World Religions: Judaism
Summary
TLDRJudaism se enfrenta al problema del exilio y busca soluciones a través del retorno a Dios y a la comunidad. Esta religión se centra en contar historias y seguir la ley, ejemplificado en la celebración del Seder de Pascua. A diferencia de otras religiones, el judaísmo es más un sistema de historias y leyes que de creencias. La Torah y el Talmud son fundamentales, y el judaísmo tiene un fuerte tema de liberación. A pesar de su pequeño número, el judaísmo ha tenido una gran influencia cultural y religiosa en el mundo.
Takeaways
- 🤔 El problema principal de la Judáica es la 'exilio', entendido como estar separados de Dios y de la comunidad, y la necesidad de 'regresar' a ambos.
- 📚 La solución en la Judáica se encuentra en la técnica de 'storytelling' y la 'ley', que están conectadas, especialmente en la Pascua judía (Seder).
- 🔗 La ley y el relato son dos caras de la misma moneda en la Judáica, donde el recordar es un mandato y una buena obra (Mitzvah).
- 👤 La Judáica no se centra tanto en la doctrina como en el sistema de historias y leyes, lo que implica una lucha constante entre lo viejo y lo nuevo.
- 📖 La 'Torah' o 'Tanaj' es el término amplio que se refiere a las enseñanzas judías, incluyendo los cinco libros de Moisés y toda la Biblia Hebrea.
- 🏛 La fundación de la Judáica no está ligada a un solo fundador, sino que se desarrolló entre la destrucción del Templo en el siglo VI a.C. y la destrucción del Templo en el siglo I.
- 🌏 La Judáica es una tradición portátil y textual, que no está atada a un lugar específico y que se puede llevar en el brazo.
- 🇮🇱 La relación entre la Judáica y Israel es compleja; aunque Israel es el hogar de muchos judíos, también hay una significativa comunidad judía en el exilio.
- 🚫 Es posible criticar al Estado de Israel o a sus políticas sin ser antisemita, siempre que se mantenga una distinción clara entre la crítica política y el odio hacia el pueblo judío.
- 🍽 La Judáica tiene una gran cantidad de leyes, algunas de las cuales pueden parecer obsoletas o severas en el contexto moderno, pero que tienen un propósito en la vida religiosa judía.
- 🏆 La influencia de la Judáica en la cultura mundial y estadounidense es desproporcionada a su tamaño numérico, dada su importancia en la fundación de las religiones cristiana e islámica y su impacto en la cultura popular y política de EE. UU.
Q & A
¿Cuál es el problema central que intenta resolver el judaísmo según el guion?
-El problema central del judaísmo es la 'exilio', que se refiere a estar separados de Dios y de la comunidad, y la necesidad de 'regresar' a Dios y a la comunidad.
¿Qué técnicas recomienda el judaísmo para superar el exilio?
-El judaísmo recomienda dos técnicas principales para superar el exilio: la narración de historias y el derecho (ley), que están conectadas y se manifiestan claramente en la Pascua judía.
¿Cómo se relaciona la ley y la narrativa en el judaísmo según el guion?
-La ley y la narrativa están conectadas en el judaísmo, siendo dos caras de la misma moneda. Contar una historia es seguir la ley porque la ley manda recordar, y esto se ve en la Seder de Pascua.
¿Qué es lo que distingue al judaísmo de ser un sistema de creencias tradicionales?
-El judaísmo no se centra tanto en las doctrinas o credos, sino más bien en un sistema de narrativas y leyes, donde lo importante es luchar con la tradición y con la historia.
¿Qué es la Torá y cómo se traduce este término?
-La Torá es un término expansivo que se traduce comúnmente como 'ley', pero en realidad significa 'enseñanza', y se refiere a las cinco libros de Moisés y a toda la Biblia Hebrea.
¿Qué es el Talmud y cómo se relaciona con la Torá?
-El Talmud es un documento que acompaña a la Torá o el Tánaj, y es una recopilación de debates de los rabinos sobre cómo actuar en ciertas circunstancias legales para vivir nuestras vidas.
¿Cómo se describe el fundador o la fundación del judaísmo en el guion?
-El judaísmo no está atado a un solo fundador, sino que se desarrolló entre la destrucción del Templo en el siglo VI a.C. y la destrucción del Templo en el siglo I d.C.
¿Cómo se relaciona el judaísmo con el Estado de Israel?
-El judaísmo y el Estado de Israel están estrechamente relacionados, pero también hay judíos en todo el mundo que eligen vivir en la 'diaspora' a pesar de la existencia de un estado judío.
¿Es posible criticar al Estado de Israel sin ser antisemita?
