Betelgeuse Explained
Summary
TLDRThe video script delves into the peculiar dimming of Betelgeuse, one of the closest massive stars to the Sun. It explores the star's lifecycle, its transformation into a red supergiant, and the two potential fates it could meet: a supernova explosion or a quiet implosion into a black hole. The script also discusses recent theories for the dimming, including the presence of giant star spots or ejected dust, while emphasizing the star's significance in the cosmic creation of heavy elements essential for life.
Takeaways
- 🌌 Betelgeuse, located in the Orion constellation, is one of the closest massive stars to the Sun and has recently dimmed to one-third of its usual brightness.
- 🔍 The dimming of Betelgeuse is noticeable to the naked eye and has raised questions about its future behavior.
- 💫 Betelgeuse is a very young star in astronomical terms, having been born only about 10 million years ago, compared to the Sun's 4.6 billion years.
- ☀️ Despite its youth, Betelgeuse is much older in terms of its lifespan, having already entered its giant phase due to its rapid consumption of fuel.
- 🔥 Betelgeuse has 15 times more mass than the Sun and emits 100,000 times more power, making it a 'monster' among stars.
- 🌀 Massive stars like Betelgeuse are rare, with only 1 in 200 stars being born with such a large mass.
- 💥 When massive stars die, they can either undergo a supernova explosion or collapse into a black hole, depending on their mass.
- 🌑 The recent dimming of Betelgeuse does not necessarily indicate an impending supernova, as stars do not typically dim before such an event.
- 🌡️ Infrared measurements suggest that the overall power output of Betelgeuse has not changed, indicating that the dimming is limited to the visible light spectrum.
- 🌐 Two popular theories for the dimming are the presence of a giant star spot or the ejection of dust from the star's surface, both of which could block light without changing the star's overall luminosity.
- 🌠 Betelgeuse's behavior is a reminder of the cosmic processes that have contributed to the creation of the elements essential for life on Earth.
Q & A
What unusual behavior has been observed in Betelgeuse recently?
-Betelgeuse has recently dimmed down to just one third of its usual brightness, which is noticeable by the naked eye and has demoted it from the 10th to the 24th brightest star.
Where is Betelgeuse located in the sky?
-Betelgeuse is located towards the Orion constellation, specifically at the shoulder of the mythological hunter, also known as alpha Orionis.
How does the age of Betelgeuse compare to the Sun?
-Betelgeuse is much younger than the Sun; it was probably born just 10 million years ago, compared to the Sun's age of about 4.6 billion years.
Why is Betelgeuse considered a massive star?
-Betelgeuse is considered massive because it was born with 15 times more mass than our Sun and has been consuming its fuel supply at a rapid rate.
What is the difference between a supernova and a star that implodes into a black hole?
-A supernova occurs when a star's core collapses and bounces back, releasing tremendous energy and matter. A star that implodes into a black hole does not bounce back; it collapses completely into a singular point of infinite density.
What are the two likely fates for a massive star like Betelgeuse when it dies?
-The two likely fates for a massive star like Betelgeuse are either a supernova explosion or imploding into a black hole.
What is the significance of Betelgeuse's dimming in the visible light spectrum?
-The dimming in the visible light spectrum suggests some change in the star's outer layers, but it does not necessarily indicate an imminent supernova, as the overall luminosity has not changed significantly.
What is the role of granulation in the appearance of Betelgeuse?
-Granulation, caused by the convection of hot plasma beneath the surface, can create large dark features on the surface of Betelgeuse, potentially explaining the lopsided images and visible light dimming.
What is the escape velocity from the surface of Betelgeuse?
-The escape velocity from the surface of Betelgeuse is about 60 kilometers per second, significantly lower than the Sun's due to its weaker surface gravity.
How do astronomers determine if a star like Betelgeuse is about to go supernova?
-Astronomers look for changes in brightness, spectral analysis, and other observational data, but predicting the exact moment of a supernova is challenging due to the complexity of stellar dynamics.
What is the connection between massive stars like Betelgeuse and life on Earth?
-Massive stars like Betelgeuse are responsible for forging many of the heavy elements necessary for life through nuclear fusion. When they explode or die, these elements are dispersed throughout the universe and can become part of new stars and planets, including those that may harbor life.
