiac sphincter?
-The cardiac sphincter is a physiological sphincter that remains closed all the time but opens when food reaches the lower end of the esophagus.
What is the pyloric sphincter known as and what is its anatomical evidence?
-The pyloric sphincter is known as the 'pylorus', and its anatomical evidence is demarcated by the circular groove and the pre-pyloric wave, where one can feel the form of the pyloric sphincter.
What are the two curvatures of the stomach and their significance?
-The two curvatures are the lesser curvature (right border) and the greater curvature (left border), which provide attachment for the lesser omentum and the greater omentum, respectively.
How is the stomach divided internally?
-The stomach is divided into the cardiac part, fundus, body, pyloric part, pyloric antrum, and pyloric canal.
What are the peritoneal relations of the stomach?
-The stomach has both anterior and posterior peritoneal relations, including the gastrosplenic ligament, gastrophrenic ligament, and lesser omentum.
What are the main arteries supplying the stomach?
-The main arteries supplying the stomach are the left gastric artery, right gastric artery, common hepatic artery, splenic artery, and the right and left gastroepiploic arteries.
How does the stomach's innervation affect its function?
-The stomach is innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. Sympathetic fibers are vasoconstrictor to the pylorus and inhibitory to the rest of the stomach musculature, while parasympathetic supply stimulates gastric emptying and secretion.
Why are gastric ulcers more common along the lesser curvature of the stomach?
-Gastric ulcers are more common along the lesser curvature due to factors such as thinner epithelium, less abundant blood supply, more acid secretion, and the presence of Helicobacter pylori infection.
What is the significance of the 'Virchow's node' in relation to gastric carcinoma?
-Virchow's node refers to an enlarged left supraclavicular lymph node, which can indicate the spread of gastric carcinoma through the lymphatic system.
Outlines
🍽 Anatomy of the Stomach
This paragraph introduces the stomach, also known as 'gaster' or 'venter', and its anatomical terminology. The stomach is described as a large, muscular organ with the widest and most distensible part of the gastrointestinal tract. It is connected to the esophagus above and the duodenum below, located in the left hypochondrium, epigastrium, and umbilical region. The stomach's size and capacity are detailed, along with its external features, including orifices, curvatures, and surfaces. The paragraph also discusses the stomach's internal structure, divided into the cardiac and pyloric parts, with further subdivisions into the fundus, body, antrum, and canal.
🔍 Peritoneal and Visceral Relations of the Stomach
This section delves into the peritoneal and visceral relations of the stomach. It explains how the stomach is covered by peritoneum folds on both sides, forming the gastrosplenic ligament and gastrophrenic ligament. The anterior relations of the stomach include its connection to the liver, transverse colon, and anterior abdominal wall, while the posterior relations involve the diaphragm, left kidney, and other structures. The paragraph also describes the blood supply to the stomach from the celiac trunk and its branches, as well as the venous drainage and nerve supply, highlighting the roles of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.
🚑 Applied Anatomy of the Stomach: Ulcers and Carcinoma
The final paragraph focuses on applied anatomy, specifically gastric ulcers and carcinomas. Gastric ulcers are common along the lesser curvature due to factors such as thin epithelium, poor blood supply, and high acid secretion. The paragraph also explains the common areas for gastric ulcers and their association with blood group O. Gastric carcinomas are more prevalent along the greater curvature and have a tendency for metastasis, often spreading to the left supraclavicular lymph node, known as Virchow's node. The paragraph concludes with a reminder to subscribe to the channel for regular updates on anatomy.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Stoma
💡Gastric
💡Cardiac Orifice
💡Pyloric Orifice
💡Greater Curvature
💡Peritoneum
💡Gastrosplenic Ligament
💡Gastric Ulcer
💡Gastric Carcinoma
💡Splenic Flexure
💡Gastric Glands
Highlights
The stomach, also known as venter, is a large muscular organ and the most distendable part of the GI tract.
The stomach's size is approximately 25 centimeters and its capacity ranges from 30 ml at birth to over 2 liters in adults.
The stomach has two orifices, the cardiac orifice connected to the esophagus and the pyloric orifice containing the pyloric sphincter.
The stomach's external features include two curvatures, the lesser curvature on the right and the greater curvature on the left.
The stomach is divided into the cardiac part, body, pyloric antrum, and pyloric canal.
The peritoneal relations of the stomach include the gastrosplenic ligament and the gastrophrenic ligament.
The anterior relation of the stomach includes the liver and the transverse colon.
The posterior relation of the stomach is formed by structures such as the diaphragm and the left kidney.
The stomach is supplied by arteries from the celiac trunk, including the left and right gastric arteries.
The veins from the stomach drain into the superior mesenteric vein and the portal vein.
The stomach is innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers, affecting motility and secretion.
The mucosa of the stomach features gastric grooves and gastric pits, which are the openings of gastric glands.
Gastric ulcers are common along the lesser curvature due to factors like thin epithelium and less blood supply.
Gastric carcinoma is common along the greater curvature and can metastasize to other organs.
