Sejarah kedatangan bangsa inggris di nusantara

PENA MEDIA

11 Jan 202408:39

Summary

TLDRThe script explores the historical journey of the British in Indonesia, driven by the European demand for spices as essential preservatives and food during winter. It details the British struggle for spice trade dominance, their initial success in securing spices from Portugal, and subsequent difficulties due to conflicts. The narrative includes the establishment of the East India Company, British exploration and trade in Southeast Asia, their temporary control over Java, and the influence of figures like Sir James Lancaster and Lord Minto. It also touches on the governance system implemented by the British, their economic policies, and the eventual return of Dutch control post the Napoleonic Wars, encapsulating a rich history of British-Indonesian relations.

Takeaways

📚 The arrival of the British in Indonesia was driven by the difficulty of obtaining spices, which were vital in Europe, especially as preservatives and food during the winter season.
🌍 The Portuguese were the first to successfully reach the Maluku Islands and establish trade relations with the locals, leading to the expansion of the spice trade.
🏛 Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, became a central hub for the spice trade in Western Europe, which later influenced the British to seek their own profits in this trade.
🛑 The English faced difficulties in obtaining spices from the Iberian Peninsula due to conflicts with the Portuguese during the 80 Years' War, prompting them to seek alternative sources.
🚢 The English initiated their own maritime explorations to find new sources of spices, inspired by the success of Spanish expeditions.
🌐 The first English maritime expedition set sail in 1577, led by Francis Drake and Thomas Cavendish, and successfully arrived in Ternate in 1579, marking a significant step in English involvement in the spice trade.
🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 The establishment of the East India Company (EIC) in 1600 allowed English sailors and merchants to venture into the Indonesian archipelago for spice trade, leading to increased English presence in the region by the 18th century.
🤝 In 1602, the English sent envoys to Banten under Sir James Lancaster to form bilateral relations, which resulted in permission to establish trading posts in the region.
🏛 By 1604, the English had successfully established trading posts in Ambon, Makassar, Jepara, and Jayakarta, although they were unable to establish a trade monopoly in Indonesia like the Dutch.
🏹 The English briefly took control of Java in 1811 after a military campaign, but their rule was short-lived due to the changing geopolitical situation and the eventual return of Dutch rule.
📜 The Treaty of London in 1814 and the subsequent Convention of London led to the agreement that the British would return the Indonesian territories to the Dutch, marking the end of British rule in Indonesia in 1816.

Q & A

What was the primary motivation for European nations, including the English, to arrive in Indonesia?
-The primary motivation for European nations, including the English, to arrive in Indonesia was the increasing difficulty in obtaining spices, which were vital needs in Europe, especially as preservatives and food during the winter season.
How did the Portuguese establish their spice trade in Europe?
-The Portuguese managed to reach the Maluku Islands and secure trade relations with the local population, thus expanding their spice trade. Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, developed into a center for the spice trade in Western Europe.
What advantage did the English have in the spice trade, and how did they obtain their spices?
-The English had a significant advantage in the spice trade because they were able to obtain spices freely and relatively cheaply in Lisbon, which were then traded in various European regions, even up to Northern Europe.
Why did the English start experiencing difficulties in obtaining spices from the Iberian Peninsula?
-The English began to experience difficulties in obtaining spices from the Iberian Peninsula due to their involvement in conflicts with the Portuguese as part of the 80 Years' War.
What was the significance of the first English maritime expedition in 1577, and who led it?
-The first English maritime expedition in 1577, led by Francis Drake and Thomas Cavendish, was significant as it followed the Spanish maritime route and successfully landed in Ternate in 1579, marking the beginning of English interest in the Southeast Asian and East Asian spice trade.
What was the outcome of the English expedition led by Francis Drake and Thomas Cavendish?
-The expedition led by Francis Drake and Thomas Cavendish resulted in the English successfully trading for spices in the Maluku Islands, which they then brought back to England, further increasing English interest in the Asian spice trade.
When and how did the English establish the East India Company (EIC), and what was its role?
-The English established the East India Company (EIC) in 1600 after gaining control over India. The EIC facilitated English sailors and merchants to engage in the spice trade in the Indonesian archipelago, making it a significant player in the region by the 18th century.
What was the significance of the English sending an envoy to Banten in 1602 under Sir James Lancaster?
-The significance of sending an envoy to Banten in 1602 was to establish bilateral relations with the Sultan of Banten, who welcomed the English and granted them permission to establish a trading post in his territory.
How did the English attempt to establish a monopoly in Indonesia, and what were the outcomes?
-The English attempted to establish a monopoly in Indonesia by forming trading posts in Ambon, Makassar, Jepara, and Jayakarta. However, they were unable to establish a monopoly like the Dutch and were eventually forced out due to the superior military power and influence of the Dutch on local rulers.
What was the significance of the Battle of Java in 1811, and how did it affect British control in the region?
-The Battle of Java in 1811 was significant as it marked the British capture of Batavia using 60 ships. This led to the signing of the capitulation treaty on September 18, 1811, which resulted in the Dutch surrendering their territories in the East Indies to the British, effectively ending Dutch rule and beginning British control in the region.
What were the key points of the Convention of London signed in 1814, and what was its impact on British and Dutch control in Indonesia?
-The Convention of London in 1814 stipulated that the British would return the Nusantara region to the Dutch. This agreement was realized two years later, marking the official end of British rule in Indonesia and the beginning of Dutch control from 1816 onwards.

