Psycholinguistics - Lesson 12 - Memory
Summary
TLDRThis lesson delves into the fundamental role of memory in linguistics, highlighting its importance for learning and daily functioning. It explains the processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval, detailing how information is transformed into visual, acoustic, or semantic codes. The script contrasts short-term memory's limited capacity and duration with the seemingly unlimited capacity and enduring nature of long-term memory. It also touches on the sequential retrieval of short-term memory versus the associative retrieval of long-term memory, emphasizing the impact of organization on memory retrieval.
Takeaways
- 🧠 Memory is essential for our daily functioning, allowing us to store and retrieve past experiences and plan for the future.
- 🔍 Memory involves encoding, storage, and retrieval processes, which are critical for information processing.
- 📸 Encoding can be done in three main ways: visually (pictures), acoustically (sounds), and semantically (meaning).
- 📞 An example of visual encoding is remembering a phone number by seeing it written down, while acoustic encoding involves repeating it to oneself.
- 🔊 Acoustic coding is the principal system for short-term memory (STM), where information is rehearsed verbally.
- 📚 Semantic coding, based on meaning, is the primary encoding system for long-term memory (LTM), although visual and acoustic coding can also be used.
- 🔢 Miller's 'magic number seven' suggests that short-term memory can hold between five and nine items, with each 'slot' accommodating a piece of information.
- 🌊 The capacity of long-term memory is considered unlimited, contrasting with the limited capacity of short-term memory.
- ⏳ Short-term memory holds information briefly, typically for about 30 seconds, whereas long-term memory can store information for much longer periods.
- 🔑 Retrieval involves getting information out of storage, and the inability to remember something may be due to difficulties in retrieval.
- 🔄 Short-term memory stores and retrieves information sequentially, while long-term memory does so through associations, which can be triggered by related contexts.
- 📝 Organizing information can facilitate retrieval, such as by sequencing in alphabetical order, size, or time.
Q & A
What is the main topic of the 12th lesson in cycle linguistics?
-The main topic of the 12th lesson is memory, its structures, and processes involved in the storage and retrieval of information.
Why is memory essential to our daily lives?
-Memory is essential because without it, we cannot operate in the present, think about the future, or remember past events, which is crucial for learning and functioning in our daily lives.
What are the three main aspects of information processing that psychologists consider under the term 'memory'?
-The three main aspects are encoding, storage, and retrieval.
What is the purpose of memory encoding?
-Memory encoding is the process of changing information from sensory input into a form that the memory system can cope with and store.
What are the three main ways in which information can be encoded in memory?
-Information can be encoded visually, acoustically, and semantically.
How does visual coding help in remembering a telephone number?
-Visual coding helps by storing the telephone number as an image, which can be seen and remembered from a phone book or written notes.
What is the principal coding system in short-term memory (STM), according to the script?
-The principal coding system in short-term memory is acoustic coding, which involves rehearsing information verbally.
What is the estimated capacity of most adults' short-term memory, as suggested by Miller in 1956?
-Miller suggested that the capacity of short-term memory is between five and nine items, often referred to as the 'magic number seven.'
How does the capacity of long-term memory differ from that of short-term memory?
-The capacity of long-term memory is thought to be unlimited, unlike short-term memory which has a limited capacity.
What is the primary difference between how information is stored and retrieved in short-term memory versus long-term memory?
-In short-term memory, information is stored and retrieved sequentially, while in long-term memory, it is stored and retrieved by association.
Why might someone forget why they went upstairs when they reach the top, and how can they remember?
-They might forget due to the associative nature of long-term memory. Going back to the location where they first thought about the task can trigger the memory and help them remember.
How can organizing information help with retrieval from memory?
-Organizing information in sequences, such as alphabetically, by size, or by time, can facilitate the retrieval process by creating associations that make it easier to recall.
Outlines
🧠 Introduction to Memory in Linguistics
This paragraph introduces the concept of memory in the context of linguistics, emphasizing its importance for learning and daily functioning. Memory is described as the process of storing and retrieving information, which is essential for learning and planning. The paragraph outlines the three main aspects of memory processing: encoding, storage, and retrieval. It also touches on different forms of encoding: visual, acoustic, and semantic, and provides examples of how we might remember a phone number using these methods. The role of acoustic coding in short-term memory and semantic coding in long-term memory is highlighted.
🔍 Differences Between Short-Term and Long-Term Memory
The second paragraph delves into the differences between short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). It discusses the limited capacity of STM, which can hold about five to nine items, as proposed by Miller in 1956, and contrasts this with the seemingly unlimited capacity of LTM. The duration for which information is stored in each type of memory is also compared, with STM lasting for a brief period and LTM potentially lasting a lifetime. The paragraph further explains the retrieval process, noting that STM is sequential while LTM is associative, and that organized information can facilitate easier retrieval. It concludes with the idea that the way information is stored affects how it is retrieved, and gives examples of how associations can trigger memory recall.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Memory
💡Encoding
💡Storage
💡Retrieval
💡Short-term Memory (STM)
💡Long-term Memory
💡Capacity
💡Sequential
💡Associative
💡Semantic Coding
💡Acoustic Coding
Highlights
Memory is essential for our daily functioning, learning, and planning for the future.
Memory involves encoding, storage, and retrieval processes.
