APUSH Unit 1 REVIEW (Period 1: 1491-1607)—Everything You NEED to Know
Summary
TLDRThis video script offers an in-depth look at Unit 1 of the AP US History curriculum, focusing on the societal makeup of pre-Columbian America and the impact of European arrival. It highlights the diversity of Native American cultures, from agricultural pueblos to nomadic tribes, and the significant changes brought by the Columbian Exchange. The script delves into the societal and economic shifts in Europe, the Spanish colonization and encomienda system, and the complex racial hierarchy of the casta system. It also touches on the justifications Europeans used for exploitation and the role of religion in shaping colonial attitudes.
Takeaways
- 🌍 The script provides an overview of Unit 1 of the AP US History curriculum, focusing on the societal makeup of the Americas before and after European arrival.
- 🏞️ Native American societies were incredibly diverse, with various lifestyles including farming, nomadic hunter-gatherers, and complex urban civilizations.
- 🌱 The Pueblo people of Utah and Colorado were farmers with advanced irrigation systems and famous cliff dwellings.
- 🐃 The Great Basin and Great Plains regions were home to nomadic hunter-gatherers, such as the Ute people, who relied on buffalo hunting and gathering.
- 🏡 The Pacific Northwest had permanent settlements due to abundant resources, with tribes like the Chumash and Chinook building large villages and trade networks.
- 🌾 The Iroquois in the Northeast and the Cahokia in the Mississippi River Valley were farmers with communal living in long houses and a centralized government, respectively.
- 🛶 European exploration was driven by political unification, a wealthy upper class seeking luxury goods, and the need for alternative trade routes due to Muslim control of land routes.
- 🚢 The Portuguese and Spanish utilized new maritime technologies and adapted old ones for navigation and trade, leading to the Age of Discovery.
- 🌐 The Columbian Exchange refers to the widespread transfer of people, animals, plants, and diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres after Columbus's voyage.
- 💰 The influx of wealth from the Americas, especially gold and silver, led to a shift from feudalism to capitalism in Europe, with the rise of joint-stock companies.
- 📜 Spain introduced the encomienda system in the Americas, which was a form of forced labor that later evolved into the importation of African slaves due to native populations' decline.
- 🏛️ The Spanish also implemented the casta system, a racial hierarchy in the Americas, with peninsulares at the top and native Americans at the bottom.
Q & A
What is the main focus of Unit 1 of the AP US History curriculum?
-The main focus of Unit 1 is to understand the societal makeup of the Americas before the arrival of Europeans and the impact of European arrival on these societies.
What is the 'AP US History Ultimate Review Pack' mentioned in the video?
-The 'AP US History Ultimate Review Pack' is a set of review materials created to help students get an A in their class and a five on their exam, including note guides, full AP practice exams, and multiple choice questions for practice.
How did Native American societies differ based on their environment?
-Native American societies were diverse, with some being farmers, like the Pueblo people, others being hunter-gatherers in the Great Basin and Great Plains regions, and some constructing fishing villages or massive empires in coastal areas.
What is the significance of the Pueblo people's agricultural practices?
-The Pueblo people were significant for their advanced irrigation systems and the cultivation of crops like beans, squash, and maize, which indicates a settled population and agricultural sophistication.
Why did European kingdoms seek new sea-based trade routes?
-European kingdoms sought new sea-based trade routes due to the control of land-based trading routes by Muslims, which prevented Europeans from establishing trade with Asian regions on their own terms.
What was the impact of the Colombian Exchange on the world?
-The Colombian Exchange led to the transfer of people, animals, plants, and diseases between the East and the West, causing massive ecological changes and significantly altering societies and cultures worldwide.
What were some of the food items transferred from the Americas to Europe during the Colombian Exchange?
-Food items like potatoes, tomatoes, and maize were transferred from the Americas to Europe, enriching European diets and agriculture.
How did the influx of wealth from the Americas affect European society and economy?
-The influx of wealth from the Americas induced a shift from feudalism to a more capitalistic system, with the rise of joint-stock companies funding exploration and trade ventures.
What was the 'encomienda system' and why was it introduced by the Spanish?