An enlarged left supraclavicular lymph node, known as a Virchow's node, is a sign of gastric carcinoma spread.
Gastric ulcers are more common in people with blood group O.
The stomach's interior is exposed by cutting along the greater curvature, revealing layers and gastric features.
The stomach's muscular layer consists of an inner circular, outer longitudinal, and an innermost oblique layer.
The stomach's serosa is formed by the peritoneum and covers the outermost layer.
The video concludes with a reminder to subscribe for regular updates on anatomy.
Transcripts
hello friends welcome to the viva wars
of anatomy today we will discuss the
stoma
now the stomach is also known as a
gesture or a venter from which the
terminology used for the stomach is a
gastric
now the you can define the stomach as a
large muscular organ which is uh form
the widest and the most distendable part
of a gi tract
now the stomach is connected above to
the lower end of the
esophagus and below to the first part of
a deodorant
the stomach is located in
the left hypochondrium
epigastrium and the umbilical region
the same of the stomach is a public g
shape it lies
publicly and it is a j in the shape the
size is
the size is approximately 25 centimeter
and its capacity is 30 ml at the time of
the birth increased to the volunteer at
the time of the puberty and increase up
to more than the half to two liter
in the adults now we first see the
external feature of a stomach
stomach is having the two orifice
that is a cardiac orifice pyloric
orifice
two curvature or the border laser
curvature the right water
greater curvature left water and the two
surface anterior surface and the
posterior surface first talking about
the orifice
the upper orifice is known as a cardiac
orifice the cardiac or it is joined by
the lower end of the esophagus here
there is a physiological evidence of a
sphincter cardiac sphincter but you
cannot demonstrate the anatomical image
you cannot feel the form not you like
structure over here but
there is a physiological sphincter is
there means
the
sphincter will remain closed all the
time but it will open only when the food
reaches to the lower end of the
esophagus and it will open
now the pyloric orifice pyloric orifice
lies at the lower end of the stomach
here the pyloric orifice will contain
the pyloric sphincter which is known as
a pylorus now on the surface of the
pylora pylorus
it is demarcated by the circular
group and the pre-pyloric wave
there is a physiological as well as the
anatomical evidence of the pyloric
sphincter you can feel here
the form
node dude as a pyloric spin
so this is about the orifice now talking
about the border or the curvature the
first is a laser curvature or the right
model the laser curvature extend from
the cardiac orifice up to the pyloric
orifice
it provides the attachment of a laser
momentum now in the most dependent part
in the lower part it presents the nodes
this is known as an angular node or
incisura angularis
now talking about the greater curvature
or a left border
greater curvature
or a left border starting again from the
left side of a cardiac orifice up to the
lower end of a pyloric orifice it
provides the attachment of a greater
momentum now
here in the upper end it is separated
from the left border of esophagus by one
node which is known as a cardiac note
now the last two surface anterior
surface facing anterosuperior
and the posterior posterior surface it
facing posterior inferiorly so this is
the external feature of the stomach now
we see the parts of the stomach stomach
is
some it is divided into two parts which
is subdivided again into the fourth part
first the two division stomach is
divided into two parts by a
line which is drawn downwards and the
left from the angular nose or incisura
angularis so the upper part is known as
a cardiac part and the lower part is
known as a pyloric part
now the cardiac part is again divided by
one horizontal line which is drawn from
the cardiac nodes towards the left
so the upper
non-step small part is known as a fundus
of stomach and the lower part is known
as the body of the stomach
now the part of
a pilot pylori part the pyloric part is
also divided into two part by one in
constant sulcus which is present along
the greater curvature of the stomach
here somewhere over here
into two parts the pyloric entrance
which is 7.5 centimeter long and the
pyloric canal which is 2.5 centimeter
long
so these are the part of the stomach the
fundus
body pyloric antrum pyloric ken
now we see the relation of the stomach
stomach is having two release two types
of the relation the panettone regression
and the visceral relation first we see
the peritoneal reaction
now the stomach on the both the side
anteriorly and the posteriorly covered
by the fold of the peritoneum now this
two peritoneum along the laser curvature
will join to form the laser momentum of
the stump
on the greater curvature this two fold
will unite to form the greater momentum
of the stem
additionally
the
fold of the peritoneum
near the fundus of the stomach will
unite
and get attached to the spleen hilum of
this plane and form the gastrosplenic
ligament
posteriorly near the cardiac end of the
stomach somewhere over here this two
fold uh the two peritoneum fold will
unite to form the gastrophrenic ligament
which is attached above to the diaphragm
now the part of a posterior surface of
the stomach cranial to the gastrophrenic
ligament
is lies in the direct contact with the
diaphragm which is known as a bare area
of a stomach now we see the visceral
radiation across the anteriorly
the anteriorly stomach is related to
over by the liver
the transverse colon
the anterior abdominal wall now see the
stomach is nice obliquely from the left
side to the right side so on the left
side it is covered by the left
lower ribs and the intercostal space
now over here
between
the
left coastal margin and the left lower
edge of our lungs the space lies over
the stomach is known as a trout space
the important of the trout space is that
when you do the percussion
