👑 La CRISIS de la RESTAURACIÓN (1902-1931) | Historia de España

Summary

In this video, Miguel Fernández Collado from the Futuro Sobresalientes channel discusses the history subject focusing on Alfonso XIII and the crisis of the Restoration period from 1902 to 1931. The video covers the constitutional reign of Alfonso XIII, highlighting key political figures, reforms, and crises, including the Tragic Week and the crisis of 1917. It also delves into the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, detailing his policies, economic developments, and eventual downfall. The video concludes by discussing the opposition to the monarchy and the events leading to the end of Alfonso XIII's reign.

Takeaways

• 👑 The reign of Alfonso XIII from 1902 to 1923 was marked by the constitutional monarchy and the turnismo between the Conservative and Liberal parties.
• 🔍 Antonio Maura from the Conservative party attempted to end caciquismo by modifying electoral and local administration laws, but was unsuccessful.
• 🛠 José Canalejas from the Liberal party implemented social reforms, yet his most controversial measure was the 'lock law' restricting the establishment of new religious orders in Spain.
• 📊 The Liberal and Conservative parties became less representative as the Catalan and Basque bourgeoisie started supporting nationalist parties like the Lliga Regionalista and the Basque Nationalist Party.
• 🗳️ Middle classes and workers began to vote for Republicans, the Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), and unions like UGT, EFE, and MP gained significant strength.
• 💥 The 'Tragic Week' of 1909 in Barcelona was triggered by the conscription of the poor for the war in Morocco, as the wealthy could pay to avoid military service.
• 🤝 The 1917 crisis was characterized by military discontent over promotions, political protests for Catalan autonomy, and a general strike called by the unions.
• 🏭 Between 1919 and 1923, the influence of the Russian Revolution led to intensified labor protests, to which employers responded by closing businesses and hiring gunmen, and the government with police repression.
• 🚩 In response to the crisis, bourgeois political parties and even the Liga collaborated in governments of concept, but instability persisted.
• 🗡 General Miguel Primo de Rivera's coup in 1923, with the king's approval, led to a military dictatorship where he abolished the constitution, dissolved the courts, and banned political parties and unions.
• 🏗️ Primo de Rivera's regime saw economic prosperity and public works, including road construction and dams, and the establishment of state monopolies in telecommunications and oil supply.
• 📉 Criticism of the regime grew from 1927, leading to the king withdrawing support and Primo de Rivera's resignation in 1930, which was followed by the restoration of the 1876 constitution and municipal elections in 1931.
• 📜 The opposition to the monarchy was strong by 1931, considering Alfonso XIII complicit in the dictatorship, leading to the signing of the Pact of San Sebastian by Republicans, Socialists, and Catalanists to overthrow the monarchy.

Q & A

Who was the main subject of the video script?

The main subject of the video script is the historical period of Alfonso XIII's reign and the crisis of the Restoration from 1902 to 1931 in Spain.

What was the significance of the year 1902 in the context of the script?

In 1902, Alfonso XIII was declared of age, and the Constitution of 1876 continued to be in force, marking the beginning of his constitutional reign.

What political practice is referred to as 'turnismo' in the script?

'Turnismo' refers to the political practice where the Conservative and Liberal parties alternated in power.

Which two political figures stood out in the Conservative and Liberal parties respectively during Alfonso XIII's reign?

Antonio Maura stood out in the Conservative party, and José Canalejas in the Liberal party.

What was the main goal of Antonio Maura's electoral law and local administration reforms?

Antonio Maura aimed to end caciquismo, a form of local political bossism, through electoral law and local administration reforms, but he did not succeed.

What controversial measure was implemented by José Canalejas during his term?

José Canalejas implemented the controversial 'ley del candado' (lock law), which limited the establishment of new religious orders in Spain.

What social and political changes were taking place among the bourgeoisie and workers during the period discussed in the script?

The bourgeoisie from Catalonia and the Basque Country began to support nationalist parties, while middle classes and workers voted for Republicans, the PSOE, and unions gained significant strength.

What significant event occurred in 1909 that is mentioned in the script?

The 'Semana Trágica' or 'Tragic Week' occurred in 1909, an uprising in Barcelona triggered by the dispatch of popular classes to the war in Morocco, as the wealthy classes paid to avoid military service.

What was the outcome of the 1921 Annual defeat in the Moroccan War mentioned in the script?

The defeat resulted in the death of over 10,000 Spaniards and led to accusations of negligence against several military commanders, which eventually led to a coup by General Miguel Primo de Rivera.

What were the main actions taken by Primo de Rivera after establishing the military dictatorship from 1923 to 1930?

Primo de Rivera abolished the constitution, dissolved the Cortes, prohibited political parties and unions, and ended the war in Morocco. He also focused on economic prosperity, public works, industrial promotion, and the creation of state monopolies in telecommunications and oil supply.

What was the political consequence of the economic prosperity and public works during Primo de Rivera's dictatorship?

Despite the economic prosperity and public works, the regime began to be criticized by intellectuals, students, workers, and nationalist groups from 1927 onwards, leading to King Alfonso XIII withdrawing his support and Primo de Rivera resigning in 1930.

What political agreement was signed in 1930 with the aim of overthrowing the monarchy, as mentioned in the script?

The Pact of San Sebastian was signed in 1930 by political parties including Republicans, Socialists, and Catalanists, with the objective of overthrowing the monarchy.