👑 La CRISIS de la RESTAURACIÓN (1902-1931) | Historia de España

Clases Particulares en Ávila

21 Apr 202205:50

Summary

TLDRIn this video, Miguel Fernández Collado from the Futuro Sobresalientes channel discusses the history subject focusing on Alfonso XIII and the crisis of the Restoration period from 1902 to 1931. The video covers the constitutional reign of Alfonso XIII, highlighting key political figures, reforms, and crises, including the Tragic Week and the crisis of 1917. It also delves into the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, detailing his policies, economic developments, and eventual downfall. The video concludes by discussing the opposition to the monarchy and the events leading to the end of Alfonso XIII's reign.

Takeaways

👑 The reign of Alfonso XIII from 1902 to 1923 was marked by the constitutional monarchy and the turnismo between the Conservative and Liberal parties.
🔍 Antonio Maura from the Conservative party attempted to end caciquismo by modifying electoral and local administration laws, but was unsuccessful.
🛠 José Canalejas from the Liberal party implemented social reforms, yet his most controversial measure was the 'lock law' restricting the establishment of new religious orders in Spain.
📊 The Liberal and Conservative parties became less representative as the Catalan and Basque bourgeoisie started supporting nationalist parties like the Lliga Regionalista and the Basque Nationalist Party.
🗳️ Middle classes and workers began to vote for Republicans, the Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), and unions like UGT, EFE, and MP gained significant strength.
💥 The 'Tragic Week' of 1909 in Barcelona was triggered by the conscription of the poor for the war in Morocco, as the wealthy could pay to avoid military service.
🤝 The 1917 crisis was characterized by military discontent over promotions, political protests for Catalan autonomy, and a general strike called by the unions.
🏭 Between 1919 and 1923, the influence of the Russian Revolution led to intensified labor protests, to which employers responded by closing businesses and hiring gunmen, and the government with police repression.
🚩 In response to the crisis, bourgeois political parties and even the Liga collaborated in governments of concept, but instability persisted.
🗡 General Miguel Primo de Rivera's coup in 1923, with the king's approval, led to a military dictatorship where he abolished the constitution, dissolved the courts, and banned political parties and unions.
🏗️ Primo de Rivera's regime saw economic prosperity and public works, including road construction and dams, and the establishment of state monopolies in telecommunications and oil supply.
📉 Criticism of the regime grew from 1927, leading to the king withdrawing support and Primo de Rivera's resignation in 1930, which was followed by the restoration of the 1876 constitution and municipal elections in 1931.
📜 The opposition to the monarchy was strong by 1931, considering Alfonso XIII complicit in the dictatorship, leading to the signing of the Pact of San Sebastian by Republicans, Socialists, and Catalanists to overthrow the monarchy.

Q & A

Who was the main subject of the video script?
-The main subject of the video script is the historical period of Alfonso XIII's reign and the crisis of the Restoration from 1902 to 1931 in Spain.
What was the significance of the year 1902 in the context of the script?
-In 1902, Alfonso XIII was declared of age, and the Constitution of 1876 continued to be in force, marking the beginning of his constitutional reign.
What political practice is referred to as 'turnismo' in the script?
-'Turnismo' refers to the political practice where the Conservative and Liberal parties alternated in power.
Which two political figures stood out in the Conservative and Liberal parties respectively during Alfonso XIII's reign?
-Antonio Maura stood out in the Conservative party, and José Canalejas in the Liberal party.
What was the main goal of Antonio Maura's electoral law and local administration reforms?
-Antonio Maura aimed to end caciquismo, a form of local political bossism, through electoral law and local administration reforms, but he did not succeed.
What controversial measure was implemented by José Canalejas during his term?
-José Canalejas implemented the controversial 'ley del candado' (lock law), which limited the establishment of new religious orders in Spain.
What social and political changes were taking place among the bourgeoisie and workers during the period discussed in the script?
-The bourgeoisie from Catalonia and the Basque Country began to support nationalist parties, while middle classes and workers voted for Republicans, the PSOE, and unions gained significant strength.
What significant event occurred in 1909 that is mentioned in the script?
-The 'Semana Trágica' or 'Tragic Week' occurred in 1909, an uprising in Barcelona triggered by the dispatch of popular classes to the war in Morocco, as the wealthy classes paid to avoid military service.
What was the outcome of the 1921 Annual defeat in the Moroccan War mentioned in the script?
-The defeat resulted in the death of over 10,000 Spaniards and led to accusations of negligence against several military commanders, which eventually led to a coup by General Miguel Primo de Rivera.
What were the main actions taken by Primo de Rivera after establishing the military dictatorship from 1923 to 1930?
-Primo de Rivera abolished the constitution, dissolved the Cortes, prohibited political parties and unions, and ended the war in Morocco. He also focused on economic prosperity, public works, industrial promotion, and the creation of state monopolies in telecommunications and oil supply.
What was the political consequence of the economic prosperity and public works during Primo de Rivera's dictatorship?
-Despite the economic prosperity and public works, the regime began to be criticized by intellectuals, students, workers, and nationalist groups from 1927 onwards, leading to King Alfonso XIII withdrawing his support and Primo de Rivera resigning in 1930.
What political agreement was signed in 1930 with the aim of overthrowing the monarchy, as mentioned in the script?
-The Pact of San Sebastian was signed in 1930 by political parties including Republicans, Socialists, and Catalanists, with the objective of overthrowing the monarchy.

