VARC1000 (Season 1) RC Lesson #9 : Application based questions-1
Summary
TLDRThis educational video script discusses the concept of inference in reading comprehension. It clarifies that inference involves drawing conclusions based on existing information, not mere speculation. The script provides examples to illustrate how to make valid inferences from passages, emphasizing the need for critical thinking and careful evaluation of information. It also guides viewers on how to discern true inferences from false ones, using the context and details provided in the text.
Takeaways
- 📚 Inference in reading comprehension involves drawing conclusions based on the information provided in the passage, without making guesses or speculations.
- 🔍 The definition of inference is a conclusion drawn from existing information, which should be a valid and true conclusion based on the passage.
- 🤔 Application-based questions require critical reading and thinking to combine information from the passage and draw true inferences.
- 🚫 Inference should not be confused with speculation; it must be a conclusion that can be proven true by the passage's content.
- 🔑 The strategy for answering inference-based questions is similar to other types of reading comprehension questions, focusing on the information in the passage.
- 🌰 Examples provided in the script illustrate how to draw inferences from statements, such as deducing mortality from being human or the likelihood of being right-handed.
- ❌ When evaluating answer choices, eliminate options that contradict the passage or make broad, uncertain claims not supported by the text.
- 🍏 The script uses the analogy of homocysteine levels and stroke risk to demonstrate how to connect information and make valid inferences.
- 📉 The importance of critically evaluating each choice in inference-based questions is emphasized to avoid mistakes and ensure the conclusion is true.
- 🎓 The script touches on the influence of philosophers like Hume, highlighting how their work can be understood in the context of their era.
- 🧐 The final takeaway is the reminder that inference should be based on the passage and should not require additional assumptions beyond what is provided.
Q & A
What are application-based questions in the context of reading comprehension?
-Application-based questions are those that require a bit of effort to draw certain information or inferences from the passage. They may ask which position the author is likely to support, or if there is a situation analogous to the one mentioned in the passage, or require understanding the contextual meaning of a word used in the passage.
What is the common misconception about inference in reading comprehension?
-The common misconception is that inference should not be mentioned in the passage and is something that is not stated but inferred by the reader. However, the correct understanding is that inference is a conclusion drawn from the information already provided in the passage.
What does the dictionary definition of 'inference' suggest about the information used for inference?
-The dictionary definition of 'inference' suggests that it is a conclusion drawn about something by using the information that one already has, which in the context of reading comprehension, is the information provided in the passage.
Why is it important to distinguish between a valid inference and a guess or speculation?
-It is important to distinguish between a valid inference and a guess or speculation because a valid inference must be true based on the passage, whereas a guess or speculation may not necessarily be supported by the information provided.
Can you provide an example of a valid inference based on the given statements about humans and mortality?
-An example of a valid inference is if the passage states that all humans are mortal and Raj is a human, then one can validly infer that Raj is mortal.
What is the difference between a valid inference and a likely inference, using the example of handedness among humans?
-A valid inference would be that if 90% of humans are right-handed and Raj is human, it is likely, but not certain, that Raj is right-handed. A valid inference must be true based on the passage, while a likely inference suggests a probability but is not guaranteed to be true.
How can the concept of inference be applied to a question about homocysteine levels and stroke risk?
-Inference can be applied by combining information from the passage about the correlation between high homocysteine levels and stroke risk, and the fact that consuming more folic acid and vitamin B12 can lower homocysteine levels, to infer that higher folic acid intake may reduce the risk of stroke.
What is the key to answering inference-based questions correctly?
-The key to answering inference-based questions correctly is to critically read and think about the information given in the passage, combine relevant pieces of information, and draw a true conclusion based on the passage without making assumptions or guesses.
Why is it important to critically evaluate each answer choice when answering inference-based questions?
-It is important to critically evaluate each answer choice to ensure that the inference drawn is true and directly supported by the passage, and to avoid making incorrect assumptions or choosing answers that are too broad or not supported by the information given.
How can the strategy used for answering inference-based questions be applied to other types of reading comprehension questions?