-The 'encomienda system' was an economic system where Spaniards forced natives to work on their plantations and extract gold and silver. It was introduced to harness agricultural wealth and exploit the native population for labor.
What is the 'casta system' and how did it categorize people in the Americas?
-The 'casta system' was a social hierarchy introduced by the Spanish that categorized people based on their racial ancestry, with Spaniards born in Spain (peninsulares) at the top, and Native Americans at the bottom.
How did the relationship between Europeans and Native Americans evolve during colonization?
-The relationship was largely difficult and brutal, with Europeans exploiting Native Americans for labor, military alliances, and conversion to Christianity. However, there was also cultural exchange, with each group adopting practices and customs useful to them.
Outlines
📚 Introduction to AP US History Unit 1
This paragraph introduces the video's focus on Unit 1 of the AP US History curriculum, aiming to provide comprehensive knowledge for students. The presenter mentions the AP US History Ultimate Review Pack, a resource designed to assist students in achieving high grades and exam scores. The big picture of the unit is to understand the pre-European societal makeup of the Americas and the subsequent impact of European arrival. The paragraph emphasizes the diversity of Native American societies, which were not monolithic but varied based on their environments, from farming communities like the Pueblo to coastal villagers such as the Chumash, and from hunter-gatherers in the Great Plains to the urban civilizations of the Iroquois and the Mississippi River Valley's Cahokia.
🛶 The Maritime Technologies and European Exploration
The second paragraph delves into the maritime technology that facilitated European exploration and expansion. It discusses the Portuguese advancements in ship design and navigational tools like the astrolabe and the use of astronomical charts. Spain's entry into maritime activities is highlighted, with Christopher Columbus's westward voyage in search of a new route to Asia, which led to the discovery of the Americas. The paragraph also covers the profound impact of the Columbian Exchange, which involved the transfer of food, animals, plants, and diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, leading to significant ecological and societal changes in both Europe and the Americas.
🏛 The Casta System and Social Reordering in the Americas
This paragraph examines the Spanish colonization of the Americas, focusing on the economic and social systems implemented, such as the encomienda system, which forced Native Americans into labor. It discusses the challenges faced by the Spanish, including maintaining control over the native population and the devastating effects of smallpox. The introduction of African slave labor is mentioned as a solution to these issues. The paragraph also explains the casta system, which established a social hierarchy based on racial ancestry, and touches on the cultural exchanges and conflicts between Europeans and Native Americans. It concludes with a discussion of the justifications used by Europeans for their treatment of both Native Americans and African laborers, referencing religious and philosophical beliefs of the time.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Societal Makeup
💡European Colonization
💡Columbian Exchange
💡Encomienda System
💡Casta System
💡Feudalism
💡Capitalism
💡Joint-Stock Companies
💡Indigenous Peoples
💡Disease Exchange
💡Cultural Exchange
Highlights
Introduction to Unit 1 of the AP US History curriculum focusing on the societal makeup of the Americas before European arrival.
The diversity of Native American cultures, debunking the monolithic group stereotype.
The Pueblo people's advanced farming and irrigation techniques in what is now Utah and Colorado.
Great Basin and Plains region's nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle and the Ute people.
Coastal and Pacific Northwest native settlements with abundant fish, game, and trade networks, such as the Chumash and Chinook peoples.
The Iroquois people's communal living in long houses and their farming practices.
Cahokia civilization in the Mississippi River Valley with a centralized government and large population.
The impact of the Columbian Exchange, including the transfer of food, animals, plants, and diseases between the Americas and Europe.
European kingdoms' political unification and the wealthy upper class's demand for luxury goods from Asia.
Portugal's maritime innovations and establishment of trading posts around Africa, leading to the Indian Ocean trade network.
Spain's entry into maritime exploration and the Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula influencing their colonial ambitions.
Christopher Columbus's voyage to find new wealth in Asian markets and the discovery of the Americas.
The profound societal and economic shift in Europe due to the influx of wealth from the Americas.
The transition from feudalism to capitalism in Europe, influenced by joint stock companies funding exploration.
Spain's colonization and the introduction of the encomienda system, leading to forced labor of natives.
The Casta system categorizing people based on racial ancestry in the Americas under Spanish rule.
Europeans' cultural exchange and adoption of practices useful to them from the natives and vice versa.
