9093: A-Level English, Paper 4 (Learner Guide)
Summary
TLDRThis video discusses the discursive writing style required for Paper 4, focusing on analyzing two contrasting topics. It covers the concept of language hybridization, such as Spanglish and Singlish, and the ethical considerations of English as a global language, including cultural imperialism and its impact on linguistic diversity. The video also touches on the historical spread of English through colonialism and technological advancements, and highlights the importance of understanding relevant linguistic theories and social identity in language.
Takeaways
- 📚 Paper 4 requires a discursive style of writing, which is neutral and unbiased, exploring multiple perspectives and analyzing viewpoints before reaching a conclusion.
- 🌐 Section A focuses on the varieties of English spoken around the world, such as Singlish and Spanglish, which are hybrids combining elements from different languages.
- 🔠 Hybrid languages can emerge from the mixing of linguistic elements within a single language, leading to new dialects or simplified languages like Creoles and pigeons.
- 🌏 Cultural imperialism in language can lead to the domination of one culture over another, often through political, economic, or cultural power, affecting linguistic and cultural diversity.
- 📈 The spread of English has been facilitated by colonialism and technological advancements, making it a prominent language in international communication, trade, diplomacy, and scientific research.
- 🌐 The development of English as a global language has been controversial, with critics arguing that it contributes to the loss of linguistic and cultural diversity and perpetuates linguistic imperialism.
- 👨🏫 Influential theories and theorists relevant to the topic include Kachru's three Circle model, Phillips' focus on linguistic imperialism, and Crystal's extensive work on the history and development of English.
- 🗣️ Section B discusses speech communities, prestige dialects, social identity, gender-lect variation, standard and non-standard features, and the importance of speech sounds and accents in forming personal identity.
- 📚 Ethical considerations of English in the world include cultural imperialism, equality of opportunity, and global cooperation, which should be explored through articles and reports.
- 🔍 To prepare for the exam, students should be confident in their understanding of the theories, be able to spell theorists' names accurately, and apply these theories in their writing to demonstrate their knowledge.
Q & A
What is the main focus of Paper 4 in the context of the video?
-Paper 4 requires a discursive style of writing where students discuss two given topics that are quite different from each other, maintaining a neutral and unbiased tone throughout the text.
What is the definition of a discursive style of writing?
-A discursive style of writing maintains a neutral and unbiased tone, explores multiple perspectives, weighs different arguments, analyzes various viewpoints, and concludes with an overall assessment.
What are some examples of varieties of English spoken around the world mentioned in the video?
-Examples of English varieties mentioned include Singlish and Spanglish, which are known as hybrids.
What does the term 'hybrid' refer to in the context of language?
-In the context of language, a 'hybrid' refers to a word, phrase, or sentence that combines elements from two or more languages or language varieties.
How does the video describe Spanglish as a hybrid language?
-Spanglish is described as a hybrid language that combines elements of Spanish and English, often resulting in code-switching between the two languages within a single sentence.
What are some of the effects of cultural imperialism in language?
-Cultural imperialism in language can lead to the loss of linguistic and cultural diversity, marginalization of minority communities, erosion of local cultural creations, and the spread of stereotypes and cultural biases.
How did colonialism contribute to the spread of English as a global language?
-During the era of colonialism, English was spread to various parts of the world through British colonial expansion, becoming the official language in many colonies and gaining prominence as a means of communication.
What role did technological advancements play in the spread of English?
-Technological advancements in transportation and communication facilitated the spread of English, as travel and trade between countries became easier, and the need for a common language for international communication grew.
What are some of the criticisms regarding the development of English as a global language?
-Critics argue that the spread of English has contributed to the loss of linguistic and cultural diversity, particularly in regions where it has displaced local languages, and perpetuates a form of linguistic and cultural imperialism.
Who are some of the theorists and their theories relevant to the topic discussed in the video?
-Influential theorists include Braj Kachru with his Three Circles model of World Englishes, Robert Phillips who focuses on the political and economic implications of English, and David Crystal who has written extensively on the history and development of English as a global language.