-The same strategy of carefully analyzing the information in the passage and drawing conclusions based solely on that information can be applied to other types of reading comprehension questions, as the fundamental goal is to understand and interpret the text accurately.
What is the significance of critical reading and thinking in the context of inference-based questions?
-Critical reading and thinking are significant in the context of inference-based questions because they allow the reader to combine information from the passage and make a true inference, which may require a deeper understanding of the text and the ability to connect different pieces of information.
Outlines
📚 Understanding Inference in Reading Comprehension
This paragraph introduces the concept of inference in the context of reading comprehension. It clarifies that inference is not about guessing but about drawing valid conclusions based on the information provided in the text. The speaker uses examples to illustrate how to make inferences, such as deducing that 'Raj is mortal' from the statements 'All humans are mortal' and 'Raj is human.' The importance of distinguishing between true inferences and mere possibilities is emphasized, with the latter often indicated by words like 'likely.' The paragraph sets the stage for a deeper exploration of inference in subsequent lessons.
🔍 Critical Reading and Inference-Based Questions
The second paragraph delves into the process of answering inference-based questions in reading comprehension. It emphasizes the need for critical reading and thinking to arrive at true conclusions that are supported by the passage. The speaker provides an example involving the correlation between homocysteine levels and stroke risk, illustrating how to combine information from the text to make valid inferences. The paragraph also discusses how to eliminate incorrect answer choices by comparing them with the information given in the passage, highlighting the importance of not making assumptions beyond what is stated.
🤔 Evaluating Statements for Logical Inference
This paragraph continues the discussion on inference by examining the process of evaluating statements for logical inference from a given passage. The speaker uses a passage about China's challenges and various statements to illustrate how to critically assess each option and avoid mistakes. The focus is on understanding the nuances of the information provided and recognizing when a statement goes beyond what is supported by the text, such as making broad generalizations or assuming details not mentioned in the passage.
🧐 The Art of Making Accurate Inferences
The final paragraph wraps up the discussion on inference by emphasizing the importance of accuracy and the careful evaluation of options. Using a passage about Hume's influence, the speaker demonstrates how to identify true statements and avoid those that overgeneralize or misinterpret the information. The paragraph reinforces the idea that inference should be based on the text alone, without adding unwarranted assumptions, and that the same principles apply to all types of reading comprehension questions.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Application Based Questions
💡Inference
💡Critical Reading
💡Homocysteine
💡Folic Acid
💡Vitamin B12
💡Reading Comprehension
💡Empiricism
💡Philosophy
💡Contemporary Scientists
💡Qualitative Analysis
Highlights
Application-based questions require effort to draw inferences and extract contextual meanings from passages.
Inference is a conclusion drawn using existing information, not mere speculation.
An inference must be a valid and true conclusion based on the passage.
Critical reading and thinking are essential for combining information to draw true inferences.
The strategy for inference-based questions is similar to other reading comprehension questions.
An example illustrates that if all humans are mortal and Raj is human, one can infer that Raj is mortal.
A high level of homocysteine in the blood may indicate a higher risk of stroke among heart disease patients.
Folic acid and vitamin B12 can effectively lower homocysteine levels, potentially reducing stroke risk.
Natural sources of folic acid and vitamin B12 include citrus fruits, tomatoes, vegetables, and grain products.
Inference questions often involve evaluating answer choices against the passage for truthfulness.
An example of a false inference is correlating a decreased risk of stroke with low levels of homocysteine.
China's challenges may be more obvious to outsiders than its own citizens, according to the passage.
Critical evaluation is necessary to avoid mistakes in inference-based questions.
Hume's influence on intellectual culture is significant, including all areas of philosophy and various scientific disciplines.
Hume's philosophy should be understood in the context of the 18th century early modern era.
The key takeaway for inference-based questions is to evaluate whether an option is true based on the passage.
