The Diesel Story (1952)
Summary
TLDRThis script narrates the evolution of heat engines, highlighting the transition from steam to internal combustion engines. It details the development of the atmospheric gas engine, the four-stroke cycle, and the emergence of the diesel engine with its higher efficiency. The script also discusses the adaptation of diesel engines for various applications, including marine use and high-speed engines, emphasizing the continuous innovation and improvements that have made diesel engines the most efficient and versatile heat engines in the world.
Takeaways
- 🔧 The script discusses the evolution of heat engines and their impact on society, starting with the use of wind and moving towards more reliable forms of energy.
- 🌬️ Early heat engines were primarily steam-powered, utilizing coal and water, and were fundamental to the Industrial Age, operating day and night consuming large amounts of coal.
- 🔥 The discovery of heat as a driving force for engines led to the development of the atmospheric gas engine by Otto and Langen in 1860, which used gas as a power source.
- 🚫 Early internal combustion engines were temperamental and had limited power output, which initially could not compete with the established steam engines.
- 🔄 Otto's adaptation of the four-stroke cycle theory in 1877 led to the creation of a practical internal combustion engine, the auto silent gas engine, which was a precursor to modern engines.
- 🛢️ The discovery of petroleum introduced a new source of power, leading to the development of the gasoline engine, which was easier to handle and ideal for motor vehicles.
- 🏭 Acro Stewart's hot bulb oil engine, built in 1890, was designed for stationary power plants and used heavier petroleum fuel, gaining a reputation for reliability.
- 👷 Rudolph Diesel's vision for a more efficient engine led to the development of the diesel engine, which was based on the principles of high compression and air as the working medium.
- 💡 Diesel's engine utilized air blast injection to atomize fuel for combustion, a principle similar to a perfume atomizer, but faced challenges with high pressures and fuel delivery.
- ⚙️ By 1897, the diesel engine had achieved a reliability and efficiency of 27%, significantly higher than other engines of the time, and entered regular production by the turn of the century.
- 🚢 The diesel engine's success extended to marine use, with the first oceangoing diesel ship, the Candia, marking a new era in the shipping industry.
- 🛻 The development of airless injection in the 1920s allowed for the creation of lighter and more powerful engines, suitable for high-speed applications like submarines.
- 🌐 Today, diesel engines are produced in various sizes and types worldwide, from medium-speed engines for trains to miniature engines for models, showcasing their versatility and efficiency.
Q & A
What was the primary purpose of developing heat engines?
-The primary purpose of developing heat engines was to harness a reliable source of power to make machines do some of the work, thereby improving the efficiency of various industrial processes.
What was the significance of the steam engine in the Industrial Age?
-The steam engine was significant as it was the foundation of the new Industrial Age, working day and night to pump, drive, and turn machinery, and consuming thousands of tons of coal each day.
Why were early internal combustion engines not as powerful as steam engines?
-Early internal combustion engines were temperamental and their power output was too limited due to the challenges of burning fuel inside the cylinder, which prevented them from challenging the power of steam engines.
What was the key innovation of the four-stroke cycle theory?
-The key innovation of the four-stroke cycle theory was the establishment of a practical and efficient sequence of operations: induction, compression, power, and exhaust, which became the basis for all modern four-stroke engines.
How did the discovery of petroleum influence the development of internal combustion engines?
-The discovery of petroleum introduced a new, easy-to-handle source of power that led to the rapid development of the internal combustion engine, particularly the gasoline engine, which was ideal for use in motor cars.
What was unique about the hot bulb oil engine designed by Acro Stewart in 1890?
-The hot bulb oil engine was unique because it used a vaporizer or hot bulb to heat gases, which then passed into the working cylinder. It ran on heavier petroleum fuel and was known for its reliability and ability to run for long periods at a constant speed.
Why was Rudolph Diesel convinced that a higher efficiency engine could be built?
-Rudolph Diesel was convinced that a higher efficiency engine could be built because he believed in four principles: completely moving away from the steam engine, internal combustion, using air as the working medium, and highly compressing the air for maximum expansion.
What was the main challenge faced by the first experimental diesel engine?
-The main challenge faced by the first experimental diesel engine was the high pressures inside the cylinder, which required an exact quantity of oil fuel to be sprayed finely and accurately through a dense wedge of compressed air.
How did the diesel engine improve in efficiency by the time of its regular production?
-By the time of regular production, the diesel engine had an efficiency of 27%, which was far higher than any other engine of the day, due to improvements in engineering methods and the adoption of the air blast injection method.