What are some key concepts related to language and social identity discussed in the video for Section B?
-Key concepts include speech communities, prestige dialects, social act, gender-lect, variation, standard and non-standard features, inclusion and exclusion, speech sounds, and accents.
Outlines
📚 Understanding Discursive Writing and English Varieties
This paragraph introduces the concept of discursive writing, which is characterized by a neutral and unbiased tone, exploring multiple perspectives, weighing arguments, and analyzing viewpoints before reaching a conclusion. It emphasizes the need for students to understand the varieties of English spoken globally, such as Singlish and Spanglish, which are referred to as hybrids. Hybrids are defined as combinations of elements from two or more languages, potentially leading to new hybrid languages or dialects. The paragraph also touches on the concept of cultural imperialism in language, which involves the domination of one culture over another through various means, leading to negative effects such as loss of linguistic and cultural diversity and marginalization of minority communities. It suggests researching articles on the topic to gain a deeper understanding of these issues.
🌐 The Global Impact of English and Theories of Language
The second paragraph delves into the global development of English, highlighting its spread through colonialism and technological advancements, which led to its prominence as a language for international trade, diplomacy, and scientific research. The advent of the internet and digital communication further solidified English's status as a dominant global language. However, this spread has been controversial, with critics arguing it contributes to a loss of linguistic and cultural diversity and perpetuates linguistic and cultural imperialism. The paragraph also introduces several influential theories and theorists relevant to the topic, such as Braj Kachru's Three Circles model of World Englishes, Robert Phillips's focus on the political and economic implications of English, and David Crystal's extensive work on the history and development of the English language. It concludes with an emphasis on understanding language and social identity, including concepts like speech communities, prestige dialects, social act, gender-lect variation, standard and non-standard features, inclusion and exclusion, and speech sounds and accents, which are crucial for writing fluently in Section B.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Discursive style of writing
💡Hybrid languages
💡Cultural imperialism
💡Colonialism
💡Technological development
💡Linguistic imperialism
💡David Crystal
💡Speech communities
💡Prestige dialect
💡Gender-lect
💡Inclusion and exclusion
Highlights
Discussing Paper 4 requires a different writing style from Paper 3.
In Paper 4, you are asked to discuss two different topics.
Adopt a discursive style of writing in Paper 4.
Discursive style maintains a neutral and unbiased tone.
This style explores multiple perspectives and weighs different arguments.
For Section A, know about varieties of English spoken around the world.
These varieties are also known as hybrids.
Hybrids combine elements from two or more languages or language varieties.
Spanglish is a hybrid language combining Spanish and English.
English Singlish is a hybrid combining Chinese and English.
Hybridization can occur within a single language, like Creoles and pigeons.
Cultural imperialism in language refers to the domination of one language and culture over another.
Cultural imperialism can lead to loss of linguistic and cultural diversity.
English spread globally due to colonialism and technological development.
British colonial expansion spread English to many colonies.
Technological advancements facilitated the spread of English.
Critics argue that the spread of English contributes to the loss of linguistic and cultural diversity.
Theories and theorists relevant to the topic should be accurately spelled and explained.
Bright Khatron's three Circle model categorizes English-speaking countries.
Robert Phillips focuses on the political and economic implications of English as a global language.
David Crystal has written extensively on the history and development of English.
In-depth knowledge about language and social identity is crucial for Section B.
Speech communities, prestige dialects, and social act are features of speech that make up our identity.