Outlines
🌌 Unusual Dimming of Betelgeuse
The script begins with the observation of Betelgeuse, a massive star in the Orion constellation, which has recently dimmed to a third of its usual brightness. This unusual behavior has raised questions about whether it might be on the verge of a supernova explosion. The star, also known as alpha Orionis, is typically the 10th brightest in the sky but has been demoted to the 24th due to its dimming. The paragraph delves into the star's background, highlighting its relative youth at only 10 million years old compared to the Sun's 4.6 billion, and its status as a red supergiant, which is much rarer than average stars.
🔥 Betelgeuse's Life Cycle and Potential Supernova
This paragraph explores the life cycle of Betelgeuse, a star with 15 times the mass of the Sun, which has already entered its giant phase due to its rapid consumption of fuel. The script explains the process of helium fusion in the star's core and the subsequent expansion of its outer envelope. It also discusses the two possible outcomes for a star of Betelgeuse's mass when it reaches the end of its life: a core-collapse supernova, leading to either a neutron star or a black hole, depending on the star's ability to resist gravitational collapse.
🌑 The Mystery of Betelgeuse's Disappearance
The script introduces the possibility that Betelgeuse might not end its life with a bang but rather a whimper, disappearing without a supernova. It references the observation of a similar event in 2010, where a red supergiant star seemingly vanished. The paragraph also discusses the theoretical models predicting whether a star will implode into a black hole or explode as a supernova, based on its mass, and the inherent unpredictability due to factors like rotation speed and metallicity.
🌗 The Enigma of Betelgeuse's Recent Dimming
This paragraph addresses the recent noticeable dimming of Betelgeuse, which has been constant and steep, dropping to one-third of its usual brightness. The script explains that while Betelgeuse is a variable star and changes in brightness are not unusual, the recent decline is significant and has raised concerns. It also mentions the difficulty in predicting pre-supernova behavior due to the complexity of stellar interiors and the lack of observed data leading up to a supernova event.
🌟 Debunking the Supernova Hypothesis for Betelgeuse
The script presents evidence that suggests the recent dimming of Betelgeuse may not indicate an impending supernova. It discusses the difference between visible light brightness and overall luminosity, highlighting that infrared measurements show no change in Betelgeuse's power output. The paragraph also introduces two popular theories to explain the dimming: the presence of a giant star spot or an episode of dust ejection from the star.
🌌 The Significance of Betelgeuse in the Cosmos
The final paragraph reflects on the significance of massive stars like Betelgeuse in the universe. It emphasizes that these stars, despite their rarity and short lifespans, play a crucial role in the creation of heavier elements necessary for life. The script poetically describes the potential supernova or implosion of Betelgeuse as a sacrificial act that contributes to the birth of new stars and planets, and by extension, life itself.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Betelgeuse
💡Supernova
💡Variable star
💡Luminosity
💡Core collapse
💡Hydrogen fusion
💡Triple-alpha process
💡Granulation
💡Dust hypothesis
💡Neutron star
Highlights
Betelgeuse, one of the closest massive stars to the Sun, has recently dimmed down to just one third of its usual brightness.
Betelgeuse is located towards the Orion constellation and is the 10th brightest star in the sky, usually.
Betelgeuse is far younger than the Sun, having been born just 10 million years ago.
Betelgeuse has 15 times more mass than the Sun and is running on empty, having transformed into its giant phase.
Betelgeuse is a rare massive star, with only 1 in 200 stars being born with as much mass.
Inside a star, the core where fusion happens and the envelope, which is hot gas, are two key zones.
Betelgeuse is currently accumulating carbon ash inside its core, leading to a rise in temperature and pressure.
The end of Betelgeuse's life could involve a supernova or a more subtle implosion into a black hole.
Astronomers have observed another red supergiant disappear without a supernova, suggesting a possible fate for Betelgeuse.
Betelgeuse's dimming is unusual as it is a constant and steep decline in brightness.
Infrared measurements show that Betelgeuse's overall power output has not changed, indicating the dimming is limited to visible light.
Two popular theories explain Betelgeuse's recent behavior: a giant star spot or a convulsion that flung off outer layers.
Betelgeuse's surface gravity is weak, leading to large convection cells and possibly large dark features on its surface.
Astronomer Emily Levesque's work suggests that the surface temperature of Betelgeuse does not support a dramatic cooling episode.
The dust hypothesis, where dust blocks some of the star's light, is a compelling explanation for the dimming.
