Lecture 60: Sampling and Analysis of PM10 & PM2.5 using Spectrometer
Summary
TLDRThis video script details the use of spectrometer-based instruments for sampling and analyzing particulate matter, specifically PM10 and PM2.5. It covers the importance of particulate matter in air quality and health, the principles of light scattering for particle measurement, and the operation of the GRIMM spectrometer. The script also explains the process of data collection, software analysis, and the comparison between high-volume samplers and spectrometers, concluding with a lab demonstration and acknowledgments.
Takeaways
- 🔬 The script discusses the use of a spectrometer for sampling and analyzing particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, and even PM1), offering an alternative to the gravimetric methodology using high-volume samplers.
- 📚 The lecture provides an overview of the importance of particulate matter in terms of environmental and health impacts, highlighting the significance of fine and ultra-fine particles.
- 🌟 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM10 and PM2.5 are mentioned, with specific concentration values not to be exceeded for annual and 24-hour periods.
- 🛠 The GRIMM instrument is introduced as the spectrometer-based tool used for monitoring particulate matter, with a detailed description of its components and setup.
- 💡 The principle of light scattering by single particles is explained as the basic working mechanism of the spectrometer, which allows for the measurement of particle count and mass concentration.
- 📉 The process of preparing the spectrometer for data collection, including the careful handling of filter paper and ensuring its accurate weighing, is outlined.
- 🖥️ Data analysis is facilitated by software provided with the spectrometer, which allows for the selection of time intervals, data transfer to a PC, and the creation of spreadsheets for easy analysis.
- ⏱️ The importance of synchronizing the spectrometer's time with the PC time to avoid errors in time recording is emphasized, with a recommendation for regular synchronization.
- 🔍 The script includes a demonstration of how to use the spectrometer's control software for real-time monitoring and data collection, including setting up user settings and starting/stopping the device.
- 📚 A lab-based video is mentioned, which illustrates the sampling and analysis process of PM10 and PM2.5 using a spectrometer, providing a visual aid to the lecture's content.
- 📈 The versatility of the spectrometer is highlighted, as it can measure not only mass concentration but also particle count, which is crucial for source identification and compliance with air quality standards.
Q & A
What is the primary topic of the lecture?
-The primary topic of the lecture is the sampling and analysis of particulate matter, specifically PM10 and PM2.5, using spectrometer-based instruments.
What are the two main methods discussed for sampling PM10 and PM2.5?
-The two main methods discussed for sampling PM10 and PM2.5 are the gravimetric methodology using a high-volume sampler and the spectrometer-based method.
Why are particulate matters important to monitor?
-Particulate matters are important to monitor due to their significant impact on both the environment and human health, as they can cause various respiratory issues.
What are the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM10 and PM2.5?
-The National Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM10 and PM2.5 are an annual concentration of 60 and a 24-hour concentration of 100 for both, which should not be exceeded.
What is the role of the spectrometer in measuring particulate matter?
-The spectrometer measures particulate matter by using light scattering principles. It can provide not only mass concentration but also the count of particles.
What is the basic principle behind the spectrometer's operation?
-The basic principle behind the spectrometer's operation is the light scattering by single particles, which is then detected by a detector, allowing for the monitoring of particle count and mass concentration.
What is the significance of the filter paper in the spectrometer?
-The filter paper is crucial in the spectrometer as it is used to collect particles for analysis. It must be carefully handled, weighed, and replaced to ensure accurate measurements.
How is data transferred from the spectrometer to a desktop or laptop?
-Data is transferred from the spectrometer to a desktop or laptop using a software provided by the spectrometer manufacturer, which allows for the selection of ports, setting time intervals, and initiating the monitoring process.
What is the importance of synchronizing the device time with the PC time?
-Synchronizing the device time with the PC time is important to avoid errors in time recording, ensuring that the data collected is accurately timestamped.
How can the data collected by the spectrometer be analyzed?
-The data collected by the spectrometer can be analyzed using the provided software, which offers various options for data visualization, including graphs, tables, and statistical analysis.
What is the purpose of the video presented in the lecture?
-The purpose of the video is to illustrate the sampling and analysis process of particulate matter, specifically PM10 and PM2.5, using a spectrometer in a laboratory setting.