Outlines

00:00

🌍 British Expansion in Indonesian Spice Trade

The first paragraph details the British arrival in Indonesia, driven by the European demand for spices as essential preservatives and food during winter. It narrates the Portuguese success in securing trade relations in the Maluku Islands and the development of Lisbon as a major spice trade hub. The British, initially profiting from the Portuguese, faced difficulties during the 80 Years' War, prompting them to seek independent spice sources. The narrative includes the first British maritime expedition led by Francis Drake and Thomas Cavendish, which successfully reached Ternate and brought back spices. This success led to increased British interest in Southeast and East Asian trade, culminating in the establishment of the East India Company (EIC) in 1600. The British continued to explore and eventually established trade in the Indonesian archipelago, challenging the Dutch monopoly through the EIC, despite military setbacks and local influence.

05:00

🏛 British Administration and Reforms in Java

The second paragraph focuses on the British administration of Java under the leadership of Lord Minto, who appointed Raffles as the Lieutenant Governor. Raffles implemented a system of 16 residencies, which was continued by the Dutch until the end of colonial rule. His administration introduced Western-style governance, economic reforms including the abolition of export obligations and land tax, and changes to the legal system. Raffles also attempted to implement a land rent system but faced challenges due to difficulties in land measurement and the traditional nature of land ownership. Despite abolishing forced labor and slavery, Raffles was accused of similar violations. His contributions to knowledge included writing 'History Of Java' and 'History of the East Indian Archipelago,' and the discovery of the Rafflesia Arnoldii, believed to be the world's largest flower. The paragraph concludes with the geopolitical shifts leading to the signing of the London Convention in 1814, which marked the end of British rule in Indonesia and the return of Dutch control in 1816.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Spices

Spices refer to a variety of dried seeds, fruits, roots, barks, and buds with strong flavors or odors, traditionally used as seasonings in food. In the context of the video, spices were a vital commodity in Europe, particularly as preservatives and for food during the winter season. The script mentions that the Portuguese secured trade relations with the locals in the Maluku Islands, which led to an expansion of the spice trade, making Lisbon a center for the spice trade in Western Europe.

💡Portuguese

The term 'Portuguese' in the video refers to the people and the nation of Portugal, which played a significant role in the spice trade during the Age of Discovery. The script highlights that the Portuguese were successful in reaching the Maluku Islands and securing trade relations, which allowed them to dominate the spice trade in Europe.

💡English

The 'English' in this context refers to the people and nation of England, which sought to gain a foothold in the spice trade. The script describes how the English, through various expeditions and trade agreements, aimed to establish their presence in the spice trade, particularly in the Southeast Asian and East Asian regions.

💡Lisbon

Lisbon is the capital of Portugal and, as mentioned in the script, it developed into a center for the spice trade in Western Europe. The city's growth as a trade hub was closely tied to the expansion of the spice trade, which was a significant factor in the city's economic prosperity.

💡Francis Drake

Francis Drake was an English sea captain, privateer, and explorer who is mentioned in the script as part of the first English expedition to the spice islands. His successful voyage to Ternate in 1579 marked the beginning of English interest in the Southeast Asian and East Asian spice trade.

💡East India Company (EIC)

The East India Company, or EIC, was an English company formed in 1600 for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia. The script indicates that the EIC played a crucial role in the English expansion into the spice trade, particularly in the Indian Ocean region.

💡Dutch East India Company (VOC)

The Dutch East India Company, known as VOC, was a Dutch trading company that had a significant monopoly on the spice trade in the region. The script mentions that the English EIC became a main competitor to the VOC, reflecting the intense rivalry between the two companies for control over the lucrative spice trade.