The development of belief systems by Europeans to justify the exploitation of natives and African laborers.
The debate among priests about the humanity of Native Americans and the laws passed to end their slavery.
Transcripts
hey there and welcome back to heimlich's
history in this video i'm going to teach
you everything you need to know about
unit 1 of the ap us history curriculum
so if you're ready to get the brain cows
milked let's get to it now you should
know that this video is part of a larger
set of review materials called the ap us
history ultimate review pack it's a
resource i made to help you get an a in
your class and a five on your exam it's
got note guides it's got two full ap
practice exams it's got multiple choice
questions for you to practice it's got
everything you need to feel confident in
this class and on your exam so if you
want it link in description below let's
go so the big picture of unit wanted to
understand the societal makeup of the
americas before the europeans arrived
and then once the europeans did arrive
how did that affect them so let's begin
in the beginning and talk about how the
native societies existed before the
arrival of the europeans and the big
idea you need to get situated inside
your brain fold for this section is this
that the natives of the american
continent were a diverse people that had
diverse societies based on the kinds of
environments in which they lived now we
tend to think that the native americans
were sort of a monolithic group that
sort of roamed the plains hunting
buffaloes and then returned at night to
sleep in their teepees now the truth is
some of them lived that way but the
native american cultures were much more
diverse than native americans in coastal
regions constructed fishing villages
there were other groups who lived more
hunter gatherer nomadic type lifestyles
and still others congregated in
magnificent cities and built massive
empires so let's do our best to come to
terms with the diversity of the native
american cultures that existed on the
american continent before the europeans
arrived and will do so by looking at
them each in turn let's begin in what is
today utah and colorado and let me
introduce you to the pueblo people the
pueblo were farmers which is to say a
settled population who spent their time
planting and harvesting crops like beans
and squash in a corn-like crop called
maize and frankly their maze was amazing
don't act like that's not funny and
within these farms there's evidence of
advanced irrigation systems which just
means they were able to take river water
and divert it so that it watered their
crops and they also built small urban
centers made out of hardened clay bricks
and perhaps they're most famous for the
magnificent cliff dwellings they left
behind okay now let's go a little to the
north and what is now colorado all the
way up to canada this is known as the
great basin region in the great plains
region of the continent and the folks
who lived here were nomadic and they
were more hunter-gatherers than their
neighbors to the south they wandered the
great plains hunting buffalo and
gathering enough food to live now these
groups didn't build cities and towns but
they did organize themselves into small
egalitarian kinship bands and if you
want a name for one of these groups a
good example is the ute people over in
the northwest and on down the pacific
coast you had native peoples who develop
permanent settlements because of the
abundance of fish and small game and a
diversity of plant life for example in
present day california you had the
chumash people they built villages that
were capable of sustaining nearly a
thousand people and they participated in
regional trade networks up and down the
coast up in the pacific northwest you've
got the chinook peoples who lived in
similar ways to the chumash except they
built extensive plank houses and which
housed whole families in kinship groups
and now if we fly across the continent
to the north east i can introduce you to
the iroquois people like the pueblo they
were farmers who planted some amazing
crops second time still funny they lived
communally in what are called long
houses which i maintain is a pretty good
name because they were long and they
were houses which would be very
confusing if they were actually short in
tents
i was cracking myself up over here
it was great anyway the point is they
lived in long houses that were
constructed from the abundant timber
that was available in the area let's
move westward a little and meet the
folks who lived in the mississippi river
valley the groups who lived here were
again farmers because of the rich soil
found in the region they also
participated in trade up and down the
main waterways found in that region and
probably the most famous and certainly
the largest of these groups was the
cahokia which was a civilization
boasting somewhere between 10 000 and 30
000 people and this civilization had a
centralized government led by powerful
chieftains now the point of this survey
of all these different peoples is to get
you to understand one thing the natives
of america developed distinct and
increasingly complex societies and those
societies were affected and shaped by
the environment in which they lived and
not only that they utilized vast trading
networks that stretched all the way from
south america all the way through north
america and hark what doth my eyes
behold upon yonder shore
white people but wait let's back up and
try to understand why europeans were
arriving on the american shores at all
first of all it's going to be very
important for you to know that from the
