L-7.1: File System in Operating System | Windows, Linux, Unix, Android etc.

Summary

This video provides an in-depth explanation of file systems in operating systems, highlighting their importance in managing data storage and retrieval. The presenter covers various file systems like NTFS, FAT, and ZFS, explaining their roles in different operating systems such as Windows, Unix, and Linux. The video discusses how file systems organize data into files and folders, and manage the storage of data on physical devices like hard disks and SSDs. The presenter also touches on the logical division of data into blocks and the mapping of these blocks to disk sectors. The content is geared towards students preparing for exams and those interested in understanding the technical workings of file systems.

Takeaways

• 📚 File systems are a crucial component of operating systems, managing how files are stored and retrieved.
• 🖥️ Different operating systems have their own file systems, such as NTFS for Windows, FAT for DOS, and ext for Linux.
• 🔍 File systems are software modules within the operating system that handle the organization and management of files.
• 💾 File systems are responsible for the permanent storage of data on physical drives like hard disks or SSDs.
• 🗂️ Users interact with files and folders, which are managed by the file system, but the underlying storage architecture is abstracted away.
• 📈 The file system divides files logically into blocks and maps these blocks to sectors on the physical disk, regardless of the file's actual size.
• 🔄 The mapping of file blocks to disk sectors can be non-contiguous, meaning a file can be stored across different parts of the disk.
• 🔑 File systems maintain a mapping to ensure data integrity and correct retrieval when files are accessed.
• 🛠️ File systems support various operations on files, such as creating, deleting, modifying, and truncating.
• 🔑 File attributes and operations are managed by the file system, which also handles the creation and management of directories or folders.
• 📈 The script provides an introduction to file systems, their purpose, and their role in managing data within operating systems.

Q & A

What is the role of a file system in an operating system?

The file system is a module within the operating system that manages the storage and retrieval of data in the form of files. It ensures that data is stored permanently on disk and can be fetched as needed.

What are some examples of file systems used in different operating systems?

Examples of file systems include NTFS in Windows, FAT in DOS, Unix File System in Unix, and Extended File System in Linux. Additionally, ZFS is used for managing large amounts of data in big data applications.

Is a file system considered hardware or software?

A file system is considered software. It is a part of the operating system that manages how data is stored and retrieved.

How does a file system manage data storage?

A file system manages data storage by determining how data is stored in the form of files on a disk. It divides files into blocks and maps these blocks to sectors on the disk, ensuring that data can be stored and retrieved efficiently.

What types of files do users typically manage?

Users typically manage various types of files such as documents (DOC, PDF), spreadsheets (XLS), presentations (PPT), media files (MP3, MP4), and images (PNG, JPG).

What is the role of folders or directories in a file system?

Folders or directories are used to organize files. They are collections of related files, and in operating systems like Linux and Unix, they are referred to as directories.

How does a file system store data on a disk?

A file system stores data on a disk by mapping the logical blocks of a file to physical sectors on the disk. It divides large files into smaller blocks and maps these blocks to available sectors on the disk.

What is the difference between volatile and permanent storage?

Volatile storage, such as RAM or CACHE, loses data when the system is powered off. Permanent storage, like a hard disk or SSD, retains data even when the system is turned off.

Why is it important for data to be stored permanently?

It is important for data to be stored permanently so that it is not lost when the system is turned off. Permanent storage ensures that data is available for future use.

What additional attributes and operations can be associated with files in a file system?

Files in a file system can have various attributes such as permissions, creation date, and size. Operations on files can include creating, deleting, truncating, reading, and modifying files.

Outlines

00:00

📂 Introduction to File Systems in Operating Systems

The first paragraph introduces the concept of file systems within operating systems, emphasizing their importance for various exams and daily use. It explains that file systems are software components of the operating system responsible for managing how data is stored and retrieved. The paragraph mentions different file systems like NTFS for Windows, FAT for DOS, Unix file system for Unix, extended file system for Linux, and ZFS for handling big data. The role of file systems is to manage user data in the form of files, and it discusses how files are stored permanently on hard disks. The paragraph also touches on the user's perspective of viewing data in files and folders, managed by the file system, without seeing the underlying storage architecture.

05:00

🔍 Understanding File System Operations and Disk Architecture

The second paragraph delves into the operational aspects of file systems and the physical architecture of disks. It describes how data is stored on sectors of the disk and how file systems logically divide user files into blocks, which are then mapped to disk sectors. The paragraph uses an analogy of students and rooms to explain the concept of mapping blocks to sectors, taking into account that not all storage allocation is contiguous due to existing data. It highlights the file system's role in storing and managing this mapping to ensure accurate data retrieval. The paragraph also briefly mentions file attributes and operations such as creating, deleting, and modifying files, promising further discussion in subsequent videos. The summary concludes by reiterating the file system's crucial function in the background, invisible to the user but essential for data storage and retrieval.

Keywords

💡File Systems

File systems are the backbone of operating systems, responsible for managing and organizing files. They define the way data is stored, retrieved, and managed on a computer's storage devices. In the video, file systems such as NTFS for Windows, FAT for DOS, and ext file system for Linux are mentioned, illustrating the importance of file systems in different operating systems.

