Independencia 9 de Julio de 1816 🇦🇷 | 📜 Congreso de Tucumán

Canal Duques

4 Jul 201906:32

Summary

TLDRThe script narrates the pivotal event of Argentine independence on July 9, 1816, detailing the challenges faced and the events leading up to the declaration of a free nation. It highlights the divided opinions on the pace of independence, the economic stagnation due to a lack of industrialization, and the political maneuvering of figures like Carlos María de Alvear. The Congress of Tucumán is a focal point, where the unanimous decision for independence was made, leading to the signing of the Act of Independence. The script also touches on the subsequent struggles, including the civil wars and the fight against royalist armies, culminating in the Battle of Ayacucho in 1824.

Takeaways

📜 The 9th of July 1816 marks a pivotal event in Argentine history, where the former Spanish Viceroyalty declared itself a free nation.
🏛 After the May Revolution, the provinces of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata were divided, with differing views on the pace of independence and internal changes.
🌐 Buenos Aires sought to control the political head of the revolution and the main port for trade, while other provinces desired more autonomy.
🛠 The economic stagnation due to a lack of industrialization hindered the nation's progress, contrasting with the young United States' growth.
👤 Carlos María de Alvear, the first president of the 1813 Assembly, became an obstacle to the revolution due to self-serving political management.
🌐 International relations were strained as the British, allied with Spain against Napoleon, opposed the revolution, and the return of absolute monarchs post-Napoleonic fall intensified Spanish control attempts.
🏢 The Congress of Tucumán was convened without the support of the Litoral and the Banda Oriental, reflecting internal and external challenges.
🏡 The Congress was held at the house of Doña Francisca Bazán de Laguná, now known as the 'Casita de Tucumán', symbolizing unity and central location.
🗣️ On July 9th, all delegates unanimously supported independence, signing the Act of Independence, rejecting Spanish rule and affirming their status as a free nation.
📜 The Act declared the provinces' unanimous and indisputable will to break ties with the Spanish monarchy and to recover their rights as a free and independent nation.
🎉 Celebrations followed the declaration, with the news spreading rapidly and being translated into indigenous languages, signifying inclusivity.
📚 The subsequent years saw a unitary and centralist constitution in 1819 that concentrated power in Buenos Aires, leading to further divisions and civil war.

Q & A

What was the significance of the 9th of July 1816 in Argentine history?
-The 9th of July 1816 marked the declaration of independence from Spain, as the former Spanish Viceroyalty declared itself a free nation, a key event in the Argentine independence process.
What were the main obstacles faced by the provinces after the May Revolution?
-The provinces were divided in their views on independence, with some favoring a quick break from Spain for internal reforms, while others supported a more conservative approach. Additionally, Buenos Aires wanted to control the political scene and the main port for trade, while other provinces sought more autonomy.
How did the economic situation of the people impact the independence process?
-The people were economically stagnant in a model of primary material export rather than manufacturing, which hindered the nation's progress towards industrialization, unlike what was happening in the United States at the time.
Who was Carlos María de Alvear and what role did he play in the revolution?
-Carlos María de Alvear was the first president of the Assembly of the year 1813. He became an obstacle to the revolution due to his handling of political situations for personal and familial interests.
What was the significance of the Congress of Tucumán and why was it held there?
-The Congress of Tucumán was significant as it was where the Act of Independence was signed. It was held in Tucumán because it was centrally located within the Viceroyalty and to avoid Buenos Aires being the sole protagonist of such an important event.
What was the 'Casita de Tucumán' and its role in the Congress?
-The 'Casita de Tucumán' was the house of Doña Francisca Bazán de Laguná, which was chosen and modified to host the Congress. It is remembered to this day as the place where the independence was declared.
Who was the first president to preside over the Congress of Tucumán and when did the sessions begin?
-Pedro Medrano was the first president to preside over the Congress, and the sessions began on the 24th of March 1816.
What was the main debate regarding the new form of government during the Congress of Tucumán?
-The main debate was whether the new government would be a monarchy or a republic. Belgrano proposed a moderated monarchy led by an Inca prince, but this idea was generally rejected, especially by the people of Buenos Aires, who proposed a federation of provinces.
What did the Act of Independence state on the 9th of July 1816?
-The Act of Independence declared the unanimous and indisputable will of the provinces to break the violent ties that bound them to the kings of Spain, to recover the rights they had been deprived of, and to assume the high character of a free and independent nation.
What was the outcome of the Congress of Tucumán after the declaration of independence?
-After the declaration of independence, the resolution was expanded on the 19th of July to clarify that the freedom encompassed any foreign dominion. Celebrations were held, and the news spread quickly across the provinces, with copies of the Act in Spanish and translated into Quechua and Aymara languages.
What happened after the Congress of Tucumán in terms of governance and constitution?
-The sessions moved to Buenos Aires in January 1817, and two years later, on the 22nd of April 1819, a unitary and centralist constitution was sanctioned that gave all power to Buenos Aires, disadvantaging the provinces. This lack of consensus led to more divisions among the provinces, some of which dictated their own constitutions.

