Saponification: Making Soap
Summary
TLDRThis video script details a soap-making process using a saponification reaction. It begins with 2ml of castor oil and 5ml of ethanol in a 100ml beaker, followed by the careful addition of 10ml of sodium hydroxide solution. The mixture is heated and stirred to hydrolyze the triglycerides, forming free fatty acids that react with the alkali to create soap. To precipitate the soap, a saturated sodium chloride solution is added, followed by cooling in iced water. The soap is then filtered using a standard funnel and paper, resulting in a final product that lathers in water. The video concludes with a reminder of the historical roots of soap-making and a caution about the presence of hazardous alkali in the homemade soap.
Takeaways
- 🧪 The process described is the creation of soap using a saponification reaction.
- 🌟 The primary ingredients are castor oil as the fat or ester, and sodium hydroxide as the alkaline solution.
- 🍶 Ethanol is added to help the castor oil dissolve in the aqueous alkaline solution.
- 🔍 A concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, specifically 5 moles per decimeter cubed, is used for the reaction.
- 🧼 The reaction involves the hydrolysis of triglyceride molecules found in the castor oil, facilitated by the alkaline solution.
- 🔥 The mixture of oil, ethanol, and sodium hydroxide is heated and stirred to speed up the saponification process.
- 🧂 Sodium chloride is added to precipitate the soap from the mixture, forming a suspension that can be filtered.
- ❄️ Cooling the mixture in iced water aids in the precipitation of the soap, increasing the yield.
- 🕒 The mixture is left to cool for approximately 15 minutes with occasional stirring.
- 📚 The term 'saponification' is derived from 'SAPO', the Latin word for soap, and relates to the historical process of soap making.
- 🚫 The final soap product still contains hazardous alkali and is not safe for washing until further processing.
Q & A
What is the main purpose of using ethanol in the soap-making process described in the script?
-Ethanol is used to help the castor oil dissolve better because oil and water don't mix well, and the alkaline solution added later is essentially water.
Why is sodium hydroxide used in the soap-making process?
-Sodium hydroxide is used because it reacts with the long-chain fatty acids found in fats and oils to form soap, which are the sodium salts of these fatty acids.
What is the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution used in the script?
-The sodium hydroxide solution used has a molarity of five moles per decimeter cubed (5 M).
What is the role of stirring the mixture of oil and alkali in the soap-making process?
-Stirring the mixture helps to speed up the hydrolysis reaction, breaking down the triglyceride molecules in the castor oil to make free fatty acids that combine with the alkali to form soap.
Why is the beaker containing the mixture placed in hot water and stirred?
-Placing the beaker in hot water and stirring helps to speed up the saponification reaction, facilitating the hydrolysis of fat molecules and the formation of soap.
What is the purpose of adding sodium chloride to the soap mixture?
-Sodium chloride is added to precipitate out the soap from the suspension, as it helps in the separation of soap from the mixture.
How does cooling the mixture in iced water affect the soap-making process?
-Cooling the mixture in iced water helps the soap to precipitate out more effectively, potentially increasing the yield of soap.
What historical context is provided about the origins of soap-making in the script?
-The script mentions that early soaps were likely made as early as 5000 years ago by the ancient Babylonians who boiled animal fats with ashes containing potassium hydroxide.
What is the final step in the soap-making process described in the script?
-The final step is filtering off the precipitated soap using a filter funnel and filter paper, allowing the filtrate to drip through and leaving behind the soap.
How is the soap's quality tested in the script?
-The soap's quality is tested by taking a small amount of distilled water, adding a spatula full of the soap, and shaking it to see if it forms a lather.
Why is it cautioned against using the homemade soap for washing in the script?
-It is cautioned because the homemade soap still contains hazardous alkali, which can be harmful if used for washing without proper neutralization and purification.
Outlines
🧼 Soap Making Process Introduction
The video script begins with an introduction to the process of soap making through a saponification reaction, which involves fats or esters reacting with an alkaline solution. The primary fat used is castor oil, which is mixed with ethanol to improve solubility. The alkaline solution is a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, chosen for its ability to react with long-chain fatty acids to form soap. The script explains the hydrolysis reaction that breaks down triglyceride molecules in the fat, leading to the formation of free fatty acids that combine with the alkali to create an impure soap.
🔬 Preparing the Soap Mixture
The script details the careful measurement of sodium hydroxide solution and its combination with castor oil and ethanol in a beaker. The mixture is then heated in hot water and stirred to accelerate the hydrolysis of fat molecules. The addition of sodium chloride, or common salt, is described as a method to precipitate the soap from the suspension, followed by cooling the mixture in iced water to enhance soap yield. The historical context of soap making is briefly mentioned, dating back to ancient Babylonian practices.