-Sí, es posible criticar políticas o líderes políticos de Israel sin ser antisemita, siempre y cuando se mantenga una distinción clara entre la crítica al Estado y la oposición a la religión o la gente judía.
¿Cómo se caracteriza el enfoque del judaísmo hacia la ley?
-El judaísmo es una tradición que cree que Dios nos dice cómo vivir de manera específica, incluyendo detalles como lo que debemos comer, y muchos de estos mandamientos provienen tanto de la Torá como del Talmud.
¿Por qué el guion afirma que el judaísmo tiene una influencia desproporcionada a su número de seguidores?
-A pesar de ser una de las religiones más pequeñas en número de seguidores, el judaísmo ha tenido una gran influencia a través de las religiones cristiana e islámica, y en la cultura, política y vida popular de Estados Unidos.
Outlines
📜 La Estructura de la Fe Judía
El primer párrafo explora la esencia del judaísmo, considerando su dificultad para definirse en comparación con otras religiones. Se centra en la idea del exilio y el retorno como el problema central que el judaísmo busca resolver, siendo la separación de Dios y la comunidad y el deseo de regresar a ellos. El autor reflexiona sobre las técnicas de storytelling y la ley como medios para superar el exilio, destacando la conexión entre ambos, especialmente en la Pascua judía. Además, se menciona la ausencia de un dogma rígido en el judaísmo, enfocándose más en la práctica y la interpretación de las historias y la ley, en lugar de una creencia categórica.
🌐 Identidad Judía y el Estado de Israel
El segundo párrafo discute la relación entre el judaísmo y Israel, señalando que, a pesar de la historia del pueblo judío y su exilio, la creación del Estado de Israel en el siglo XX ha generado un debate sobre la identidad y la pertenencia judía. El autor plantea la pregunta de por qué algunos judíos eligen vivir en la 'diaspora' en lugar de mudarse a Israel. También se aborda el tema de la crítica al Estado de Israel y cómo es posible区分la crítica política de la nación israelí de la antisemitismo. Se destaca la importancia de la ley y la tradición en el judaísmo, más allá de las leyes bíblicas, y cómo estas se adaptan y debaten en la sociedad judía contemporánea.
🌟 Influencia Desproporcionada del Judío en la Cultura Mundial
El tercer párrafo destaca la influencia desproporcionada del judaísmo en la cultura y la política a nivel mundial, a pesar de ser una minoría religiosa. El autor menciona la importancia del judaísmo como precursor del cristianismo y el islam, lo que representa una gran parte de la población mundial. También se discute la representación de judíos en la política estadounidense y la cultura popular, especialmente en el ámbito del humor, atribuyéndoselo a la tradición de reflexión y crítica sobre la vida y las situaciones absurdas y contradictorias, que es una característica del judaísmo.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Exilio
💡Judaísmo
💡Ley
💡Narrativa
💡Sedería de Pascua
💡Tanaj
💡Talmud
💡Liberación
💡Antisemitismo
💡Influencia
Highlights
Judaism is described as the way of Exile and return, emphasizing the problem of being apart from God and the community, and the need to return.
Judaism's techniques for overcoming Exile are storytelling and law, which are interconnected and exemplified in the Passover seder.
Storytelling in Judaism is a commandment and a good deed, integral to the law and the tradition.
Judaism is not primarily about doctrine but rather about engaging with the tradition and wrestling with its stories and laws.
The Torah, often translated as 'law,' actually means 'teaching' and encompasses the entire Hebrew Bible.
The Talmud is a document of debates and discussions, reflecting the portable and textual nature of the Jewish tradition.
Judaism was founded between the temple destructions of the 6th Century BCE and the 1st Century CE, emphasizing portability and text.
The relationship between Judaism and Israel is complex, with many Jews choosing to remain in the diaspora despite the existence of a Jewish state.
Critiquing the state of Israel or its policies does not necessarily equate to anti-Semitism, and such critique can be valid and necessary.
Judaism is characterized by a tradition of specific laws from the Torah, including dietary laws that may seem odd to outsiders.
The motif of Liberation, from the Exodus story, is a major theme in Judaism and has influenced movements like the American Civil Rights Movement.
Judaism's influence extends beyond its numbers, with significant impacts on world history, American culture, and politics.
Despite its small numbers, Judaism has given rise to Christianity and Islam, which together account for half of the world's population.
Jewish representation in American politics is notable, with a significant presence in the Supreme Court and Congress.
Judaism's tradition of wrestling with life's absurdities and hypocrisies has contributed to a rich tradition of Jewish comedians in American popular culture.
Steven Prothro discusses the unique aspects and global influence of Judaism in his book 'God is not one'.