What adaptation allowed diesel engines to be used in marine work?
-The adaptation of the two-stroke cycle for large high-power engines allowed diesel engines to be used in marine work, as it provided more power for a given engine size and was more suitable for the demands of the marine industry.
What was the significance of the development of airless injection for diesel engines?
-The development of airless injection was significant because it allowed for a more precise and efficient fuel delivery system, enabling the construction of lighter and more powerful engines suitable for high-speed applications such as trucks, tractors, and small boats.
Outlines
🔧 The Dawn of Heat Engines and Industrial Revolution
This paragraph introduces the historical shift towards utilizing heat as a power source to mechanize labor, leading to the birth of new industries and towns. The first practical heat engines were steam engines, which were pivotal during the Industrial Age, operating continuously and consuming vast amounts of coal. A byproduct of coal, gas, was repurposed for lighting, heating, and as a power source in atmospheric gas engines. However, these early internal combustion engines faced limitations in power output and reliability compared to steam engines. The paragraph also discusses the evolution of engines, including the four-stroke cycle developed by Otto, which significantly advanced the practicality of internal combustion engines.
🚀 Advancements in Internal Combustion Engines and Diesel's Vision
The second paragraph delves into the progress made in heat engine development during the 19th century, outlining the four main types in use: oil engines, steam engines, gas engines, and gasoline engines, each with varying efficiencies. It highlights Rudolph Diesel's innovative approach to engine design, focusing on higher efficiency through internal combustion, air as the working medium, and high compression for maximum expansion. Diesel's principle was inspired by the pneumatic match or fire piston, leading to the development of the compression ignition engine. The first experimental diesel engine faced challenges with fuel injection under high pressure but eventually demonstrated its potential with a significantly higher efficiency than other engines of the time.
🛳️ The Evolution of Diesel Engines in Marine and Industrial Applications
This paragraph discusses the commercialization and adaptation of diesel engines in various applications, including electric generators and marine propulsion. The first oceangoing diesel ship, the Candia, marked a milestone in the maritime industry, leading to a widespread adoption of diesel engines in shipping. The development of the two-stroke cycle allowed for more power output from larger engines, while the need for smaller, faster engines led to advancements in airless injection systems, overcoming the limitations of the Air Blast method. The paragraph emphasizes the continuous innovation and the broad range of applications for diesel engines, from submarines to various land and sea vehicles.
🏗️ The Modern Diesel Engine: A Legacy of Innovation and Efficiency
The final paragraph celebrates the modern diesel engine as the most efficient and versatile heat engine, tracing its development back to the pioneering work of Acro Stewart and the scientific understanding of heat. It acknowledges the contributions of engineers and petroleum technologists in refining the diesel engine for various uses, from transportation to power generation. The narrative underscores the importance of research and experimentation in achieving the high-speed, lightweight, and reliable engines that are commonplace today, reflecting the legacy of innovation in the field of engine technology.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Heat Engine
💡Industrial Revolution
💡Steam Engine
💡Internal Combustion Engine
💡Four-Stroke Cycle
💡Petroleum
💡Diesel Engine
💡Efficiency
💡Two-Stroke Cycle
💡Airless Injection
💡Marine Application
Highlights
The invention of the heat engine revolutionized industries and led to the construction of new towns to serve them.
The first practical heat engines were steam engines, which were the foundation of the Industrial Age.
Coal was the primary fuel source in the 19th century, with gas as a valuable byproduct for lighting and heating.
The atmospheric gas engine, patented by Otto and Langen in 1860, marked a shift towards internal combustion engines.
Otto's adaptation of the four-stroke cycle theory led to the creation of a practical internal combustion engine.
The discovery of petroleum provided a new source of power, leading to the development of the gasoline engine.
The hot bulb oil engine, designed by Acro Stewart in 1890, was used for driving stationary power plants.
The efficiency of early engines was low, with the steam engine at 6% and the gasoline engine at 12%.
Rudolph Diesel's innovative ideas led to the development of an engine with higher efficiency, using air as the working medium and high compression.
Diesel's engine utilized the principle of the pneumatic match or fire piston for internal combustion.
The first experimental diesel engine was built in Augsburg, Germany, in 1893, showcasing high thermal efficiency.
By 1897, the diesel engine achieved an efficiency of 27%, significantly higher than other engines of the time.
The diesel engine's success in marine applications began with the launch of the Candia, an oceangoing diesel ship.