Outlines
🌍 Introduction to Particulate Matter Analysis with Spectrometer
The script begins with an introduction to the analysis of particulate matter, specifically PM10 and PM2.5, using spectrometer-based instruments as an alternative to the high-volume sampler. It outlines the lecture's structure, which includes an introduction to particulate matter, its importance, national air quality standards, the working principle of a spectrometer, the equipment used, and the process of data analysis. The script emphasizes the health and environmental impacts of particulate matter and mentions the capability of spectrometers to measure even finer particles like PM1.
🔬 Components and Setup of the Spectrometer for Particulate Matter Measurement
This paragraph delves into the components of the GRIMM spectrometer used for monitoring particulate matter. It describes the setup process, including the placement of the instrument in the field housing, the dust monitor, the filter paper, and the data storage device. The spectrometer's front panel features an LCD screen and a keypad, while the back panel houses the filter paper slot and cable outlets. The paragraph also explains the basic principle of operation, which involves light scattering by particles detected by a spectrometer's detector.
📝 Procedure for Filter Paper Handling and Data Analysis
The script explains the meticulous procedure for handling the filter paper, emphasizing the importance of careful placement and weighing to ensure accuracy in particulate matter measurement. It continues with a description of how data is transferred to a desktop or laptop, the software used for data analysis, and the customization options available for monitoring intervals. The paragraph also discusses the importance of synchronizing device time with PC time to avoid errors in time recording.
🖥️ Software Interface and Real-Time Monitoring of Particulate Matter
This section introduces the software interface provided by GRIMM for controlling and monitoring the spectrometer. It outlines the steps for configuring the spectrometer, including selecting communication ports, setting time intervals, and syncing device time with the PC. The script also describes the user settings for defining output files and initiating the measurement process. It provides an overview of the different tabs and options available in the software for real-time monitoring and data analysis.
📈 Data Visualization and Statistical Analysis Using the Spectrometer Software
The paragraph discusses the various ways in which the spectrometer software presents data, including distribution tables, live readings, graphical presentations, and statistical analysis. It explains how to interpret the data in terms of particle counts per liter and mass concentration in micrograms per cubic meter. The script also covers how to save graphics and convert data into a spreadsheet format for further analysis, which is essential for understanding the variation of particulate matter over time.
📚 Conclusion and Acknowledgments for the Particulate Matter Monitoring Course
In the concluding paragraph, the script summarizes the course on particulate matter monitoring using a spectrometer and acknowledges the contributions of various individuals involved in the course. It highlights the versatility of the spectrometer in providing both count and mass concentration of particulate matter and emphasizes the importance of such data for source identification and compliance with air quality standards. The script ends with a thank you note to the participants and a wish for their future endeavors in air pollution control and studies.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Particulate Matter (PM)
💡Spectrometer
💡National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
💡Light Scattering
💡GRIMM Instrument
💡Data Storage
💡Software Analysis
💡Optical Particle Counter
💡Filter Paper
💡Real-Time Monitoring
💡Air Pollution Control
Highlights
Introduction to spectrometer-based sampling and analysis of particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1).
Importance of particulate matter for environmental and health impacts, including respiratory issues.
National Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM10 and PM2.5, including annual and 24-hour concentration limits.
Principle of light scattering by single particles in spectrometer for measuring mass concentration and particle count.
Components of the GRIMM spectrometer instrument, including EDM, field housing, dust monitor, and memory card for data storage.
Setup and operation of the spectrometer, including placing the filter paper and ensuring proper weight measurement.
Data transfer to desktop or laptop for analysis, with software options for selecting ports, setting time intervals, and monitoring.
Synchronization of device time with PC time to avoid errors in time recording of data.
User settings for defining output files, adding comments, and selecting location for data analysis.
Real-time monitoring and data collection with the ability to set time intervals from 6 seconds to 1 hour.
Analysis of data using software, including options for counts per litre, microgram per cubic metre, and mass concentration.
Comparison between high-volume sampler and spectrometer in terms of functionality and robustness.
Lab-based video demonstration of PM10 and PM2.5 sampling and analysis using a spectrometer.
Use of GRIMM model spectrometer for measuring PM10, PM2.5, and PM1, with software provided for monitoring and data analysis.
Procedure for saving and extracting data from the spectrometer, including converting data into spreadsheet format for further analysis.
Application of spectrometer data for source identification, relating concentrations, and comparing with air quality standards.
Acknowledgements and closing remarks, thanking participants and expressing well wishes for future air pollution control and study pursuits.