Transcripts
in the in the next series of lessons we
will look at
application based questions when i talk
about application based question these
are questions which
uh we should have to do a little bit of
effort in in figuring out
uh drawing certain information
or or inferences from the passage could
be a question which asked which of the
following the author
is likely to support or the situation
given is there any situation which is
analogous to the situation that is
mentioned in the passage or any
inference that you can draw
there is a word there is there is a what
is a
contextual meaning of the word that is
used there okay things like that
now while solving uh these kind of
question
we tend to believe that we have to do
something very different
from the usual questions actually that
is not the case
so in this lesson to start with we'll
start with inference and i'm going to
talk about basics of inference
right one of the things that happens
with inference that i've heard that
inference should not be mentioned in the
passage it it
is something that is not mentioned in
the passage is something that you infer
i don't understand what that means do
you not mention
somewhere but i have to figure out what
that is that doesn't make any sense
does it so this if you look at the
definition of inference
the inference says from the dictionary
says inference is a conclusion that you
draw
about something by using the information
that you already have wanted
influence the act of drawing conclusion
about something on the basis of
information that you already have
so the only thing so you already have
information that you already have about
it that is basically
your passage
right that's basically a passage the
only addition that i am going to do
uh from the context of reading
comprehension is there that
is a is let me say it's a is it's a true
conclusion
that you draw or or is a valid
conclusion that you are going to draw
or drawing valid or true conclusion it's
not a guess it's not a speculation it
must be true based on this passage
it must be true let me give an example
it's for example if i if i
take two statements if i say that all
humans
are mortal and the second statement says
raj is human
what inference can you draw and i am
sure that he will draw the inference
that raj is mortal
and you would say and you would agree
with me that is true
if these two things are true this one is
true
right let me take another example let me
say that
ninety percentage of humans
are right handed
nine and then you say raj is human
can you draw an inference here that raj
is right handed
would it be true not necessarily
but you can now you can draw the
difference here
that raj is likely
to be right handed
or that word likely should make it okay
so so what is therefore difference all
that is checking is
whether or not something is true let me
let me think of more
examples let's say that if i say that a
is greater than b
can you draw some inference something
that is true yes
if a is greater than b you can draw the
inference that is not
equal to b true absolutely true
you can draw the influence that b is
less than a
yeah so this would be statement which is
true you might say that is obvious
yeah but that's what it is it is true so
if i if i look at
things like let's say another one
let's take another example here if i say
that a
and b are celebrating
their 15th
wedding anniversary
let's say this sunday or somewhere
can you draw a conclusion or inference
the fact that a and b are married
you would say that is obvious but that
would be a true inference
so all that you're checking at the end
of the day with respect to inference
is whether or not something that is true
that's that's what you're checking in
fact every single reading comprehension
question you have to look at the
information
and slow solely the information the
passage and
and draw stuff from there so the same
thing that you did
or the strategy that we have adopted for
other type of question the being
strategy or anything
would apply to influence based question
as well
just that inference based question you
might have to combine couple of
information that is given
in the passage and then take out a true
inference out of it
so that might take a little bit of
critical reading critical thinking
but nevertheless the answer the the the
the option the right answer choice must
be something that is true
let's look at a few example let's look
at this case
okay so the question say which of the
following can be inferred from the
passage
high level of home of an amino acid
called homocysteine found in the blood
may be a strong indicator of stroke risk
among people with heart disease
a new study shows that heart patients
with highest homosexual level are
more than four times as likely to suffer
almost
most common type of stroke when compared
to those lowest homocysteine level
so the basically basically the
information number one is saying
higher the homocysteine level ah
likely higher likelihood of stroke is
high
or conversely lower the homocysteine
level
the likelihood of stroke is low
that's what the information number one
says uh number two
uh even after accounting for other
factors that affects stroke rates and
homosystem levels
studies have shown that homocysteine
levels can be effectively lowered by
consuming more folic acid and vitamin
b12
number two is saying that if you have
folic acid
more more folic acid
and if you have more vitamin uh b12
this this can help in reduction of
homocysteine level
and you already see that there is some
obvious conclusion that you can draw
a reduction homocysteine level then lead
to lower number of uh
