ระบบภูมิคุ้มกัน ตอนที่ 1 (วิทยาศาสตร์ชีวภาพ)

Summary

The immune system plays a crucial role in defending the body against harmful invaders such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins. It is composed of various organs and white blood cells that work together to identify and eliminate these threats. The immune response involves two main types of white blood cells: phagocytes, which engulf and destroy germs through phagocytosis, and lymphocytes, which create specific antibodies to target and neutralize pathogens. Both types cooperate to ensure the body remains protected from harmful substances, using different methods to fight infections effectively.

Takeaways

• 😀 The immune system protects the body from germs and foreign substances that can cause illness, such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins.
• 😀 White blood cells are the primary defense mechanism in the immune system and are produced in the bone marrow.
• 😀 The immune system includes several organs and tissues, such as the thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and lymphatic vessels.
• 😀 Pathogens like bacteria and viruses contain specific components on their surfaces that trigger immune responses from the body.
• 😀 Phagocytes are a type of white blood cell that eliminate pathogens by engulfing them through a process called phagocytosis.
• 😀 Neutrophils and monocytes are examples of phagocytes, with monocytes transforming into macrophages once they enter tissues.
• 😀 Lymphocytes, another group of white blood cells, create antibodies and can directly destroy infected cells.
• 😀 The body can identify foreign pathogens through antigens on their surface, which are recognized by the immune system.
• 😀 There are two main groups of white blood cells: phagocytes, which eat pathogens, and lymphocytes, which produce antibodies or destroy cells.
• 😀 Both phagocytes and lymphocytes work together to protect the body, with phagocytes acting as the 'eaters' and lymphocytes as the 'analyzers' of pathogens.

Q & A

What is the primary function of the immune system?

The immune system's primary function is to protect the body from harmful pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and toxins, by identifying and eliminating them.

Which organs and tissues make up the immune system?

The immune system consists of the thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, and lymphatic vessels, all of which play roles in the creation, development, or distribution of immune cells.

What are pathogens, and how do they affect the body?

Pathogens are harmful microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, that can cause disease or illness by invading the body and disrupting its normal functions.

How does the immune system identify harmful substances?

The immune system identifies harmful substances by detecting specific components on the surface of pathogens, which signal the presence of an invader and trigger an immune response.

What are the two main types of white blood cells (WBCs) in the immune system?

The two main types of white blood cells are phagocytes and lymphocytes. Phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens, while lymphocytes produce specific substances like antibodies to target and neutralize them.

What is phagocytosis, and how do phagocytes use it to eliminate germs?

Phagocytosis is the process where phagocytes, such as neutrophils and monocytes, surround and engulf pathogens, bringing them into a vacuole. Inside this vacuole, enzymes break down and destroy the germs.

How do lymphocytes destroy pathogens?

Lymphocytes destroy pathogens by creating and secreting specific antibodies that bind to antigens on the pathogen's surface. These antibodies neutralize the pathogen or signal other immune cells to destroy it.

What is the difference between B-cells and T-cells in the immune system?

B-cells are produced in the bone marrow and primarily produce antibodies. T-cells mature in the thymus and can directly attack infected cells or assist in regulating the immune response.

What is the role of the spleen and lymph nodes in the immune system?

The spleen and lymph nodes act as filters that trap and destroy pathogens. They are critical for detecting infections and activating immune responses.

Why is it important for phagocytes and lymphocytes to work together in the immune system?

Phagocytes and lymphocytes complement each other in defending the body. Phagocytes eliminate pathogens through direct ingestion, while lymphocytes provide targeted, adaptive immunity by producing antibodies and coordinating immune responses.