Transcripts
Sampling and Analysing of Particulate Matter (PM10 & PM2.5) using Spectrometer
Hello friends, you may recall we discussed about gravimetric methodology to do the
sampling or monitoring of like PM10 and PM2.5 using the high-volume sampler,
we can also do sampling and analysis of particulate matter especially
PM10, PM2.5 even less than PM2.5 like PM1 using spectrometer-based instruments basically. So,
this methodology today we will discuss and this is the last lecture of this particular course.
So, first of all, we will discuss briefly about the introduction, why particulate
matter are so important, the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM10 and PM2.5,
what is the principle of the method of a spectrometer and which kind of equipments are
used and how measurements are carried out. Then, the software which is used for this purpose, so
how it is used and how does it help in analysis of the data, then the lab-based
video we will screen and we will conclude. So, as this primary air pollutant particulate
matter is very important because of its effect on the environment as well as on the health and
these fine particles they can go to the respiratory system and they can cause several
kinds of health issues basically. So, ultra-fine particles are also very important like PM1
and less and they can also be measured but in this presentation we will discuss about only
PM10 and PM2.5. But using the spectrometer I repeat that even PM1 and less than PM1
can be measured basically. So, this PM10 and PM2.5 air quality standards,
National Ambient Air Quality Standards are there like annual 24 hours. So, for those
like industrial residential areas or ecologically sensitive areas values are same,
like annual concentration of PM10 is 60 in both cases, 24 hours concentration is 100 in
both cases. Similarly, for PM2.5 annual concentration is 40. So, this should not
exceed if we go on getting exposed throughout year and 60 is the 24-hour maximum concentration
it should not violate or it should not exceed at a particular location for PM2.5.
If we talk about the spectrometer based instrument, so basically we have used
this GRIMM instrument which houses many these parts or components like EDM,
this field housing where the instrument can be put in, then this is the dust monitor,
which monitor the particulate matter and you can see like there is a connecting
cable and then there is a filter paper with a small size which is put into this instrument
and data storage that memory card is there and this is the battery which is used if there is no
current available, power available there. Then if we look into dust monitor, so the front
panel houses this LCD panel as well as the keypad here, then this is the slot for data storage that
particular card, then sample inlet is there at four number where air inflows
and analogue input 5 number, 6 is connecting with the main adapter. And then interface port is the
7 number which can be used for connecting with the like desktop computer.
Back panel has a space for this putting filter paper and then there are different like for cable
and other outlet is also there. So, all these parts are on the backside of the instrument.
And the basic principle is which is used for this spectrometer they use the light scattering by the
single particle. So, each particle that is why this instrument gives not only the mass
concentration, but count also, count means number of the particles. So, count is also available in
this particular spectrometer. So, this is the way light scattering is there and the light
scattering is detected by some method which we can discuss here, detector is there.
So, at the 90 degree the laser past so, when it strikes with the particle it scatters the light
and then through mirror it is reflected and detector detects it and then that
is monitored or that is stored accordingly the number of particles and then the mass
concentration can also be monitored. When we do the monitoring. So, basically
the filter paper we should particularly be careful about how to put it so remove
using these tweezers the old one and then clean it very properly and then put a new filter paper
and it has to be weighed also 3 times so, that because it is small, so the average weight is
taken after weighing it for 3 times and then monitoring is to be done.
When data is taken into the desktop and data as I said, it can be like particle
per litre count means how many particles are there in per litre, or microgram per cubic metre,
the mass concentration can also be there. So, this is the way data is transferred to the laptop
or desktop and the software is there its own software is there which gives us different
buttons like we can select the port, the time interval, all those
things can be set to start the monitoring. So, you can see here the scan ports are selected,
then it can automatically take which particular port it is using otherwise manually
we can give the name of this particular port and this is the device which can give the display of
this particular port related information. Then time interval can be set like from 6 seconds
to 1-hour huge range is there. So, depending upon the necessity, we can select how much
at the what time interval we need data to be stored like 5 minutes each or each 10 minutes
or something like that. So, there is one need of synchronise of the device time with the PC time so
that there is no error of the time recording. So, every 3 months they should be basically
synchronised otherwise, if a site is changing, time zone is changing particularly in time zone
then you can synchronise it more frequently. Then if we took into this user settings,
you can see how this is taken all these parameters and headers are there and spreadsheet files are
created basically like Excel etc. So, that data analysis is very easy.