likelihood of stroke will be reduced so
higher the for folic acid lowers this
uh risk of stroke so that is combining
these two things
and then it says the natural sources of
these nutrients includes citrus fruits
tomatoes vegetables and grain products
so so
those fruit and vegetable has got those
in the ingredients for more folic acid
and vitamin b12 so you can kind of
connect all of this
and make draw some true inferences okay
let's look at each answer choice and see
what each of them is saying
number one an increased risk of stroke
is correlated with low levels of
homocysteine
the increased risk of stroke is
correlated with low levels of
homocysteine
you will see here that this is inversely
proportional
while the information given says those
are directly proportional
you would then see that this one is
definitely a false answer choice
or something that contradicts what is
given in the passage you eliminate it
next one a discrete decrease the risk of
stroke is correlated with increased
level of folic acid
decreased risk of stroke
increased level of folic acid
we go there yes uh increase folic acid
decrease homocysteine decrease
homocysteine decreases the score
so the increase level of folic acid
decreased level of stroke
that information is something that you
can say is true
based on what is given in the passage so
this should be your right answer choice
we can check the other spell
vitamin b12 contains folic acid
that's weird here it says low consuming
folic acid
and vitamin b12 there seems to be
no specific connection between these two
things apart from the fact that those
things are given
independently to say that one contains
another one
would be something that is alien to the
whole discussion uncertain
therefore we can element that as a
choice as well the fourth one says
stroke is prevented
by ingestion of folic acid prevent it
that is extreme
now with the passage something can be
stopped it's just that likelihood may
reduce
risk may come down so this is an extreme
answer choice this will be incorrect
your answer choice is right and choice
is number two so whatever
uh strategy that we adopted here to
eliminate the answer choice is the same
for all other kind of passages or all
the other kind of questions that we
solved so far so your brain will still
work
so it is not like you have to do
something very different or think very
differently when it comes to an
inference based question
let us look at one more example
here is a passage that is given there
are three statements that is given
and you look at which statement can be
logically infer from the passage ok let
us start with the
passage china's challenges may be more
obvious to outsiders
than it so than it than to its own
citizens
over the last year officials have
portrayed the country are strong enough
to weather the trade war and right uh
slowing chinese economy
yet even as the party remains firmly in
control within the country
there are pockets of descent ranging
from support for the
for the protesters in hong kong to real
criticism finding intellectuals or even
from those within
the party great let's look at each
statement
one thing that you will have to do with
respect to this influence based question
is that you have to critically look at
the statement unlike up now
our main idea questions okay this is a
little more critical you have to go back
and evaluate very carefully these other
choices
so that you don't make any mistake right
let's look at the first one
the awareness of china's challenges may
be
less less noticeable to its citizens
than in non-citizen
what's given here this is from this
first sentence right
can you the first sentence here uh this
sentence here
that's actually saying this china
challenges may be more obvious to
outsiders whatever the channel
challenges
and the word maybe is there the word
maybe is that that is a good one okay
that's good
so we have uh china challenges china
challenges may be
may be pretty good more obvious to our
trader than own citizen this is a
more obvious top trader than owned
citizen this one is saying
less noticeable for citizen and non than
non-citizens
so from here obviously you can uh infer
that is going to be c is going to be
less than o
or in this case would be non-citizen
which is fair so this one
would be something that you can say is
true if a is greater than b
b should be less than a so this one is
fine
second one there are many chinese
citizens that support the protesters in
hong kong
oh there's a word many you have to be
careful with all these
qualifiers many most okay what is given
is
there are pockets of descent ranging
from support for the
producers in hong kong that's a pocket
of descent from pork contamination
can you say that there are many so this
is this is broad
so you can eliminate as a choice number
two number three
chinese party is currently facing
certain challenges it is true that china
is facing challenger
it is also true that the party is facing
challenges
but can you say this particular party
is a chinese party
is there a thing called chinese party in
the passage not mentioned i don't know
the name of this party
but randomly picking a name called
chinese party
or you could say the party that rules
china that could have been a
that would have been okay the current
ruling party of china
that's also facilified okay but you just
call it chinese party
it's like that indian government
is doing a great job the indian party is
doing a great job
what is indian party right so this one
would be something that will be
not true or uncertain in this case
therefore the only thing that you can
infer
is the first one that's it
let's look at the last one here you
realize that