1300s to the 1400s european kingdoms
were changing significantly they were
going through a process of political
unification and were developing stronger
more centralized states that were
governed by monarchs one of the
consequences of all this was a growing
wealthy upper class who developed a
taste for luxury goods from asia but
there was a problem muslims controlled
many of the land-based trading routes
that stretched from europe to asia and
that means that europeans in general
were unable to establish trade with
those regions on their own terms and
that led them to seek out sea-based
routes for trade now the first european
mover in this respect was portugal and
they established a series of trading
posts around africa historians call this
a trading post empire and eventually
gained a strong foothold in the indian
ocean trade network now one of the chief
ways they were able to do this was by
deploying new maritime technology and
adapting old technology and stop for a
second if you don't know what the word
maritime means it just means having to
do with the sea so let's get some
examples of these new and old
technologies that the portuguese used
they made use of updated astronomical
charts which helped them with their
reckoning as did their use of the
astrolabe they also experimented with
new ship designs which were smaller and
faster and more nimble upon the rivers
in the seas and they were devoted only
to trade and on those ships they used
borrowed technology like the latin sail
and the stern post rudder all of which
helped the ships navigate more
accurately now after seeing the success
that portugal had spain went ahead and
jumped into the maritime game too during
this time spain had just finished the
reconquest of the iberian peninsula from
the north african muslim moors and this
had a couple of important consequences
first the reconquest led a fire in their
bellies to spread catholic christianity
far and wide second the new power which
the victory brought led them to seek new
economic opportunities in the east and
now enter christopher columbus he was an
italian sailor who showed up to the
spanish court of ferdinand and isabella
seeking sponsorship in order to sail
west in order to find new wealth in
asian markets when he proposed this plan
to ferdinand and isabella and showed
them the kind of massive wealth that
they could gain as a result of it their
response which when being translated was
uh duh and so columbus set off from
spain and sailed west across the
atlantic ocean in 1492. and a few months
later he and his men ran into a giant
continent that no european knew was
there um what about the vikings okay yes
the vikings but you know
now columbus landed in what we know as
the caribbean and found great wealth
among the inhabitants of several of the
islands and upon his return to spain
tales began to spread far and wide of
the hidden wealth of the new world and
this created a fierce competition among
european nations like portugal and
france and england to explore these
lands now i kind of breezed over a
little quickly but columbus's landing on
san salvador in the bahamas was like a
major turning point in world history and
us history massive ecological changes
occurred throughout the world because of
the bringing together of these two
hemispheres now the general term for
this exchange is the colombian exchange
by definition the columbian exchange is
the transfer of people animals plants
and diseases from the east to the west
and from the west to the east now it's
going to be important for you to know
some of the specific items that were
transferred between these two
hemispheres and just for poops and
giggles let's start with food from the
americas food like potatoes and tomatoes
and maize cross the atlantic into europe
and needless to say when the europeans
tasted this maze they were like this is
amazing
all right three times too much now from
europe to the americas came things like
wheat and rice and soybeans in terms of
animals the americas sent over turkeys
for example europeans introduces cattle
and pigs and horses to the americas of
great importance was the gold and silver
found in the americas and transferred to
europe and not to be forgotten people
were the subjects of this transfer as
well europeans made permanent homes in
the americas and also introduced
enslaved africans to the continents and
finally maybe most significant was the
exchange of disease among the two
hemispheres when the europeans arrived
in the americas they brought smallpox
with them and that disease was entirely
novel to the native populations of
america and therefore they had no
immunity to it whatsoever and as a
result huge portions of their
populations were decimated by the new
disease on some islands whole
populations were nearly extinguished now
it's arguable whether the native
americans introduced any diseases to the
europeans but the europeans during their
travels picked up syphilis and at least
the story they told themselves was that
they got it from the natives now let's
get back to the wealth that came from
the americas into europe because that
had profound consequences namely it
induced a profound societal and economic
shift in european states you see in the
centuries prior to this the societal and
economic makeup of european states was
largely organized by a system called
feudalism under this system peasants
lived and worked on a noble's land in
exchange for that noble's protection but
this influx of wealth had the effect of
shifting feudalism into a more
capitalistic system now capitalism is an
economic system based on private