Now, this is the button when we start monitoring. So, the start device button is
to be clicked and then this instrument starts functioning and recording the data.
Well after that when monitoring is complete, then a stop device button can be
pressed and data is stored and then data can be taken whatever time interval we have selected
and it can be transferred to the PC. So, this is the way data is collected basically
different columns are there and then whether it is count or whether it is mass concentration,
we can select according to the requirement. We can analyse the data at per like
time interval like particulate matter and mass concentration or count. So, we can analyse and
see how data is varying from time to time. So, these are the software of the spectrometer,
which we are using. So, control software is there which can give different kinds of possibilities
and as per the site where we have monitored data is transferred to the particular file
and then it is analysed later on. So, here we present the short video
illustrating the sampling and analysis of particulate matter especially PM10 and PM2.5
using a spectrometer. So, now you can compare the high-volume sampler and a spectrometer,
how do they function, what is their difference in the procedures and whether one is robust or
second is robust, and the possibilities the range like it can also give PM1 etc and this video has
been recorded in air pollution laboratory of Civil Engineering Department in IIT Roorkee. So,
enjoy the video and learn about the PM10 and PM2.5 monitoring using spectrometer.
Narrator: Good afternoon everyone. And I welcome you all in this lab-based series of
this lecture for NPTEL. And this is the last lecture in the lab base measurements. And today
we will be discussing on the sampling analysis of PM10, PM2.5, PM1 using the GRIMM model.
And for that we will be using this apparatus that is the GRIMM EDM,
EDM 164 that is Environmental Dust Monitor and in that it is the field housing and this
is the spectrometer and this is the memory card which has been inserted in the spectrometer. So,
let me just give you a quick intro of this, the parts of this field housing and the spectrometer
so as you can see this field housing here we are placing the spectrometer right now.
So, this is the spectrometer and this is the front panel of the spectrometer, here you can see this
LCD screen where we are seeing the readings of all the PM10 PM2.5 all the particles and
these are the control buttons, where we are using these buttons we are controlling this
spectrometer and this is the sample inlet. So, in this sample inlet this
sampling pipe is being fitted in this spectrometer and this spectrometer is
being placed in this field housing. Let me just give you the intro of this back panel,
in back panel you can see that lock is there, if you open this lock there is a PTFE filter.
So, this PTFE filter this let me tell you this spectrometer or EDM 164 can monitor or sample
the PM10, PM2.5 using the two modes that is by the optical particle counter and by the gravimetric.
So, optical particle counter can be attained using the spectrometer
and also using the gravimetric analysis you can weigh this PTFE filter and you can just analyse
or sample the PM2.5 sample. So, after this taking the readings you can weigh this PTFE filter before
the sampling and after the sampling then you can analyse the PM2.5 particles.
So, you can see we are placing the PTFE filter using these forceps
and it is so placed that all the four points I hope you are able to see these four points this 1,
2, 3, 4 actually it is placed this PTFE filter is placed this side, so it is so placed there like
that these four points so that is 1, 2, 3, 4 these four points should be visible. So,
after placing this filter we have to play close this panel. So, after this closing the panel and
assembling that this PTFE filter your spectrometer is ready to be placed in the field housing.
So, let me just place this spectrophotometer and one more thing that is this spectrophotometer will
be attached with the system and software is provided for monitoring the particles
and this software is also provided by the GRIMM model and this system and this spectrometer
is attached using this RS 232 cable. So, let me just attach all the things,
so as you can see that the spectrometer is fitted in this field housing and it is connected with
this system using this RS 232 cable and the field this sample pipe that is placed in this
sample inlet that the port where I have shown earlier, so let me just on the system.
So, as soon as I on the system I hope you are able to see that right now if not I will just let
me just tell you as you are on the system you will be seeing the model name first and then
the date and time we are displayed in this LCD screen and then thereafter the available memory
that how much duration you can go for measurement on analysis that is being displayed and after that
it will ask you to this have you change the filter or not.
So, in response you have to just press this plus button in the spectrometer for a few seconds.
So, after hearing this beep sound the spectrometer will go for self-test and the self-test is
for 30 seconds and after self-test it will start measuring the particles and it will be showing the
counts per litre in this spectrometer the units are in it is in counts per meter.
I hope you can see right now, it has being starting,
I have received a signal like self-test is okay. So, after receiving the signal of self-test is,
you can see that a PM10 and PM2.5
these two particles are being displayed in this spectrometer.