The two-stroke cycle allowed for a working stroke for each revolution, increasing power output for large engines.
The development of airless injection marked a significant advancement in diesel engine technology, enabling lighter and more powerful engines.
Diesel engines are now used in a wide range of applications, from trains and trucks to marine vessels and agricultural machinery.
The modern diesel engine is recognized for its efficiency and reliability, a testament to the contributions of past engineers and scientists.
Transcripts
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for most of us living means working so
to get the most out of life men looked
for a way of making machines do some of
their work wind was one answer but it
was not always
reliable they turned to another form of
energy and discovering that heat could
drive machines they opened up a great
new reservoir of reliable power new
industries were born and New Towns built
to serve them the arrival of the heat
engine changed the whole way of life for
people in many parts of the
world the first practical heat engines
were driven by steam fed on coal and
water they were the foundation of the
new Industrial Age day and night they
worked pumping driving turning consuming
each day thousands of tons of
coal during the 19 century coal was by
far the best fuel available it also
yielded a valuable byproduct gas for
lighting and
heating but this gas was now used for
another purpose as a source of power in
the so-called atmospheric gas engine
patented by aotto and Langan in 1860
for years men had been trying to do away
with boilers and to burn fuel inside the
cylinder now C gas made this possible
but these early internal combustion
engines were temperamental and their
power output was too limited to
challenge the power of the steam
engine it was not until
1877 when Otto adapted the principles of
the fourstroke cycle theory of the
French scientist bod Russia that are
really practical internal combustion
engine was built the auto silent gas
engine as it was known was the
Forerunner of all modern four stroke
engines first stroke
induction a mixture of gas and air is
drawn into the
cylinder second stroke
compression third stroke power
the mixture is ignited and expands
driving the Piston
outwards four stroke
exhaust with the discovery of petroleum
a new source of power was born and the
internal combustion engine developed
rapidly similar in principle to the gas
engine the gasoline engine had the
advantage of utilizing an easy to handle
fuel thus it was ideal for use in the
motorc car
in contrast to the gasoline engine
another type of internal combustion
engine was built in 1890 designed by
Acro Stewart this machine was used for
driving stationary power plants it ran
on a heavier petroleum Fuel and was
known as the hot bulb oil
engine the engine comprises a vaporizer
or hot bulb from which the hot gases
pass through a narrow passage into the
working cylinder
in the cylinder is a piston joined by a
connecting rod to the
crankshaft and a heavy
flywheel before starting the vaporizer
is heated by a blow lamp to high
temperature the fly wheel is then turned
over by
hand pure air is sucked into the working
cylinder and the oil fuel is spr sprayed
into the hot
bulb during the second stroke air and
vaporized fuel are mixed together and
compressed the high temperature in the
vaporizer causes combustion and the
Piston is forced outward by the
expanding
gases finally the burnt gases are
expelled from the
cylinder once the engine was running the
heat retained in the hot bulb was enough
to ensure combustion
and the blow lamp was no longer
necessary these simple engines could run
for long periods at a constant speed and
they gained a wide reputation for
reliability the 19th century saw
enormous progress in the development of
heat engines of all kinds and towards
its close there were four main types in
general use the oil engine with hot bulb
vaporizer the steam engine which was
still considered Supreme for a wide of
uses the gas engine for stationary power
plant and the rapidly improving gasoline
engine all these engines worked on the
same basic principle of turning heat
into
work but in each case the amount of heat
turned into work was small the
efficiency was
low 6% for the average steam
engine 10 % for the oil
engine 177% for the gas
engine and 12% for the gasoline
engine looking at these facts Rudolph
diesel was certain that it should be
possible to build an engine with a very
much higher efficiency from the start he
was convinced of four things he must get
away from the steam engine
entirely combustion must take place
inside the the cylinder air not steam
must be the working
medium and finally the air must be
highly compressed so as to permit the
greatest possible
expansion he remembered the pneumatic
match or fire
piston a small cylinder usually made of
wood or glass into which a closely
fitting piston or plunger could be
inserted the head of the Piston was
recessed so as to hold a piece of dry t
when the air in the cylinder was highly
compressed it became so hot as to cause
the tender to
ignite the fire piston gave a clue to a
practical means of securing combustion
inside the
cylinder
compression
ignition diesel adapted this principle
to the internal combustion engine and
described the cycle for the first time
in 1892
a downward stroke of the Piston pure air
is sucked into the
cylinder the air is then compressed to
the point where it reaches the
temperature necessary for
combustion fuel is introduced into the
compressed air owing to the high
temperature it takes fire and produces
heat which is turned into
work during the four stroke the spent
gas are forced out of the