Betelgeuse's potential supernova could provide an opportunity to study the final stages of such a star, but it's probabilistically unlikely to occur in our lifetime.
Massive stars like Betelgeuse are crucial for the formation of heavy elements necessary for life.
Transcripts
[Music]
one of the closest massive stars to the
Sun is acting weird Betelgeuse recently
dimmed down to just one third of his
usual brightness
what could be causing this irregular
behavior could this mean that it's about
to explode
grab a cup of tea and settle in because
today we're going to be taking a deep
dive into everything happening with the
enigmatic Betelgeuse
Beetlejuice lucky' towards the Orion
constellation and you'll find this
infamous star at the shoulder of the
mythological hunter also known as alpha
Orionis it's easy to spot being the 10th
brightest star in the sky at least
usually it's the tenth brightest you see
over the last few months
astronomers have noticed something
strange about this star it's now about
1/3 as bright as usual something
noticeable by eye in fact it's now been
demoted to the 24th brightest star to
understand what's happening we first
have to talk about some background about
this star because you see what makes
this dimming particularly interesting is
that Betelgeuse is no ordinary star no
in fact for example it is far far
younger than our own Sun whilst the Sun
was born from the gravitational collapse
of an ancient giant molecular cloud some
four thousand six hundred million years
ago Betelgeuse was probably born just 10
million years ago for some context this
would be about the time that our hominid
ancestors started to splinter off from
what would become gorillas if we spread
the sun's age out over a calendar of 365
days Betelgeuse would have been born on
December 31st at 5 a.m. it's so damn
young that rocky planets like the earth
would likely not have had enough time to
her formed yet and frankly likely never
will
so Betelgeuse is a very young star but
in another sense it's actually an old
star at least when we compare it to how
long this star is expected to survive
so let's compare it to the Sun the Sun
can be thought of as middle-aged enough
fuel to last for another five billion
years before eventually evolving into a
short-lived giant phase and then finally
leaving behind a dead white dwarf
Betelgeuse on the other hand is running
on empty and it has in fact already
transformed into its giant phase you see
Betelgeuse has been very greedy during
its short life time it was born with a
whopping 15 times more mass than our own
Sun and ever since it got going it's
just been feasting through its fuel
supply like a bat out of hell the star
is a monster it spews out 100,000 times
more power than our own Sun does and
even before becoming a giant during its
main sequence lifetime that the Sun
currently enjoys it still even then
would have been spewing out tens of
thousands of times more power than our
own Sun you've probably heard the
expression the candle that burns twice
as hot lasts half as long well here we'd
say that the star that burns 10,000
times as bright lasts 1,000 times less
long although admittedly we are talking
about a star that began its life with at
least 10 times as much candle wax in the
first place
massive stars like Betelgeuse are
actually very rare just like animals
most develop into a fairly average size
for their species but
really you get a freakish set of
circumstances that somehow result in a
giant iced example and these giants
really stand out
in the same way Betelgeuse is a freak
because only 1 in 200 stars will be born
with as much mass inside them as
Betelgeuse was and not only is
Betelgeuse massive the fact that it's
enter disjoint phase means it's also
humongous to understand this gargantuan
term let's look inside a star a star has
two key zones the core where fusion
happens and the envelope which is
basically just hot gas sat on top as
stars fuse hydrogen into denser helium
inside their cause
they accumulate an inert inner core of
helium ash inside their centers now
because helium is denser than hydrogen
the core contracts which in turn causes
it to heat up eventually the central
temperature and pressure become extreme
enough that helium can now fuse into
carbon via the triple alpha process
which substantially increases the energy
output of the core and this in turn
causes the outer envelope of non fusing
hydrogen to simply puff up a bit like a
hot air balloon except that that balloon
has now puffed up to the size of
Jupiter's orbit around the Sun a
gargantuan size so this broadly
describes what's happening inside
Betelgeuse right now my it is as big as
it is but it will not stay in this state
forever because as it's accumulating now
carbon ash inside its core that
temperature and pressure will continue
to rise in the center eventually even
the carbon and heavier elements still
will be able to start fusing and once
this happens well the end is nigh for
beetle
we'll be looking at a few hundred years
perhaps a couple of millennia until its
demise
what happens to massive stars like
Betelgeuse when they die there are two
likely possibilities the one you are
probably hearing the most about is a
supernova remember that the core will
eventually start to fuse carbon and even
heavier elements in its center but once
it starts producing iron ash well the
gig is up
that's because fusing things heavier
than iron is what we would call an