📝 Filtering and Testing the Soap
The final steps of the soap-making process are outlined, including the filtration of the precipitated soap using a filter funnel and filter paper. The script emphasizes the importance of testing the soap by mixing it with distilled water to check for lather formation, which indicates successful soap production. However, a cautionary note is sounded regarding the presence of hazardous alkali in the soap, which makes it unsuitable for washing until further purification. The video concludes with a recap of the saponification process and an invitation for viewers to like and subscribe for more content.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Saponification
💡Castor Oil
💡Sodium Hydroxide
💡Hydrolysis
💡Ethanol
💡Triglyceride
💡Alkaline Hydrolysis
💡Precipitation
💡Sodium Chloride
💡Filter Paper
Highlights
Introduction to the process of making soap using a saponification reaction.
Use of castor oil as the fat or ester in the soap-making process.
Addition of ethanol to help dissolve castor oil due to its solubility issues with water.
Careful measurement of sodium hydroxide solution, a highly concentrated alkaline used in the reaction.
Explanation of the hydrolysis reaction in soap-making involving fatty acids and sodium hydroxide.
Technique of heating and stirring the mixture to speed up the saponification reaction.
Introduction of sodium chloride to precipitate the soap from the mixture.
Cooling the mixture in iced water to facilitate soap precipitation.
Historical context of soap-making dating back to ancient Babylonian times.
Setting up a filter funnel and filter paper for soap filtration.
Demonstration of the soap's effectiveness through its ability to form a lather in water.
Caution regarding the hazardous nature of the soap before it is fully processed.
Final product presentation and testing of the soap's lathering ability.
Recap of the saponification process and its significance in soap-making.
Invitation for viewers to like and subscribe for more informative content.
Emphasis on the importance of the hydrolysis reaction in the soap-making process.
Mnemonic device provided to remember the word 'saponification' and its Latin origin.
Ethanol's role in aiding the mixing of oil and alkaline solution in soap-making.
The significance of the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution in the reaction.
Transcripts
hello today I'm going to be making a
soap and I'm going to be using a
saponification reaction that is the
reaction between fats or an ester and an
alkaline so we're going to start with 2
milliliters of castor oil that's going
to be our fat or our ester and I'm going
to transfer that into a 100 milliliter
beaker to that I'm going to add 5 mils
of ethanol to help the castor oil to
dissolve better because you know oil and
water don't mix and the alkaline
solution I'm going to be adding later on
is essentially water so this ethanol is
going to help the castor oil to dissolve
now I'm going to very carefully measure
out 10 milliliters of sodium hydroxide
solution this is highly concentrated
it's five moles per decimeter cubed five
molar solution we're using sodium
hydroxide because soaps of the sodium
salts formed when long-chain fatty acids
found in fats and oils react with sodium
hydroxide according to this word
equation this is what's known as a
hydrolysis reaction
which means breaking down the
triglyceride molecules the ester
molecules in the fat using water because
the alkaline solution is mostly water
we're now going to speed up the reaction
by standing the beaker containing the
ethanol sodium hydroxide and castor oil
in water hot water and stirring I was
stirring the mixture of oil and alkali
the fat molecules in the castor oil are
being hydrolyzed which means broken down
to make free fatty acids these free
fatty acids are then going to combine
with the alkali to make an impure soap
which we can filter off later this
process is called the alkaline
hydrolysis of esters so once we've
stirred the mixture inside the beaker of
hot water for five minutes we're going
to precipitate out the soap because at
the moment it's just a suspension inside
the mixture to do this we're going to
need sodium chloride or common salt I've
got a saturated solution of sodium
chloride here and I'm going to measure
out 10
and centimeters cute and milliliters of
it and then I'm going to add it to our
soap suspension in the 100 milliliter
beaker and again I'm going to stir after
this we're going to need to cool the
mixture in iced water this is going to
help the soap to precipitate out the
longer we can possibly leave it the
greater the yield of soap is going to be
I'm going to leave my mixture on ice for
about 15 minutes stirring occasionally
every couple of minutes or so one way of
helping yourself to remember that
saponification is all about manufacture
of soap is to remember that the word
SAPO is the Latin word for soap you can
also remind yourself about the
ingredients used in the soap manufacture
process by thinking about the history of
early soaps we think they were made as
early as 5000 years ago when the ancient
Babylonians boiled animal fats with
ashes which contain potassium hydroxide
so that's fats with an alkali the last
thing we need to do is filter off the
soap that we've precipitated out using
the sodium chloride so I've just set up
a standard filter funnel filter paper
arrangement I'm going to scrape the
mixture into it and wait until the
filtrate has finished dripping through
and here's the final product to test it
all we need to do is take a very small
amount of distilled water and put a
spatula full of our soap in it and shake
it to see if it forms a lather and it
does so we've successfully made soap but
it's important to note that I'm not
going to wash with this still has very
hazardous alkali in it to recap
saponification means making soap from a
fat or oil and sodium hydroxide via a
hydrolysis reaction
please hit like and subscribe if it
helps see you next time
you
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