💡Operating System

An operating system (OS) is the software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. The script highlights the role of the OS in managing files through a specific module, the file system, which is crucial for handling data storage and retrieval.

💡Data Storage

Data storage refers to the process of retaining data on a storage medium for future access. The video explains how file systems manage data storage by organizing user data into files and then mapping these files to blocks and sectors on a physical disk.

💡File Attributes

File attributes are properties or metadata associated with a file, such as creation date, access permissions, and file size. The script mentions that files have attributes and operations that can be performed on them, like creating, deleting, or modifying files, which are managed by the file system.

💡Permanent Storage

Permanent storage is a type of data storage that retains data even when the power is turned off. In the video, it is mentioned that file systems are responsible for storing data permanently on storage devices like hard disks, as opposed to volatile memory like RAM or cache.

💡Hard Disk

A hard disk is a type of non-volatile storage device that stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating disks coated with magnetic material. The script uses the hard disk as an example of where file systems store data permanently, emphasizing its importance in data retention.

💡Folders

Folders, also known as directories in Unix or Linux, are used to organize and store files in a hierarchical structure. The video explains how folders are collections of related files and how the file system manages these folders and the files within them.

💡Data Mapping

Data mapping in the context of file systems refers to the process of associating logical blocks of data with physical sectors on a storage device. The script describes how file systems logically divide files into blocks and then map these blocks to sectors on the disk, which is essential for data storage and retrieval.

💡Sectors

A sector is the smallest addressable unit of data storage on a disk. The video script explains that file systems map logical blocks of files to physical sectors on the disk, which is a fundamental part of how data is organized and accessed on storage devices.

💡File Operations

File operations are the actions that can be performed on files, such as creating, reading, updating, and deleting. The script briefly mentions that file systems handle various file operations, which are essential for managing user data.

💡ZFS File System

ZFS is a file system designed for large data volumes, offering features like data integrity, scalability, and high storage capacities. The video mentions ZFS in the context of managing big data, highlighting its relevance in contemporary data storage needs.

Highlights

Introduction to file systems as a crucial component of operating systems.

Importance of file systems for competitive exams, college, and university exams.

Explanation of file systems in different operating systems like Windows (NTFS), DOS (FAT), Unix, and Linux (extended file system).

Discussion on file systems for managing big data, such as ZFS and data wide file systems.

Clarification that a file system is a software component within the operating system.

Description of the file system's role in managing how data is stored and retrieved.

Comparison of file systems to database management systems (DBMS) in terms of data management.

Illustration of how users manage data in files and the file system's role in permanent storage.

Explanation of the file system's management of files and folders within a computer's storage.

Discussion on the user's perspective of files and folders versus the file system's management behind the scenes.

Details on the physical architecture of a disk, including platters, surfaces, tracks, and sectors.

Process of how file systems logically divide files into blocks and map them to disk sectors.

Example of mapping file system blocks to disk sectors using a classroom analogy.

The file system's responsibility for storing and managing the mapping of data blocks to disk sectors.

Overview of the user's interaction with files and folders, and the file system's role in data storage and retrieval.

Introduction to file attributes and operations such as create, delete, and modify, to be discussed in further videos.

Conclusion summarizing the role and importance of file systems in operating systems.

Transcripts

Hello friends, welcome to Gate Smashers.

In this video I am going to explain file systems in operating systems

and in this video we are going to discuss all the points related to file systems

which are important for your competitive exams

and even your college and University exams.

so guys quickly like this video and subscribe to this channel

if you have not done till now press the bell button

so that you get all the latest notifications.

so we start from file system

first of all if we talk about operating system

out of all the major functionality of an operating system

file system is the most important system

means we say operating system manages the files

but inside the code of the operating system

we get a module, file system

which manages all of the files

if we talk about Windows

Windows has NTFS file system

earlier there was dos in DOS operating system there was fat file system

if we talk about Unix, there is Unix file system

if we talk about LINUX there is extended file system.

in today's time we are talking about big data

large amount of data

for that there is zfs file system data wide file system

means if we talk about any operating system

in the code of operating system in kernel

you will find one module that is file system

so what is the first point that is covered here

whether a file system is a hardware or software?

file system is a software

so if this is a software

and comes under operating system so what work it does?

this manages files

now what is the meaning of manage here

how the data will be stored

and how the data will be fetched?

Like we discuss in database DBMS

what is DBMS database management system

means which manages the data.

So here if we say what does the file system do?

it manage data of users, in the form of files

mean how the data will be stored

and if data is stored then how it will be fetched

so from where the story begins

let's take the example of myself or any user

how do we manage our data

we manage our data in the form of files

take a simple example

we copy any data with pen drive in the form of file

which we download it is in the form of file

if you are sending an email there are also we are attaching a file

we send a file on WhatsApp

so if I talk about PPT or XL or PDF or DOC file

it can be of any type MP3 MP4 PNG JPG

so on daily basis with what we are dealing?