the moral mode you solve is exactly the
same thing that you look at don't
break ahead trying to look at things
that is actually not mentioned i have to
do something extra
no need we look with the same uh
principle that we'll follow i just need
the things to be too based on the
passage right
so let's look at this one hume's
influence on intellectual culture is
massive
this includes all areas of philosophy
and a variety of scientific
disciplines
a poll connected with professional
philosophers
a few years ago asked them to name the
philosopher no longer living
with whom they most identify hume one
by a clear margin in julian back in his
estimation
contemporary scientists who often have
little time for philosophy
often make an exception for hume before
saying
more about hume's permanent relevance we
should go back to the 18th century early
modern context
his influence is due to his radical
empiricism which can't be fully
understood without examining the era
in which he worked and if you actually
look at these answers all of them looks
deceptively uh right ones but are
this thing will still work right
so you have uh
the first one which of the following is
best supported
best supported by the information that
is given in the passage
number one most professional
philosophers identify themselves with
hume
okay whenever you have the word here so
what has happened here
okay a poll this is taken with a poll
conducted with professional philosophers
a few were asked to name the philosopher
no longer living
with whom they must identify who hume
one is a clear margin
please understand this this is limited
to a pole
this is basically a pole that is
conducted and
and that is and this is making a much
more
broader generalized statement this is
the information given is based on the
poll
now this is trying to draw inference for
the entire population
this is too broad that's what is
happening there is based on
pole ok this is not the case
okay and let's look at the second one
hume is an 18th century uh
philosophers okay so one is one you
start looking at
is humor philosopher it says that uh
a poor kind of professional philosophers
uh a few years ago i asked him to name
the philosopher
no longer living hume one so this part
is fine the hume happens to be a
philosopher
this part is fine now the question is is
hume the 18th century philosopher the
18th century is actually mentioned here
okay
before saying more about hume's
permanent relevance
we should go back to the
uh 18th century early modern context
okay so here is saying that to
understand
hume's philosophy we should go back
to 18th century
that's what the tax has been says his
influence is due to his radical imperism
which can't be fully understood without
examining the era in which it worked
without examining the era in which
he worked
so when we combine these two statement
it is kind of obvious
that he actually is hume is an 18th
century philosopher
okay so this is fine
so is he saying that if the problem we
should go back we should we should go
back to the 18th century pre
early modern context his influence due
to his radical which can't be filled
without examining
the era in which he worked so combining
these two statements is very clear that
he is an 18th century philosopher
this is fine countably scientists do not
consider philosophy to be important
in this case what is happening is that
contemporary scientists
have have little time for philosophy
just because they have little
time for philosophy can i say that do
not consider philosophy to be important
just because i have little time
for something doesn't mean that i don't
consider anything important
that is too much of a stress that is not
a true statement that requires a lot of
assumption to be added
okay so this one is too much of a
stretch so this one
is it would be something that won't be
certain
humor has significant influence in
shaping philosophy now this
is a tricky option pretty tricky
in the sense that hume's influence
influence
is massive okay a huge influence on
intellectual cultural message this
includes all areas of
philosophy and hume has influence on
areas of philosophy that is true okay
now the question is does he have an
influence in shaping philosophy
did the philosophy change because of him
what kind of influence
did he have that is not mentioned this
this whole thing by saying that in
shaping philosophy
has narrowed the context
okay talking about the word over shaping
philosophy therefore
this is an uncertain answer choice so
even though this one is slightly
more tricky than the previous one you
you can still apply
the things that we learned so the uh the
the key thing about inference based
question that take away is that
yes inference should be something that
is not explicitly stated
ah must be something that is derived
from the information given to you
that is all fine but but but
my take is don't evaluate option like
that you
simply evaluate the option which says
that something is true
so for example if i say that i've been
teaching for the last
20 years now can you infer that i'm a
teacher
i'm saying i'm i've been teaching last
20 years if you say that no no no i
can't infer it
because it's because because it is not
obvious it's a crazy it is no you can't
infer it
so i'm just saying that don't bother
about whether something is stated not
stated
you just evaluate whether something is
true or not so the same thing
the same thing that we do with respect
other type of reading comprehension
question
applies in this case as well we will see
that by actually
solving certain passages see in the next
lesson
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