Transcripts
okay
hello everyone in this video we are
discussing paper 4 that requires a
different style of writing from that
paper three
in paper 4 you're now being asked to
discuss two given topics which in turn
are quite different from each other
make sure that you adopt this cursive
style of writing here
what is discursive style of writing
let me tell you briefly discuss a style
maintains a neutral and unbiased tone
throughout the text
in this style the water explores
multiple perspectives weighs different
arguments and analyzes various
viewpoints before arriving at a
conclusion or providing an overall
assessment
for section A make sure you know about
some of the varieties of English spoken
around the world
these might be English Singlish
Spanglish but many more that have Arisen
in the relatively recent past
they're also known as hybrids
thank you
in the context of language hybrid can
refer to a word phrase or sentence that
combines elements from two or more
languages or language varieties
this mixing of linguistic elements can
result in a new hybrid language or
dialect
for example Spanglish is a hybrid
language that combines elements of
Spanish and English often resulting in
code switching between the two languages
within a single sentential phrase
similarly each English is a hybrid
language that combines elements of
Chinese and English
you must remember that hybridization can
also occur within a single language such
as in the case of Creoles and pigeons
which are formed when two or more
languages come into contact and combine
to create a new simplified language with
its own unique grammar and vocabulary
so that you are fully confident about
the ethical considerations of English in
the world find articles from the
internet and newspaper which give
reports on the topic
such reports may contain information
about cultural imperialism equality of
opportunity or Global cooperation
here let me explain what is cultural
imperialism
cultural imperialism in language refers
to the domination of one language and
culture over another life another
through political economic or cultural
power
it can manifest in various ways in
language
for example it can occur through the
imposition of a dominant language as the
official language in a country the use
of one language as a language of
international trade all the spread of
media and entertainment produced by a
dominant culture that results in the
adoption of that culture's language and
values by others
this can have a number of negative
effects on minority languages and
cultures
it can lead to the loss of linguistic
and cultural diversity the
marginalization of minority communities
and the erosion of local cultural
creations
it can also result in the spread of
stereotypes and cultural biases as well
as a loss of linguistic and cultural
heritage
make sure you have knowledge and
understanding of the ways that English
in the world has developed due to
colonialism or technological development
over time
let me explain briefly during the era of
colonialism English was spread to
various parts of the world through
British colonial expansion
English became the official language in
many colonies including India parts of
Africa and Southeast Asia
as a result English was adopted as a
second language by many people in these
regions and it gradually gained
prominence as a means of communication
between different linguistic and ethnic
groups
furthermore the spread of English was
also facilitated by technological
advancements in transportation and
communication
as travel and trade between countries
became easier the need for a common
language for International Communication
grew
English became the language of
international trade diplomacy and
scientific research
the rise of internet and digital
communication further accelerated the
spread of English making it a dominant
language in online communication media
and entertainment
however it's important to note that the
development of English as a global
language has not been without
controversy
critics argue that the spread of English
has contributed to the laws of
linguistic and cultural diversity
particularly in regions where it has
displaced local languages
they also argue that it perpetuates a
form of linguistic and cultural
imperialism where English-speaking
countries and cultures are seen as
Superior dwellers
be clear about which theories and
theorists are relevant to the topic
making sure you can spell all names
accurately
it's not enough just to mention names in
your paper The Examiner will be looking
for short explanations which support the
points you are making that way you will
show that you are applying theories
confidently
here are a few influential theories
first one is bright khatron who is known
for his three Circle model of world
englishes
which categorizes English-speaking
countries and regions into three circles
based on the historical and social
linguistic factors that have influenced
the spread and development of English
second is Robert Phillips whose work
focuses on the political and economic
implications of English as a global
language
he argues that a spread of English is
driven by linguistic imperialism and
perpetuates a form of cultural
Domination by English-speaking countries
then comes David Crystal who is a
linguist
he has written extensively in the
history and development of English
language as well as its current role as
a global language
he has also written about the social
linguistic factors that contribute to
the development of different varieties
of English
there are many such names that you can
quote in your response
finally make sure you have in-depth
knowledge about language and social
identity so that you can write fluently
in section B about speech communities
Prestige idolat dialect social act
gender-lect variation standard and
non-standard features inclusion and
exclusion speech sounds and accents
these are the features of your speech
that make up our identity
some of these we use on purpose because
we have learned to do so some of them
come naturally to us
try to identify these features in
yourself and others around you
now you're all set for your exam all the
best from my side
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