Transcripts
namely what is the problem Judaism is
trying to solve and what is the
solution well Judaism is the hardest of
all these religions to answer that
question
for and I really I wrestled with it I
spoke with a lot of my Jewish friends I
I did a lot of reading and thinking but
my take on it is that Judaism is the way
of Exile and return the problem is exile
the problem is is that we are apart from
God apart from our community and we need
to return turn we need to get back to
God and back to our community and this
has antecedence in the Exile of the Jews
from the promised land the Exile of the
Jews from the temple um but I think
that's the main
theme and what is the technique that
Judaism recommends for overcoming
Exile well I think the techniques are
really two um they're they're
storytelling and law and there're and
the two are connected and they're
connected most clearly perhaps in the in
the Passover seder the table meal that's
that Jews celebrate to remember the
story of The Exodus of the Israelites
from bondage in Egypt into Freedom
through the Wilderness into the promised
land where you're told to remember and
to remember is a commandment it's a it's
a good deed it's a Mitzvah and so to
tell a story in other words is to follow
the law because the law is to remember
and to tell the story two different
sides of the same
coin and you say with the story and the
law it's a wrestling in Judaism between
the old and the
new that's right and you know this is
one thing I love about Judaism is
there's it isn't so much about Doctrine
It Isn't So Much here's the Creed I mean
you can find Creeds you can find you
know lists of of of things that Jews
believe but for the most part Judaism
isn't about belief it's not really a
belief system in the same way it's more
of a of a story system or a legal system
and and the word is real comes from this
idea of wrestling wrestling with God and
so it's a tradition that isn't so much
about here are the five things you have
to believe in order to be Jewish because
you can be Jewish and not even believe
in God um it it's more about engaging
the tradition wrestling with the story
wrestling with the law trying to figure
out what it's all about and so there is
a sacred scripture there is a holy book
as you called it the Tanakh probably
most people would know it as the
Torah what's what is that well the Torah
is this you know wonderfully expansive
term I mean it's it's typically
translated as law but it really means
teaching and it refers to classically
the five books of Moses Genesis Exodus
Leviticus Numbers and Deuteronomy but it
also means the entire Hebrew Bible um
which is to say the prophetic books of
say Isaiah um and Amos and then the
ketuvim the writings which includes the
Proverbs the Psalms uh Song of Songs job
Etc but there's even the idea that the
word Torah means debating all these
things talking about all these things or
even um the conversation of Jews in
Israel is also understood to be teaching
or law in in the sense of Torah and that
debating is really captured in the
talmud which is almost a a document that
accompanies the Torah or the Tanakh
right that's right and it's a reflection
that the rabbis have put together uh
Rabbi means teach
um and that's the name for Jewish
leaders and they um look at the talud as
this repository of debates about what to
do under under particular uh legal
circumstances so that we can figure out
how we're going to live our lives which
is a key question a big question that
Judaism asks you know how how do we live
our lives in following the Commandments
of
God now you say at one point that this
was a religion born long after Abraham
and Moses died so how would you describe
the founding or the founder of Judaism
or isn't there one I what I finally come
down to is it's
between the temple destruction of the
6th Century
BCE and the temple destruction of the
first century so somewhere in that space
is the time that we start to get this
tradition that is not wedded to a temple
it's not wedded to a place it's portable
it's textual you can carry the book
under your arm you can carry the text
that's the key piece the portability of
the tradition and it it starts sometime
between in that seven centuries of space
there now sometimes Judaism today
doesn't seem quite as portable and it's
linked in a lot of people's minds with
the state of Israel so where does
Judaism stop and Israel begin well
Israel is not the most populous Jewish
country in the world the United States
is but you know Israel is the visible
spot right this is the Exile and return
story that I highlight in the in the
chapter of the book on Judaism that here
is a people who have this story of being
in Covenant with God and going outside
of the areas that they were intended for
whether that's Eden and whether that's
the promised land moving into Exile and
then wanting to go back and here is the
is the return that happens in the modern
period with the foundation in the 1940s
of the state of Israel and so yes
Judaism is very much uh understood to be
about Israel and yet there are Jews all
over the world who have now chosen even
though there is a Jewish state to stay
in the so-called diaspora right to stay
in the exiled space and that continues
to be something that Jews have to make
sense of you know how can you be a part
of this people that has longed for
Millennia for returning to their
Promised Land and now that they have it
to choose not to go and another angle on
this is what constitutes anti-Semitism
this comes into the news every so often
is it possible to critique the state of
Israel or the policies or the political
leaders of the state of Israel without
being
anti-semitic yeah that's right and
that's certainly comes up all the time
in the news you know um to what extent