Outlines

00:00

🏛️ Argentine Independence: Overcoming Obstacles

The script discusses the pivotal event of Argentine independence on July 9, 1816, when the former Spanish Viceroyalty declared itself a free nation. It delves into the challenges faced during this process, including divisions among the provinces of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, differing views on the pace of independence, and economic stagnation due to a lack of industrialization. The script also highlights the political struggles between Buenos Aires and other provinces, the external pressures from European powers, and the internal conflicts within the revolutionary leadership. The Congress of Tucumán, held in the house of Doña Francisca Bazán de Laguná, is identified as the key event where independence was declared, with the Act of Independence signed unanimously by the congressmen.

05:01

📜 Post-Independence Challenges and the Fight for a Unified Argentina

This paragraph outlines the aftermath of Argentine independence, focusing on the move of legislative sessions to Buenos Aires and the subsequent adoption of a unitary and centralist constitution in 1819, which centralized power in Buenos Aires to the detriment of other provinces. It mentions the lack of consensus leading to provinces drafting their own constitutions and the ongoing struggle against royalist forces in South America, culminating in the Battle of Ayacucho in 1824. The script also foreshadows the internal conflicts and civil wars that would follow, setting the stage for future chapters on the history of Argentina, including the role of General José de San Martín.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Independence of July 9, 1816

This marks the day when the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata declared independence from Spain. It is a pivotal event in Argentine history, representing the culmination of efforts to break free from colonial rule. The video details the obstacles faced and the process leading up to this declaration.

💡United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata

This was the name given to the territories that sought independence from Spanish rule, which later became Argentina. The provinces were divided in their approach to independence, with some advocating for rapid change and others preferring a gradual process. The video explores the internal conflicts and the eventual unification for the common goal of independence.

💡Revolution of May

The May Revolution of 1810 was the initial uprising against Spanish rule, setting the stage for the independence movement. It created a power vacuum and sparked debates on the future governance of the territories. The video's discussion on the aftermath of this revolution highlights the varying political ideologies and the struggle for control.

💡Mariano Moreno

A key figure who advocated for swift independence from Spain to enable significant internal reforms. Moreno's ideas contrasted with those of more conservative leaders like Saavedra, illustrating the ideological divide within the independence movement. His role is mentioned in the video as part of the broader debate on the pace of achieving independence.

💡Congress of Tucumán

The assembly convened in 1816 to discuss and declare independence from Spanish rule. The Congress was held in Tucumán to ensure broader provincial representation and avoid Buenos Aires' dominance. The video describes the events, key figures, and decisions made during this congress, culminating in the declaration of independence.

