Biomolecules Mind maps 🧠with PDF in just 10 minutes 😍 NEET 2024🔥ONE SHOT Revision

Summary

This educational video offers a concise overview of biomolecules, essential chemicals in living organisms, using a mind map. It explains the experimental process of analyzing biomolecules, distinguishing between micro and macro molecules based on size and solubility. The video delves into carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, highlighting their structures and functions. It also covers enzyme action, factors affecting enzyme activity, and enzyme classifications, providing a foundational understanding for students in biology.

Takeaways

• 🧬 Biomolecules are chemical substances found within living organisms, including proteins, lipids, fats, and carbohydrates.
• 🔬 Experimental proof of biomolecules involves grinding tissue with trichloroacetic acid to create a slurry, which is then strained to separate acid-soluble and acid-insoluble fractions.
• 🌟 Micromolecules, with a size less than 1,000 Daltons, are found in the filtrate, while macromolecules, larger than 1,000 Daltons, are in the retentate.
• 🍬 Carbohydrates are classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides based on the number of sugar units they contain.
• 🥚 Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, each with a unique side chain (R group) that determines its properties.
• 🌈 Proteins have a hierarchical structure consisting of primary, secondary (e.g., alpha-helices, beta-pleated sheets), tertiary, and quaternary structures.
• 💧 Lipids are divided into glycerol and fatty acids, with distinctions between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, including MUFA and PUFA.
• 🧬 Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, are central to the study of genetics, while nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.
• 🌱 Metabolites are categorized into primary and secondary metabolites, with the latter including a variety of drugs and other compounds.
• 🔄 Enzymes catalyze reactions by reducing activation energy, and their activity is influenced by factors such as temperature and pH.
• 🔍 Enzymes are classified into groups like oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, and isomerases, and some are conjugated enzymes with both protein and non-protein components.

Q & A

What are biomolecules?

Biomolecules are chemicals present in living organisms, including proteins, lipids, fats, and carbohydrates, which are found inside living tissues.

How can the chemical composition of a living tissue be analyzed?

The chemical composition of a living tissue can be analyzed by grinding the tissue with a mortar and pestle using trichloroacetic acid to obtain a slurry, which is then strained through a muslin cloth to separate the filtrate (acid-soluble fraction) from the retentate (acid-insoluble fraction).

What is the difference between micro molecules and macro molecules based on the script?

Micro molecules are molecules with a size less than 1,000 Daltons, typically found in the filtrate, such as simple carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleotides. Macro molecules are larger, with a size more than 1,000 Daltons, and include nucleic acids, proteins, and complex carbohydrates, found in the retentate.

What are the basic components of carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates are made up of monosaccharides, which can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides based on the number of sugar units present.

What are the two main types of polysaccharides mentioned in the script?

The two main types of polysaccharides are homopolysaccharides, which are made up of a single monomeric unit, and heteropolysaccharides, which have different types of repeating units.

What is an amino acid and what is its basic structure?

An amino acid is the basic building block of proteins, with a basic structure consisting of a carbon atom (C), an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a variable side chain (R group) that determines the properties of the amino acid.

How many different types of amino acids are there in proteins?

There are 20 different types of amino acids that make up proteins, each with a unique R group or functional group.

What are the four levels of protein structure mentioned in the script?

The four levels of protein structure are primary (linear), secondary (alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets), tertiary (the overall 3D structure), and quaternary (the structure formed by multiple polypeptide chains).

What are the two main components of lipids?

Lipids are mainly composed of glycerol (a type of alcohol) and fatty acids (carboxylic acids), which can be saturated or unsaturated.

What is the basic unit of nucleic acids?

The basic unit of nucleic acids is the nucleotide, which is composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

What are the two types of metabolites mentioned in the script?

The two types of metabolites are primary metabolites, which are essential for the normal functioning of the cell, and secondary metabolites, which include compounds like drugs and other specialized substances.

What is the function of an enzyme in a biological reaction?

An enzyme's function is to reduce the activation energy required for a reaction, allowing substrate molecules to react more efficiently and form products.

What are the factors that affect enzyme activity?

Factors that affect enzyme activity include optimum temperature and pH levels. Enzymes can become denatured at high temperatures or become inactive at low temperatures, and pH levels outside their optimal range can also reduce their activity.

What is the difference between simple enzymes and conjugate enzymes?

Simple enzymes consist only of a protein part, while conjugate enzymes, also known as holoenzymes, have both a protein part (apoenzyme) and a non-protein part (cofactor), which may include a prosthetic group or a metal ion.