uh can you say look um I'm opposed to
this particular policy but I'm not
opposed to Judaism and I think you know
uh the memory of the Holocaust is very
keen as it should be and it's not that
long ago that um Germans were you know
killing killing Jews in in World War II
and really very much motivated by I
believe uh Christian theology among
other things and so there's reasons to
be suspicious of people who are critical
of the state of Israel that said I don't
think there's any state that we should
consider outside of criticism I mean we
certainly As Americans feel we're able
to criticize our own um State I think um
most Israelis believe that they can
criticize their own uh the actions of
their own State and I don't see why
people can't say look I support the
state of Israel but I don't support what
they did in this case or or in that case
you also said Judaism of course is a
religion of law law and there are lots
of laws anybody who's ever looked at the
Book of Leviticus can you know go
blurry-eyed at the number of Min kinds
of laws and regulations many of which
would have no application in the world
today or some of which would appear
incredibly harsh even things like the
dietary laws which very Orthodox Jews
still follow sound a little odd to
Outsiders how would you characterize the
Jewish approach to law well a lot of the
law comes from the Torah you know comes
from the Hebrew Bible but much of it
comes from the talet so it's a lot of
it's post-biblical too um I think it's a
tradition that believes that God tells
us how to live and uh God doesn't just
tell us how to live in generalities like
be nice to each other um but God tell us
how to live in very specific ways um
including what we should eat and you
also say that uh probably the major
Motif in Judaism is Liberation the
movement From Slavery to Freedom if you
will in The Exodus a highly influential
Motif including in our own Civil Rights
Movement that's right I I I think
there's actually no story that's more
influential in American history than the
Exodus story and I'm not speaking now of
American Jews I'm speaking of Americans
in general I mean this was the story of
a people the Israelites who found
themselves enslaved under the Pharaoh in
Egypt and God called them out of of
slavery into freedom and you hear you
know President Obama talks about okay
there was the Moses generation of Martin
Luther King where King said you know
I've been to the mountain top I've
looked over I've seen the promised land
but he he's killed he doesn't get there
like he's like Moses and and Obama talks
about oh the Joshua Generation The
Generation that does get there the next
Generation but this is something we've
seen with Mormons going across to the
West um seeing bramy as their Moses
Leading the People the new Israelites
Americans have seen themselves as the
new Israel they've seen the Native
Americans as the Canaanites um this this
real sort of
literal infusion of American History
into the Bible story so that God is not
only the god of the Israelites but God
is the god of Americans and this story
lives of course among Jews as the story
that reminds them every Passover we
should live our lives not just
remembering the Passover story in the
past but as if we were enslaved as if we
were moving through the world Wilderness
as if we were seeking out our own our
own Freedom It's a Wonderful story and
it's very much an American story as well
as a Jewish story and in fact you say
that Judaism it's the smallest in
numbers of all the eight major religions
you discuss in your book but it has an
influence Way Beyond its numbers how so
well that's right and you know this this
gets me in trouble sometimes because
because you know you start talking about
the influence of of Jews in world
history and in American life Etc you
know um there's been some pretty bad
uses of those kinds of arguments but the
fact of the matter is you know looking
at a book like this where I'm trying to
say okay what are the eight great
religions what are the eight most
influential religions in the world you
know is Judaism one of them well in
terms of its numbers it's pretty small
you know there aren't that many more
Jews in the world than there are people
in the city of Mumbai in India you know
about 14 million maybe
15 so it's pretty small and yet you know
Judaism gives us the two great
monotheistic religions outside of
Judaism it gives us Christianity and
Islam which are both outgrows of Judaism
and those account for half of the
world's population so there a huge
influence there if you go to the
American culture Jews are influential in
politics in in much greater numbers than
their than their numbers in the
population right I mean we we have now
probably about to have three Jews on
this on the Supreme Court we have you
know greater represent ation of
Judaism in the house and in in the
Senate we haven't had a Jewish president
yet so um Judaism has you know an
influence on American culture on
American political culture on American
uh popular culture some of my favorite
comedians are Jewish comedians and
that's because the majority of American
working Comics are Jewish um and I don't
think that that's entirely coincidental
you know I think there's a long
tradition of wrestling in Judaism with
the absurdity of Life the hypocrisies of
the high and mighty including um The
Caprice of God and that's funny and Jews
have made a lot of that and they've
entertained themselves and they've
entertained uh entertained the rest of
us too Steven Prothro is a professor of
religion at Boston University and the
author of God is not one the eight rival
religions that run the world and why
their differences matter thank you so
much for joining us today Stephen
تصفح المزيد من مقاطع الفيديو ذات الصلة
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)