We are dealing with Files

so in actual how do we manage these files in our laptop in our computer

even in our mobiles also

so who manages those files

who stores those files in the back end

back end means the permanent storage

because we want our data to be stored permanently

It is not that I downloaded any file or downloaded any movie

and that I would place in a volatile memory kept

in RAM or in CACHE

so when we close the system and open the next day we will not have that data

so I want my data to be stored permanently

so from where do we have permanent storage available?

It is provided by hard disk

hard disk is a permanent storage

although SSDs are also becoming popular, solid states

but however most likely we use a hard disk in majority

because it’s size is more

so because of large size especially nowadays we have it in terabytes,

today if we buy a laptop in a price range of 20 - 25 thousand

there also you get a hard drive of minimum 1 terabyte

So, who gets the data to be permanently stored

in the permanent storage? File system

So the story is, what does a user do?

The user has created some file

let’s say I made a doc file,

or excel file or ppt, mp3, mp4

or I downloaded any file

or I copied any file whatever I am doing,

the form in which I am managing the data is in the form of a file

How is the user viewing his data?

User views his data in the form of a file

So in your laptop what is there in C drive or D drive?

There are files only and where are those files?

They are inside folders,

you will find the file inside any folder

so you can say what is a folder? It is a collection of related files

As we call it directory in Linux or Unix.

So even if we say folder in windows, what we call it in Linux, directory

So what do we do in a directory?

We store and keep related files there.

Now who is managing all these folders?

The file system is managing them

so whether we talk about windows, Linux, Unix or any operating system

the file system is managing data

So how far can the user see?

User view is up to here, the user can see his files, folders

but beyond the folder a user can’t see anything.

So there the file system works.

What do we have to do now?

Actually we are storing the data inside our disk

But the architecture of the disk is something else

What do we have in the disc?

We have platters, surfaces, tracks on these surfaces

What do we have on the tracks

there are sectors

Let’s say if I have a track so on this track we have sectors

I have already made videos on the architecture of the disk.

If you haven’t checked it, then definitely check it once.

So that all the points you have are cleared

You will find their link in the description box

So see here we have sectors

so actually the data are on these sectors means

the data which user is creating

we want to put that data on these sectors

So the file system will put the data over these sectors.

So let’s say I downloaded one file,

let’s say I downloaded a movie of 1 GB

it is not necessary that I have 1 GB of space lying in my disk.

it will be directly stored in that 1GB file of yours ? No

what happens ?

when all these files come to the file system

what it does? Divides these files logically

in what ? in the blocks

let's say if we have 1GB file,

so we divided into small parts

Divided into blocks

and those blocks then what did we do?

we mapped those blocks

we mapped those blocks . with whom?

with disk, means

we map with those sectors inside the disk.

what does map mean

look it's not necessary

let's say that I said, here in block number one to sector number one

block number two to sector number two

block number three to sector number three

contagious is not always possible

may be you can do that too

But it is also possible that the data is already lying there

So what are we doing?

We are simply mapping that this block goes to this sector

This block should go in this sector

Like if I explain you with a simple example

Let's say if I have ten rooms

there are ten rooms and I have five students

Student 1, student 2, student 3, student 4, student 5

and let's say out of the ten rooms some rooms are already booked

Let's say this room is already booked, this room is already booked

Now let's say this is a section

inside this section there are five students

So what did I say? that now in section one

Where I have Student one, you go in room Number one

and told the student number two to go to room number three

go to room number four

said roll number three to go to room number five

said roll number four to go to room number nine

said roll number five to go to room number ten

means I have mapped all these

so what I did here

here in section there are many students

by dividing them logically

with whom did we mapped them

we mapped them that you go to this room and you go to this

If I have five rooms already available, contagious

I will send them continuously, you go to one, you in two,

you in three & in four

but this is not always possible

because there is already a lot of data lying in the disk

So obviously what we are doing, we're mapping

So the file system has a major role here.

So the file system stores this mapping

manages this mapping

so that when we fetch data

Let's say I said roll number 1 to 5 come back

means I called the whole section

and now when I am calling the whole section

I should now that where I have sent roll number 1

Where did I have send roll number 2

where did I send roll number 3

If I will not know then obviously I may call wrong data

So that it is what how the data will be stored

and how the data will be fetched

So this is a complete mapping, that means

we divide data in blocks

we divided the files logically

not dividing physically

we only divided logically

that this much address in this block

and this much address in this block

and then what we did, we mapped it

and then we put that in sectors.

we put them in sectors inside the disk

So who is actually doing this work?

So this work is actually done by the file system

so file system has a major role

to store and fetch the data

We as a user only see our folders and our files

but the scene behind it and work behind all this

that work is actually done by the file system

so in file system other than all these

if we talk about files

so files also have their attributes

files have some operation

we can create file, delete files or truncate

can rise and modify

so all these we will discuss in further videos

Here I have told you only this introduction

about file system, what is a file system?

what it does? and why do we use it? in our systems

Thank You.