endothermic reaction and all that means
is that you actually have to put in more
energy to conduct the reaction than you
get out the other end in other words
this reaction saps energy from the core
remember that this is a massive star and
so it has a huge self gravity trying to
collapse it in on itself when the heat
source starts to dwindle due to the
accumulation of this iron ash well
there's nothing to resist that
gravitational collapse anymore and so
the star literally falls in on itself
imploding it's at this point that the
two possible futures for Betelgeuse
diverge one is going to be a band and
the other is a whimper as this wave of
infalling material the outer envelope of
the star falls in towards the core due
to gravity one of two things is going to
happen either the core is gonna
structurally resist that in falling wave
and notice or bounce off the outside or
the core will not be up to resist and it
will simply crush down stars on the
lighter end of the massive star spectrum
around ten times the sun's mass will not
generate enough pressure to collapse the
inner core instead they'll merely
compress it into a super dense neutron
star state and then bounce off that
neutronic interior that bounce back
leads to a giant shock wave that
propagates out into space
releasing tremendous waves of energy and
spewing matter
across the void and that's what we call
a supernova or to be a little bit more
technical a core collapse supernova but
what if this star is heavier than ten
times the sun's mass well now there is a
lot more material falling down onto that
inner core so much so that it can
actually overwhelm even the resistive
strength of neutronic matter and so the
star will fall in crushing the core in
fact it will fall all the way in all the
way in to a singular point of infinite
density a black hole in some cases the
bounce-back still happens it forms a
neutron star but some of that wave of
bouncing out material ends up falling
back onto the neutron star and it just
tips the balance enough to turn that
neutron star into a black hole all the
same but in other cases there is so much
in falling material that the star just
literally implodes it winks out of
existence
there's no bounce-back there's no
stooping over
there's no bang of any kind it just
disappears this winking out has in fact
been seen before around 2010 astronomers
witnessed another red supergiant in the
galaxy NGC 6-9 46 simply disappear this
actually wasn't even noticed at the time
and it was only later that a couple of
astronomers at a higher state university
checked carefully through the archival
data and found this remarkable event now
that star was likely born with around 25
times more mass than the Sun as shown
here but lower mass red supergiant's in
the range of sort of ten to fifteen
times the mass of the Sun have been seen
to do the opposite and explode now if we
compare these observations to
theoretical more
it matches up quite nicely here you can
see a prediction for whether the star
will implode into a black hole winking
out or turn into a supernova in green
and this clearly depends on the stars
mass the outcome of these models shows
some randomness the rotation speed
metallicity and intrinsically stochastic
nature of the stars interior means that
we can't always predict exactly what
will happen based on a star's mass alone
and so this is why in part it's so
difficult to say exactly what will
happen to Betelgeuse this situation is
exacerbated by the fact we actually
don't know the mass of Betelgeuse and
certainly not the mass of Betelgeuse it
was born with and very well and that's
because in turn we don't even know a
precise distance for Betelgeuse and so
in turn this means that we end up with a
very large uncertainty on its mass so
comparing to the theoretical models one
can see how it's certainly possible that
Betelgeuse might just disappear one day
without a bank
okay so with this fascinating background
about these massive stars out of the way
we can now finally talk about what has
been happening with Betelgeuse over the
last few months the first thing to say
is that Betelgeuse is a variable star I
mean it is not surprising for his
brightness to change it's not a light
bulb it's brightness changes by a few
percent even ten percent quite often and
has been seen for decades now what's
really unusual about what's been
happening lately is that this is a
fairly constant and steep regular
decline in brightness which has gone
really quite deep down to one third of
its usual brightness and that is frankly
kind of weird I want to emphasize that
that number represents the minimum in
the stars a recent episode of dimming in
the last couple of weeks it has actually
started to stabilize and even reverse
brightening back up again the story gets
extra-spicy when we throw in these two
images of the star taken about a year
apart now normally it's impossible to
resolve individual stars like this but
some supergiant's are so big that we can
at least get a fuzzy image like this one
clearly Betelgeuse looks quite different
between these two photos and that fact
combined with the dimming has a lot of
folks quite worried so let's just ask
the obvious question that song
everybody's lips right now and that is
does this dimming of Betelgeuse mean
that it's about to go supernova sure
answer
probably not and there's a few reasons
for this first off we really don't have