💡Carlos María de Alvear

The first president of the 1813 Assembly, who became an obstacle to the revolution due to his self-interested political maneuvers. His replacement by Álvarez Thomas and the subsequent call for the Congress of Tucumán were crucial steps towards the declaration of independence. Alvear's political influence and eventual removal are discussed as part of the revolutionary narrative.

💡San Martín

A prominent military leader who played a crucial role in the independence movements of Argentina, Chile, and Peru. In the video, his strategic plans and the lack of support from Buenos Aires are highlighted as significant challenges in the broader struggle for independence. San Martín's support for Belgrano's proposal for an Inca monarchy reflects his influence on political decisions.

💡Belgrano

Manuel Belgrano was a key independence leader who proposed the idea of a moderate monarchy led by an Inca prince, aiming to establish a unique South American identity. The video outlines his proposal and the mixed reactions it received, illustrating the complexities of forming a new government. Belgrano's efforts symbolize the search for a viable post-colonial political structure.

💡Provinces' Autonomy

The desire of various provinces to have more self-governance rather than being dominated by Buenos Aires. This tension is a recurring theme in the video, showing the challenges in achieving a unified national identity. The struggle for autonomy influenced the structure of the newly independent nation and continued to impact Argentine politics.

💡Restoration of European Monarchies

The period after the fall of Napoleon, when European monarchies, including Spain, sought to reassert control over their colonies. This context added pressure on the independence movements in Latin America. The video's mention of the European restoration underscores the external challenges faced by the United Provinces in their quest for independence.

Highlights

The 9th of July 1816 marked a pivotal event in the Argentine independence process, when the former Spanish Viceroyalty declared itself a free nation.

Post-May Revolution, the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata faced divisions, with some advocating for a quick independence led by Mariano Moreno and others favoring a more conservative approach by Saavedra.

Buenos Aires sought control due to its political leadership and role as the main port for trade, while other provinces desired more autonomy.

The economic stagnation under a primary goods export model, lacking industrialization, hindered the nation's progress compared to the young United States.

Carlos María de Alvear, the first president of the 1813 Assembly, became an obstacle to the revolution due to self-serving political management.

Álvarez Thomas replaced Alvear and convened the Congress of Tucumán without support from the littoral and the Eastern Band.

Externally, relations with the British, who were allied with Spain against Napoleon, were strained and opposed the revolution.

The return of absolute monarchs to power after Napoleon's fall, known as the European Restoration, reinforced Spanish attempts to control their colonies.

The Congress of 1816 was held in the centrally located city of Tucumán, chosen to avoid Buenos Aires being the sole protagonist of this significant event.

The Casa de Doña Francisca Bazán de Laguná was selected and modified to host the Congress, now remembered as the 'Casita de Tucumán'.

On March 24, 1816, the Congress sessions began with Pedro Medrano as the first president.

The idea of independence was a fact by July 6, with discussions revolving around whether to establish a monarchy or a republic.

Belgrano proposed a moderate monarchy led by an Inca prince, an idea that faced general rejection, particularly from Buenos Aires.

On July 9, under the presidency of Narciso de la Perdida, all congressional members unanimously supported and signed the Act of Independence.

The Act declared the provinces' unanimous and indisputable will to break ties with the Spanish kings and establish themselves as a free and independent nation.

The resolution was expanded on July 19, clarifying that the freedom encompassed any foreign dominion.

After the festivities, the news of independence quickly spread across the provinces, with copies of the Act in Spanish and translated into Quechua and Aymara languages.

In January 1817, the Congress sessions moved to Buenos Aires, and in 1819, a unitary and centralist constitution was sanctioned, concentrating power in Buenos Aires at the expense of the provinces.

The lack of consensus led to further divisions among provinces, some of which dictated their own constitutions.

The struggle against royalist armies in South America continued for eight more years until the Battle of Ayacucho on December 9, 1824.

The young independent nation plunged into a deep civil war between Buenos Aires and the interior, which will be covered in upcoming chapters.