So, now spectrometer is started now we need to configure the spectrometer according to our
requirements and for that we have to go for conferring the spectrometer using the system. So,
this is the software which is provided by the GRIMM. So, let me just give you the hands on how
to measure or monitor the PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 samples using this software.
So, this is the software provided by the GRIMM as you can see this is the UI of the software and
here you can see different kinds of options are available this is,
first is the control panel next is to overview so, as soon as I connect the software then
it will be showing other options as well. So, here you can see you have to first select
the ports or you have to scan the ports, if you know already the port is there,
then you can directly or manually select the port right now I am clicking on this scan port,
as you can see, it is detected the COM 3 port that is the GRIMM port so the port is already
selected. So, now you have to simply click on this connection to device so while connecting with this
software and the code you will be hearing some sounds from the spectrometer as well. So, I have
got the message that device has connected. So, simply you have to click on exit now
you can see it is searching for some analogue sensors and reading the data
it will take a while, so the port is now selected that is COM3 and you can see the model and serial
number is all the details are there. Next step is to decide the time interval. So,
as you can see, the time interval is shown is you have to set the time interval. So,
the range varies from 6 seconds to 60 minutes or you can say 1 hour. So right now, I am selecting
the 6 seconds and as per the requirements you can select any of the options available right
now I am selecting 6 seconds and I am clicking on the initialise, that the time interval has been
set, now I simply click on exit. Now, you have to sync the time of this
spectrometer or you can say the optical particle counter, you have to sync the time with your PC
time. So, you can see that you can see the option that is to get the current PC time and OPC time
is the Optical Particle Count time. So, that will sync the PC time with your Optical Particle
Count OPC time. Here I have got the message time on OPC is synchronised with your PC time. So,
the date and time which were we were seeing in the spectrometer that is now synced with your
PC time. Now, I am clicking on exit. Now, next step is the user setting. So, here
we are giving the details of the output file. Right now, this is test 8, for example, I am just
giving the name as test 10, so you can see all the relevant files, the mass file, the count files,
the dM files and the log files all are being set up accordingly. And also, you can add the details
like comments. So meanwhile, I have just set that normal conditions. And I have added the user name,
as my name is Anurag and also location. So, right now, we are just taking the readings on air
pollution lab at IIT Roorkee. So, I have selected that location, I will click on OK.
Now, by defining the user setting now you can start the device message is being displayed
in the bottom you can see measurement is in progress. So, yes you can see the measurement
is now being started and in this port telegram, in this window you will be able to see as soon as
the reading has been started. So right now it is preparing to start the taking the readings there
it will take a while. So, the next message you can see this data storage in progress.
So, as soon as it starts taking the reading, you will be hearing a sound for a spectrometer
and all the other options like control, overview, and distribution table. Now, you can see that all
the options are now available, you can toggle with all the tabs. So, let me just give you an
idea of all the tabs. So, control tab we already discussed.
The next tab is the overview tab. So, in overview tab, you can see all the details of your readings
counts like what are the particles which are less than 1 micrometre what are the particles
which are greater than 1 micrometre and total count of the particles total
suspended particles PM10, PM2.5, PM1 and other particles like it is classified as inhalable,
thoracic and Alveolic. So, all the particles like the details of the particle
as shown here as an overview, in this particular time.
So, coming to the next step that is distribution. In distribution tab you can see
a log table is being shown. So, in this first table, that is the log table.
You can see the X axis you can see the particle diameter or particle sizes and in Y axis, you
can see the this microgram (())(20:04). And in this you can see the area divided by this
volume of the air being sucked by this sample pipe and in first tab you will
be able to see the counts per litre. So, this log graph is being shown in distribution
tab, in the next tab you can see the live reading you can be able to observe that
it every 6 seconds that is the what interval we have decided at every 6 seconds it is showing the
readings of all the particles. And in the first tab you can see
the counts per litre in the next tab you can we will be able to see the PM10, PM2.5, PM1
and other particles that is the indoor air quality you can say. So, in this here you will be able to
see in microgram per metre cube the unit. And coming to the next one
now this is the graphical presentation of we were seeing earlier that is in tabular
form and this is the graphical form. That is count per unit of mass is being seen
and this one is particulate matter and next one is IAQ. So, in particulate matter this PM10,
PM2.5, PM1 are being shown in this indoor air quality this Inhalable, Thoracic, Alveolic,
so these are related to this particle is related to the size ranging from according to these
organs present in the lungs. So, according to the size of whichever be the sizes like in Alveolic
part there is some size ranges and according to that this measurement is being done. So,
that particular part is called as Alveolic. In next step, that is the statistics,
you can see the values which we are measuring and then all the again the units are there that is
counts per litre and microgram per metre cube. So, you can calculate the stats using this particular
time. And also, you can plot the graph now, this
showing the stats of this particular measurement. So, boxplot or whisker plot you can say, and at 5
percent confidence interval at 95 percent they are being plotted. So, you can see the PM10, PM2.5,
PM1 are being plotted. So, in this whisker plot you can see this lower part is the lowest range,
the bottom part and this particular line shows the uppermost range and this box, this box shows
the interval, confidence interval of 5 percent and 95 percent that is being shown and that this line
shows the median, median of the readings and the values you can observe in this particular window.