💡Netherlands

The Netherlands, also known as Holland, is a country in Europe that had a substantial colonial presence in the East Indies, as mentioned in the script. The Dutch, through the VOC, exerted a strong influence over the region and maintained a monopoly on the spice trade, which was challenged by the English.

💡Java

Java is an Indonesian island that was a significant location for the Dutch and later the British during their colonial periods in the region. The script refers to the British conquest of Java in 1811 and the subsequent establishment of British rule, which lasted until the Netherlands regained control in 1816.

💡Raffles

Sir Stamford Raffles is mentioned in the script as the Lieutenant Governor of Java during the British occupation. He is known for his administrative reforms and contributions to the sciences and arts, including the discovery of the Rafflesia Arnoldii, believed to be the world's largest flower.

💡London Convention

The London Convention, signed in 1814, is an agreement that is referenced in the script. It stipulated the return of the Dutch colonial territories to the Netherlands, effectively ending British rule in Indonesia and marking a significant geopolitical shift in the region.

Highlights

The arrival of the English in Indonesia was driven by the difficulty in obtaining spices, which were vital in Europe as preservatives and for food during the winter season.

Portugal successfully reached the Maluku Islands and secured trade relations with the locals, expanding the spice trade network.

Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, developed into a center for the spice trade in Western Europe, which the English later exploited for significant profits.

Due to conflicts with the Portuguese as part of the 80 Years' War, the English faced difficulties in obtaining spices from the Iberian Peninsula and sought alternative sources.

Many seafarers and merchants, uninvolved in the war, undertook voyages and explorations to find the regions producing spices.

The success of the Spanish in Western Europe inspired the English to follow in their footsteps, as explained by Alin Rizkiyan Putra in the 2020 Indonesian history learning module.

The first English maritime expedition set sail in 1577, led by Francis Drake and Thomas Cavendish, following the Spanish exploration route.

The expedition successfully arrived in Ternate in 1579, where Drake and Cavendish procured spices to be brought back to England.

The discovery of the Maluku Islands and the ability to purchase spices led the English to focus on trade in Southeast and East Asia.

The English established the East India Company (EIC) in 1600, marking the beginning of their voyages to the Indonesian archipelago for spice trade.

By the 18th century, many English merchants had reached the Indonesian archipelago, even during the Dutch and French rule in Indonesia.

The English threatened the Dutch monopoly on trade with their company, the VOC, in 1602 by sending an envoy to Banten under Sir James Lancaster.

The English were granted permission by the Sultan of Banten to establish a trade office in his territory, leading to the formation of trade offices in Ambon, Makassar, Jepara, and Jayakarta by 1604.

Despite military strength and influence, the English could not establish a trade monopoly in Indonesia like the Dutch and were eventually forced to withdraw.

The English persisted in their trade endeavors in the 18th century, with many merchants conducting trade in the Nusantara region, even as the Dutch and French maintained their rule in Indonesia.

The East India Company (EIC) became a major competitor to the VOC, and the English continued to attempt to seize control of the Nusantara from the Dutch.

The English temporarily occupied Java after an attack using 60 ships and successfully controlled Batavia on August 26, 1811, which was formalized by the capitulation treaty of September 18, 1811.

The treaty included the Dutch government surrendering the Dutch East Indies to the English, the employment of Dutch soldiers by the English, and the Dutch debts not being the responsibility of the English.

Lord Minto, as the Governor-General of the EIC in India, appointed Raffles as the Lieutenant Governor of Java, where he implemented significant administrative and economic reforms.

Raffles introduced a system of 16 residencies in Java, which was continued by the Dutch until the end of their colonization in Indonesia, facilitating the organization of governance.

Raffles abolished the export obligation system and the forced delivery system previously applied by the VOC, implementing a land lease system for revenue, although it faced implementation challenges.

Raffles changed the legal system from one based on race or skin color to a more universal approach, although there were still instances of similar discriminatory practices.

Raffles wrote the book 'History of Java' in London in 1817 and 'History of the East Indian Archipelago,' contributing to the scientific knowledge of the region.

Raffles supported the Batavian Society and discovered the Rafflesia Arnoldi, believed to be the world's largest flower, with Arnoldi.

The British occupation did not last long, as geopolitical changes after the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte allowed the Dutch to reclaim their colonies, leading to the signing of the London Convention in 1814.

The London Convention stipulated that the British would return the Nusantara to the Dutch, which was officially realized in 1816, marking the end of British rule in Indonesia.