ownership and free exchange and part of
the impetus for this shift was the rise
of joint stock companies to fund
exploration now a joint stock company is
just a limited liability organization in
which a plurality of investors pooled
their money to fund a venture and the
limited liability piece means that if
the venture failed then no one suffered
the consequences entirely but if it
succeeded everyone shared in the profits
this is a much different model for
funding exploration than the
state-sponsored exploration like you saw
in spain okay now with all of those
generalities established we need to take
a moment to look at the first major
european player in the americas when it
comes to colonization and that would be
spain now upon gaining a foothold in the
americas the spanish quickly realized
that it was not the extraction of
precious metals like silver and gold
that was going to make them extremely
wealthy although they did pursue that
they found that it was going to be
agriculture that was going to make the
boom boom rain so in order to harness
all that agricultural ambition they
introduced something called the
encomienda system this was an economic
system whereby spaniards forced natives
to work on their sprawling plantations
and extract gold and silver in other
locations and the spaniards found that
this system benefited them for a while
but they did start having problems the
first problem is that they started
having trouble keeping the natives
subservient and enslaved because the
natives were native and the spaniards
were not the natives found many ways in
order to escape the brutality of their
enslavement and their subservience the
second problem encountered by the
spaniards was that the natives were rude
enough to continue dying in massive
numbers because of the spread of
smallpox so the solution to both of
these problems was the importation of
african and slave laborers to work the
plantations this was a good solution in
the spanish perspective because the
africans didn't know the american
geography and were less likely to escape
and bonus africans have been mingling
with europeans for centuries as part of
vast trade networks in afro-eurasia and
so they had developed more immunity to
european diseases now it's going to be
important for you to know that as spain
came to dominate central and south
america they fundamentally reordered the
society that was there they introduced a
new system of social classes called the
casta system and it categorized people
in the americas based on their racial
ancestry on top of the heap were the
peninsulares who were spaniards born in
spain which is to say on the iberian
peninsula hence peninsulares under them
were the cryoyos or the creoles which
were spaniards born in the americas and
on the next level down were the casters
which had several subdivisions mestizos
were those born of spanish and native
american blood mulattos were those of
spanish and african blood and still
lower you had the africans themselves
and least of all were the native
americans now as i just explained for
the most part europeans look down on the
natives to the europeans the native
americans were basically just good for
exploitation military alliances forced
labor and subjects of christian
conversion and even though these two
groups were often in contention with one
another each adopted practices and
customs from the other's culture which
was useful to them for example shift to
north america for a moment and talk
about english colonization and you see
that the natives taught the english how
to hunt in the forest and how to
cultivate maize and the natives adopted
iron tools and weapons introduced by the
english even so the relationship between
the europeans and the natives was
largely difficult and very brutal and
the europeans developed elaborate
systems of belief that helped them
justify their treatment of the natives
many spaniards believe that native
americans were ontologically less than
human and that enabled them to dole out
the harsh punishments and the harsh
treatment that they gave them in their
colonial venture for example priests
like juan guiness de sepulveda argued
that native americans were indeed less
than human and they actually benefited
from the harsh labor conditions but
there were priests who oppose this kind
of thinking chief among them was
bartolome de las casas las casas had
actually spent time among the natives
and came to see their humanity as worthy
of defense and he actually persuaded the
king to pass laws ending the slavery of
the natives but don't worry the wealthy
nobles who saw their hopes of wealth
disappearing with the abolishment of
slavery went ahead and got the king to
repeal those laws europeans also
developed belief systems that enabled
them to justify the exploitation of
african laborers as well and this they
got from the bible in the book of
genesis noah's son ham sins against his
father and as a result noah curses ham's
son kanan and all his descendants to be
slaves for the rest of their lives but
europeans during this period of
exploration and colonization came to the
conclusion that black's skin must have
been the mark of ham because africans
were destined to be slaves from the
beginning now to be clear that is not
what the bible says but that is how they
read it all right that's what you need
to know about unit one of ap u.s history
you need help getting an a in your class
and a five on your exam then grab my
ultimate review packet and if you're
feeling saucy and want to join the
heimler family then go ahead and
subscribe and come along heimler out
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