cylinder the first experimental engine
was built at Augsburg in Germany during
1893 most people were convinced that no
machine would work at the high pressures
which diesel insisted were necessary for
combustion and essential for high
thermal
efficiency for
this engine never ran under its own
power one of the main problems facing
diesel arose from the high pressures
inside the
cylinder an exact quantity of oil fuel
had to be sprayed finely and accurately
through a dense wedge of compressed
air it was found that the f Fu pump by
itself could not do the job effectively
so an air pump was added which could
blow the fuel into the combustion
chamber the principle was similar to
that of a perfume atomizer the method
was known as Air Blast
injection by
1894 a completely new and redesigned
engine had been built and preparations
were complete for the first trial run
on
compression ignition was a practical way
of securing combustion and an engine
could be made to work on this
cycle by 1897 the first reliable engine
had completed its tests limitations in
engineering methods had made some
modific
necessary nevertheless the engine had an
efficiency of
27% far higher than any other engine of
the day
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by the turn of the century the diesel
engine was in regular production the
first models built under license were
large single cylinder units with a
maximum speed of less than 200
revolutions per minute manufacturers in
various countries made some
modifications to the original design and
a few horizontal engines were were built
these were reminiscent of actroid
Stewart's earlier engine but with much
higher compression and no hot
B the diesel was ideal for driving
electric generators with the rapid
expansion of electrical power there was
a demand for larger engines with more
than one cylinder with the development
of more power engineers soon realized
that the diesel could be adapted for
marine
work by 1912 the first oceangoing diesel
ship had been built
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the Candia of 7,400 tons was built at
Copenhagen by berme and
Wayne her maiden boys to Bangkok created
a sensation in the Marine World and
marked the beginning of a close
association between the diesel engine
and the Sea within a few years hundreds
of new vessels fitted with these engines
were to be launched from shipyards all
over the world
today one ship in every four is diesel
driven the success of the marine diesel
was due partly to the adoption of the
two-stroke cycle for large high power
engines during the first stroke the air
inside the cylinder is highly
compressed injection then takes
place toward the end of the power stroke
the burnt gases surg from the cylinder
and and are replaced by the incoming
charge of pure
air the first stroke is the same as the
compression stroke in the for cycle
engine the second stroke combines
power exhaust and
induction and completes the cycle
the advantage of the two-stroke cycle is
that it allows a working stroke for each
Revolution and therefore delivers more
power for a given engine
size but more power was not the only
requisite there was a demand for smaller
and faster engines for certain purposes
comparatively light engines for
submarines had been built before
1920 but the Air Blast injection system
was cumbersome inefficient and unsuited
to high speeds there seemed to be a
limit to progress in this
direction during the 20s however a new
system of airless injection was
perfected and the Air Blast method was
superseded The socalled Jerk type pump
meters an exact quantity of fuel which
is delivered at high pressure and broken
into a fine spray at the injector nozzle
the injection pulse is synchronized with
the engine
speed the development of precision
airless injection was a landmark in
diesel history here at last was the
opportunity to build an engine which
would be light as well as
powerful 10 years of hard work and
patient research were necessary before
the highspeed engine could go into
regular production these engines are
more sensitive than the low speed types
and a great deal of work on combustion
problems and the development of new
fuels and lubricants was
necessary then there were other aspects
for example trucks tractors and small
boats fitted with high-speed diesel
engines may have to work in regions with
temperature well below zero practical
tests of starting and running at these
low temperatures were carried out in
special
Laboratories this is only one example of
a vast field of search and experiment
which lies behind the production of the
Modern
Diesel today engines of all types and
sizes are in large scale production
throughout the world mediump speed
engines for Express trains small
highspeed engines for trucks and
buses diesels for tractors and
bulldozers and agricultural
machines miniature engines for model
cars and model aircraft
huge double acting types for generating
electrical power and for driving ships
two stroke and fourstroke engines for
100
uses the diesel has always had a
reputation for efficiency and
reliability like every other machine it
owes much to the past to Acro Stewart
whose early work laid the foundation for
the solid injection engine to the
Pioneers who discovered how to turn heat
into work to the scientists who learned
about the nature of heat to the
engineers who have adapted their
theories to practice and to the
petroleum technologists who have
constantly developed new and better fues
and
lubricants it is through their work and
knowledge that we have the Modern Diesel
the most efficient and most versatile of
all heat engines
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