So, after this what we are going to do, you can also save all the graphics or all the graph
right now, it any particular instant. So, this is all about the, this line monitoring
real time monitoring. So, now we have to save the data. So, for saving data you have to first stop
the device. So, after stopping the device, what do we have saved that I hope you are remembering
that we have saved by using the name test 10 that is being saved. So, the question arises
from this like for going for a field condition we cannot take our system and for example,
if we want to monitor the particles, for 8 hours or 24 hours or maybe any of the requirements.
So, in that case, what we are doing, we are simply connecting the device and initialising data using
the software. So, after initialising the software starting the device, we can disconnect the cable,
this device will still be working and the data will be stored in the memory card. So, sampling
time is completed for example, we are taking the reading for 8 hours. So, after starting the device
and after completion, you can simply turn off the spectrometer using this on off button that
is already in the inner spectrometer. So, using that button you can simply off the device.
And now to extract what data has been saved you can simply click on the external memory.
So, it will ask that whether the data has been saved in SD card or that card that is
known as SRAM card or PCMCIA card. So, right now, I am clicking on SRAM card. So,
again that particular COM port has been selected. Now, you have to go for read memory card after
clicking on read memory card it will read the card data it will take a while the data will be
downloaded one more information about data if you are going for fresh reading.
I would recommend that clear the memory card for going for fresh reading so that the previous
reading should not be altered, you can see memory card is being downloaded.
So, after this data has been downloaded that data can be converted into spreadsheet format using
these options, so as soon as I click on data convert to spreadsheet format, this particular
window opens and you can see the whichever data we have recorded, right now that you can select
the data using this toggle keys that is present here. So right now, I am selecting the fourth one,
and you have to just give a name. So again, I am giving the name as test10_1.
Now, I will click on the start conversion data has been is already been converted.
So, let us assume that you have converted the data and we have obtained the 8 hours of reading
in particular spreadsheet format. So also, you can import that particular
spreadsheet in this software also. So, for that we can go for open files,
and open files you can see right now it is bar by default, taking the
file which I have already saved, okay also you can select or browse at particular locations. So,
right now I am again selecting that file just for information.
And you can click on the open files with the software and you can click on exit. So,
you can see now that all the readings which you have taken and that is present here. So, this is
the procedure by which you can measure the PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 using this GRIMM model. So, this
is software all about the software, thank you. Professor Bhola Ram Gurjar: So, you have seen and
you know how to use the spectrometer. So, this is a versatile instrument which can give you
count as well as mass concentration of particulate matter PM2.5, PM1, PM10
huge range is there as I said, and all these data are very important because whenever we want to do
so, suppose meant or identification of different sources where they are coming from
and if we want to relate different kind of concentrations of PM1 or PM2.5 etc,
then we need these kinds of data and also to compare whether it is violating the standards
or not, so monitoring is very much needed. So, this is all and this is the last lecture
of this particular course. These are the references which we
have used for this particular lecture. So, I take this opportunity to thank all of you who
took so keen interest in this particular course, we enjoyed your interaction through emails etc.
And I thank E-Learning centre of IIT Roorkee specially Binoy to schedule lecture recording
times as per our convenience and I also thank TAs Anurag and Gaurav and other students like
Ria and Apshay and Rahul they have also contributed a lot in this particular course.
So, thanks all and I wish you all the best for your pursuits regarding air pollution
control and air pollution studies, whether you are studying as a student or whether you are trying to
implement this knowledge in the field. So, all the best for your pursuits. And thanks again.
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