Encoding changes sensory input into a form the memory system can process.
There are three main ways of encoding: visual, acoustic, and semantic.
Visual coding involves remembering information seen, like a written phone number.
Acoustic coding is the repetition of information to remember it, the principal system in short-term memory.
Semantic coding involves remembering the meaning of information, predominant in long-term memory.
Long-term memory can also be encoded visually and acoustically.
Storage concerns the nature of memory, including duration and capacity.
Short-term memory typically holds between five and nine items, known as Miller's magic number seven.
Long-term memory is thought to have an unlimited capacity.
Short-term memory stores information briefly, while long-term memory can last a lifetime.
Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory.
Short-term memory stores and retrieves information sequentially.
Long-term memory is stored and retrieved by association.
Organized information can help with retrieval, such as through sequences like alphabetical order.
The video aims to be beneficial for understanding the complexities of memory.
Transcripts
hello dear students welcome to another
lesson in cycle linguistics
this is the lesson number 12
which is going to be about memory so
memory basically is
um is is the term given to the
structures
and processes involved in the storage
and subsequent
retrieval of information okay memory is
essential to all our lives
so without memory of the past we cannot
operate in the prison or think about the
future
we would not be able to remember what we
did yesterday
what we have done today or what we plan
to do
tomorrow so without memory we could not
learn
anything so basically memory is involved
in
processing vast amounts of information
this information takes place or takes
many different forms so we store
information in the form of images sounds
or meaning for second language for
psychologists
the term memory covers three important
aspects of the information
processing these are
encoding storage and retrieval
we're going to see each one of them
so memory encoding when information
comes into our memory
system from sensory input of course
it needs to be changed into a form that
the system can cope with so that it can
be solved
okay so every day we hear information
and we say information
written or you know where they hear it
that is verbal or or written
so this information needs to be um
changed into a certain form so that it
can be solved
so there are three main ways in which
information can be encoded
that is changed either visual
okay in form of pictures
we have acoustic that is in the form of
sounds okay verbal
and then we have semantics that is in
the form of of meaning
so for example how do you remember a
telephone number
you have looked up in the phone book
if you can see it then you are using
visual coding so when you see
a phone that is written in your phone
book
that's you remember that or you store
that information
the phone number in the form of visual
okay so we
code it visually but if you are
repeating it
to yourself so you're pretty to remember
it you are using acoustic coding so you
repeat it
so that's sounds so when you repeat it
over and over
there you are using acoustic coding
evidence suggests that this is the
principle coding system
in short-term memory stm
is acoustic coding so when a person is
presented with a list
of numbers and letters they will try to
hold them
in in short-term memory by rehearsing
them so when you rehearse
something verbally that's you
that that is uh you store the
information in
short that is short-term memory
the principal encoding system is
long-term
uh in long-term memory at the end
appears to be semantic code
by means by meaning so however
information in long-term it can also be
coded both visually and acoustically
now storage this concerns the nature of
memory
stores example where the information is
stored
how long the term lasts for
exposure the duration how much can be
stored at any time the capacity of
information that can be solved and what
kind of information is
is held so the way we start information
affects the way
we retrieve it there has been a
significant amount of research
regarding the differences between
short-term memory
and long-term memory so most adults
most adults can store between five and
nine
items in their short memory miller 1956
puts this idea forward he called it
the magic number number seven
magic number seven so he thought that
short-term memory capacity was
seven plus or minus two etcetera items
because it
it only had certain number of slots in
which items could be stored
however miller did not specify the
amount of information that could be held
in each slot indeed if we can change
information for example together we can
store a lot more than information
a lot more information in in our
short-term memory
in contrast the capacity of long-term
memory is thought to be unlimited
you see so the the the short-term memory
is limited you only are able to store
a very short um you know number or a
very small number of of of items however
uh long-term memory is unlimited
information can only be stored for a
brief duration in
in in memory like 30 seconds after 30
seconds
but in long-term memory um this can
it can be you know it's it long-term we
can can last
can last a lifetime so that is
until until that
then we have retrieval so how we
retrieve information from the membrane
this suffers to getting information out
of storage
if we can't remember something
it may be because we are unable to
retrieve it
when we are asked to achieve something
from memory
the difference between short summary and
long-term memory become very clear
so that is short summary is stored and
received
uh sequentially so in short-term memory
you can
you can store and retrieve information
sequentially for example if a group of
participants
are given a list of words to remember
and then ask to recall the fourth words
on the list participants go through the
list in the order they heard
it and in order okay to retrieve
the information but long-term memory is
stored and
received by association so we have this
association
this is why you can remember what you
went
you could remember what you went
upstairs for if you go back to the room
where you first thought about it
sometimes
for example uh
you for example want to go upstairs to
to bring something
okay let's say you are downstairs so you
go upstairs to bring something but you
know
when you get to uh you know the second
floor you'll forget
why you're there so to
remember what you're there for you have
to go back
you're just going back where you were
that would trigger your memory again and
in your trip
and then you you retrieve the
information then you mean
you remember why you are therefore the
organized information can help at
retrieval
you can organize information in
sequencing in sequences
such as alphabetical okay so you you
organize information in terms of
alphabets or size or time
thank you very much for your attention
and i hope this video is very beneficial
and see you in the next video
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