on the space you can fill the resonant
node because
of fundus which is lies below the trouse
slopes and the fundus will contain the
air so you will fill the resonant lobe
normally now due to
plural infusion or the splenomegaly this
space is covered by the fluid and the
speed so at that time you can fill the
dull node so this is the anterior
relation of the stomach now the
posterior relation the
structure forming the posterior relation
will form the stomach weight now the
structure forming stomach made are a
diaphragm
the left kidney lab supranal gland
transverse mesocolon
the splenic flexure of a colon
the painkillers and sometimes the
splenic artery so these are the relation
of the stomach now the blood supply the
stomach is supplied by the arteries of a
celiac trunk or branches of the
celiac trophies and it is arranged along
make an anastomosis along the greater
curvature of the stomach and the lesser
curvature of the stomach okay
first uh
along the artery of a along the laser
curvature of the stomach the branches of
this electron the first direct branch of
this electron the left gastric artery
and the right crystal carbon now the
right histic artery is a branch of the
proper apatic artery which is a branch
of the common apatic artery and the
common epididy carter is a branch of
this electron
now along the lateral curvature it is
supplied by the right gastroepic artery
which is a branch of the gastrodiodetal
artery and the gastro deodorant artery
is a branch of a
common hepatic artery
left
gastroepic artery which is a branch
offers planing artery and the splenic
artery is a branch of a celiac drug
now the upper funding area is supplied
by the short gastric arteries which is
also branch of a spinach artery so this
is the arterial supply of the stomach
when is the stomach is when the veins
from the stomach is drained into the
superior mesenteric veins draining vein
and the water weight so this is the
blood supply of the stomach now we see
the no supply stomach is supplied by the
sympathetic and the parasympathetic
fiber sympathetic fiber arise from the
t6 to t10 segment of the spinal cord via
the greatest blanket now hepatic flexus
and the celiac plexus of a nerve the
sympathetic nerves to the stomach are a
vaso motor
motor to the pylorus and the inhibitory
to the rest of the stomach musculature
and the carry the pain sensation from
the stomach so when the sympathetic
stimulation to the stomach occur it will
uh
compress or close the pyloric sphincter
dilate the stomach so it will do the
gastric filling the parasympathetic
supply arise from the vegas now right
and the left fingers now through the
interior and the posterior gastric nose
the parasympathetic supply is
inhibited with the pilorus and
it is motor to the stomach gastric
musculature so when it stimulate it will
cause the emptying of the stomach and it
is additionally also secreto motor to
the stomach so it will produce the uh
increase the secretion of a stomach
so this is about a now supply of stomach
now we see the interior of the stomach
here i had cut already the stomach along
the greater curvature
and now i am exposing the stomach and we
see the interior of our stomach
now the first thing
the innermost part of the stomach which
shows the mucosa now you can see the
mucosa
is thrown in the force which is known as
a gastric glucose now this gastric eye
are irregular in the interior and the
posterior surface but it is longitudinal
along the laser curvature of the stomach
this part of a gastric rugai is known as
a gastric canal gastric canal
now on the surface of the mucosa you can
see the small pips or a depression which
can be seen clearly with the handlers
this is known as a gastric fields which
are the opening of a gastric glands
so this is first layer in the layer
mucosa below the mucosa there is a
submucosa then the muscular layer that
is made up of inner circular outer
longitudinal and additionally innermost
oblique layer and the outermost is a c
rosa which is formed by the peritoneum
so these are the layer of the stomach
and the interior of the stomach
now the last thing we see the important
applied anatomy now the first applied
important applied the gastric ulcer the
ulcer in the stomach is known as an st
st concern is common along the laser
curvature of a stop here
the reason behind it are the first one
the epithelium along the
laser curvature is thin
second
the mucosa is not tightly attached to
the underlying muscular layer
third it is having the least
abundant blood supply anastomosis is the
least
the fourth it is having the
more ambulant no supply so the secretion
are more and producing the ulcer for
the female reason is a gastric canal now
the important is when we drink anything
through the mouth it passes from the
lower end of the esophagus directly
through the gastric canal to the lower
part before it is
spreading into the rest of the part of
the stomach so this is the most common
area which get inserted from the
the liquid which is uh
given by the ovary
the sixth one the wave of the
contraction remains for the longer
period along the laser curvature and the
last one the infection helicobacter
pylori is
producing it is common in the stomach
and it is having the tendency to
producing the ulcer so these are the
reason why the gastric ulcer is common
along the laser curvature of the stomach
now the remember the gastric ulcer is
common in the people with the o positive
blood group now the second important
applied the gastric carcinoma carcinoma
is common along the greater curvature of
the stomach
now the
carcinoma is having the tendency to
straight to the other organ which is
known as a metastasis
the gastric carcinoma sprayed through
the lymphatic
vessels through the thoracic duct to the
left supraclavicular group of a lymph
node and this
lymph node will help it will get
enlarged this is known as a trojan side
and this enlarged left
supraclavicular lymph node are known as
a signals nodes so it's all about the
stomach thank you
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