any clear prediction that stars are
expected to undergo a period of dimming
before going supernova the hydro
dynamics of these stellar interiors is
very complicated and there's a intricate
feedback with gravity waves that
actually affects their luminosity output
in a fairly unpredictable way here's an
example of a prediction for the
luminosity of a star essentially how
bright is versus its surface temperature
in the final years before its death from
Professor Jim fuller the star's
luminosity is indeed sometimes dimming
but it is also often brightening - I
mean it's really all over the map we've
never really caught a supernova in the
act before at least in the days and
years preceding the event and so we
can't really tell you from data how
stars behave just before they go
supernova and so these models are really
kind of the best we have right now and
so frankly we just don't know how stars
behave just before going supernova we
don't know that it looks like what's
happening right now now in that model
prediction I showed you for the stars
pre supernova behavior what's being
shown here is the luminosity now it's
tempting to say that this widely
reported recent dimming translates
directly to a decrease in luminosity but
that's actually not true now these
reported dimming that we've been hearing
about have all been of the star's
brightness in the visible light part of
the spectrum but Betelgeuse like all
stars produces radiation are all
different wavelengths across the entire
electromagnetic spectrum and so if we
want to calculate luminosity we have to
actually add up all of that rightness
across the entire spectrum and that's
not what we observed with these dimming
it is not the luminosity
of the star fortunately of course there
is a way that we can get the luminosity
we just simply have to do these
observations at other parts of the
spectrum
apart from visible light and that's
exactly what astronomers have very
recently done infrared measurements
taken at the O'Brien Observatory in
Minnesota just last week showed that the
star has the same brightness in the
infrared as it did 50 years ago in other
words this dimming does not represent a
change in the star's overall power
output it's just limited to the visible
light part of the spectrum okay so maybe
we can take our fingers off the panic
button we don't seem to be in the regime
of a wildly varying star like Jim fuller
predictor but then how do we explain
this pronounced a visible light dimming
as well as the strange lopsided image
that was recently captured
[Music]
there are broadly two popular theories
to explain what's being going on with
beetlejuice recently if we are willing
to discount the supernova hypothesis
just for the moment the first is a giant
star spot if we look at the Sun we see
small sunspots quite often these are
regions where the sun's magnetic field
lines temporarily come together in a way
that inhibits convection of heat from
the sun's interior up to its surface
without that heat coming up to this part
of the surface well that patch of the
surface cools down it gets to about half
of its usual temperature and that in
turn means that it appears darker this
is very much analogous to how if you
pull a piece of iron out of a fire it
will glow red initially but then cool
down and stop growing now a spot or
collection of spots that is big enough
to block out about two-thirds of the
stars usual brightness would have to
therefore block out about two-thirds of
the star's surface at least the
hemisphere that we can see if the other
hemisphere is spot free then this means
that in total about 1/3 of the star
surface would have to be covered in
spots for the Sun spar certainly never
get so big or so numerous as to block
out anywhere near this much of the
surface other giant stars have been
recorded to do this in the past for
example the orange giant HD one two five
four five in a constellation Triangulum
has had its surface resolved with a
special technique called Doppler imaging
that clearly reveals sparse covering
about a quarter of the surface not quite
a third but close enough to show us that
this is at least a plausible explanation
now for the sun spots come and go on a
roughly 11-year cycle and at the peak of
this cycle about 1% of the star surface
is covered in spots which corresponds to
a fairly marginal change in the
luminosity of the star it actually only
increases
point zero seven percent and so stars
luminosities are fairly robust to
changes in their spot coverage when we
combine all these points together we can
kind of see how this spot hypothesis
could work then for Betelgeuse we can
explain the fact that luminosity doesn't
seem to be changing very much we can
explain the apparent dimming in the
visible part of the spectrum and we can
also explain that lopsided image all
with a single hypothesis now on the Sun
record that spots are caused by magnetic
field lines impeding convection these
spots are about the size of the earth
typically but if we zoom in there's
another effect at play here you can see
a much finer grain effect each one of
these little cells that you're looking
at is about the size of Texas what's
amazing is that this is real data from
Dacus not a simulation of our Sun and
here you can cleanly resolve the surface
at incredible detail each little bubble
that you can see is the top of a
convection cell and is usually called a
granule the variability you are seeing
is usually called granulation caused by
the convection of hot plasma beneath the
surface a bit like a lava lamp the size
of these granulation cells is directly
related to the strength of surface
gravity on these stars so for the Sun
nice out of the size of Texas and the
surface gravity is about 270 meters per
second square something like 27 28 times
earth gravity but for Betelgeuse because
it's so puffed up the surface gravity is
really pathetic it's just point zero
zero three meters per second squared
which is about three thousand times less
than the gravity I'm currently feeling
here on earth it's really quite
ridiculous and so because the gravity is
so weak on the surface of Betelgeuse
then these granulation cell
get really really big Beetlejuice
doesn't like to do anything small
there's some beautiful computer
simulations of the convection cell
behavior for such stars that I'm showing
you here it reveals just how
effervescent lively and bubbling the
exterior envelope truly is now sadly we
can't resolve the surface of Betelgeuse
as precisely as this with existing
telescopes
so let's downgrade the animation to the
sort of fuzziness that we'd see
realistically in watching this you
indeed see that granulation alone can
produce very large dark features on the
surface as well as creating lopsided
images in individual frames so all in
all I'd say that a fairly extreme
episode of this natural convection
behavior could be an explanation for
what has been happening recently with
Betelgeuse but I promised you two
possible explanations and the other one
is equally compelling now remember that
I said that the surface gravity on
Betelgeuse is pathetically weak and so
that might make you wonder hey if I was
stood on the surface of Betelgeuse could
I jump off into space could I achieve
escape velocity the escape velocity is
given by the following equation where G
is the surface gravity and R is the
radius of the object for the Sun this
gives about 600 kilometers per second so
you're gonna need a lot of energy to
ever leave the Sun surface on Betelgeuse
though it's about ten times less just 60
kilometers per second and so this raises
the possibility that a strong convulsion
from within the Stars interior could
have propagated out to the surface with
enough force to have actually flung off
the outer layer into deep space or at
least a part of it and once that layer
was dispatched from the star it would
have cooled down and eventually ended up
blocking out some of the star's light
essentially it's just dust we even see
some ever
for previous episodes of dust released
as you can see here in this real image
now with the giant spot scenario the
surface has actually cooled a little bit
but here the surface is essentially the
same temperature is just that there's
some dust getting in the way and so
recent work by astronomer Emily Levesque
investigated what the temperature of the
surface was using a spectral technique
they found that the star surface doesn't
appear consistent with an episode of
dramatic cooling and so on this basis
they favor the dust hypothesis and so
this leaves us with two quite compelling
explanations without the need to invoke
a supernova now because there's so much
we don't know about how stars behave in
those final years before turning into a
supernova then it is still absolutely
possible that what we are seeing are the
signs of an impending supernova but
typically stars spend about a hundred
thousand years in this phase of their
life and so it's just probabilistically
unlikely that that will coincide with
our short human lifetimes it's also a
shame because if Betelgeuse did go
supernova
it's 650 light years away which means
it's far enough away that it won't hurt
us but close enough that we would have
the opportunity to study in great detail
and learn so much about the final stages
of this enigmatic type of star of course
it would also put up a very nice light
show outshining even the full moon of
this peak brightness or it might just
wink out leaving behind a black hole
which would also be an incredible
observation to see
massive stars like Betelgeuse are
amazing yes they are unusual rare beasts
which are unlikely to ever form planets
let alone life but on the other hand
they are also somehow intimately
connected to us that's because it's
within these massive stellar engines
that many of the heavy elements inside
your body seems like phosphorus
potassium oxygen were forged deep within
its interior and when these stars came
to their end they violently exploded
these enriched guts across the cosmos
those newly forged heavy elements were
cast out across the galaxy to distant
shores because there was so much
hydrogen left and fused new smaller
stars formed from the debris which in
turn eventually formed planets enriched
with these heavier elements crucial for
life and those same elements are inside
of your body right now they were at one
point in their history
inside the powers of one of the most
massive stars in the universe you are in
essence made of ash and so watching
Betelgeuse is like getting to see one of
the earliest steps in the origin of
living things like looking into a mirror
of our own beginnings these stars
violently rip themselves apart in an
almost sacrificial act so that complex
chemical entities such as ourselves
might one day be born rising like a
phoenix fire flames
[Music]
[Music]
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