Outlines

00:00

🏛️ Alfonso XIII and the Restoration Crisis (1902-1931)

This paragraph delves into the reign of Alfonso XIII, focusing on the constitutional monarchy from 1902 to 1923 and the political dynamics of the era. It highlights the turnismo, where the Conservative and Liberal parties alternated in power, with Antonio Maura and José Canalejas being prominent figures. Maura attempted to end local corruption by modifying electoral and local administration laws, while Canalejas implemented social reforms but faced controversy over the 'Padlock Law' restricting new religious orders. The paragraph also touches on the decline of traditional parties, the rise of nationalist and republican movements, and the significant crises including the Tragic Week of 1909, the 1917 crisis involving military discontent and political protests, and the radicalization of the labor movement influenced by the Russian Revolution. The response of the bourgeoisie parties and the Liga to these crises, culminating in the collaboration in governments of concept, is also summarized.

05:02

👑 The Primo de Rivera Dictatorship and the Prelude to the Second Republic

The second paragraph examines the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera, which began after the 1923 military coup approved by King Alfonso XIII. It details the dictator's actions, such as the abolition of the constitution, dissolution of the courts, and prohibition of political parties and trade unions. The paragraph also discusses the end of the Moroccan War in 1927 following the successful Alhucemas landing in 1925. The economic prosperity of the 1920s allowed for numerous public works, industrial promotion, and the establishment of state monopolies in telecommunications and oil supply. However, criticism of the regime began to grow from 1927, leading to King Alfonso XIII withdrawing his support for Primo de Rivera, who resigned in January 1930. The subsequent formation of a new government by the King led to the restoration of the 1876 constitution and the calling of municipal elections for April 1931. The paragraph concludes with the growing opposition to the monarchy, culminating in the signing of the Pact of San Sebastian in 1930 by republicans, socialists, and Catalanists, aiming to overthrow the monarchy.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Alfonso XIII

Alfonso XIII was the King of Spain from 1886 to 1931. His reign, particularly from 1902 to 1923, is a central theme in the video, highlighting his constitutional monarchy and the political dynamics of the era. The script mentions his declaration of majority in 1902 and the continuation of the 1876 Constitution, setting the stage for the political events discussed.

💡Restoration Crisis

The Restoration Crisis refers to the period of political instability in Spain from 1902 to 1931. The video discusses this as the overarching theme, detailing the various crises and political shifts that occurred during Alfonso XIII's reign, including the tragic week of 1909 and the radicalization of the labor movement influenced by the Russian Revolution.

💡Turnismo

Turnismo was a political practice in Spain where the Conservative and Liberal parties alternated in power. The script mentions this as a significant aspect of Spanish politics during Alfonso XIII's early reign, with figures like Antonio Maura and José Canalejas representing their respective parties.

💡Caciquismo

Caciquismo refers to a system of local political bossism or clientelism in Spain. In the script, it is mentioned that Antonio Maura attempted to end this system by modifying electoral and local administration laws, although he was not successful.

💡Ley del Candado

The Ley del Candado, or 'Padlock Law,' was a controversial measure that limited the establishment of new religious orders in Spain. The video script highlights this as one of José Canalejas' reforms, indicating the political and social tensions of the time.

💡Nationalist Parties

Nationalist parties, such as the Lliga Regionalista and the Basque Nationalist Party, gained support from the Catalan and Basque bourgeoisie as mentioned in the script. This reflects the growing regionalist movements and the diversification of political representation in Spain during the period.

💡Republican and Socialist Parties

The script refers to the rise of the Republican and Socialist parties, which were supported by middle classes and workers. This indicates a shift in the political landscape, with new ideologies gaining traction and contributing to the political instability of the Restoration Crisis.

💡Sindicalismo

Sindicalismo, or syndicalism, is the practice of labor unions engaging in political and social struggles. The video mentions the growth of unions like UGT, EFE, and MP, which played a significant role in the labor movement and the various crises discussed, such as the general strike in 1917.

💡Dictadura de Primo de Rivera

The dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera is a key period in the video, marked by the military coup in 1923 and the subsequent establishment of a military dictatorship. The script details Primo de Rivera's actions, such as the abolition of the constitution and the prohibition of political parties and unions, and his eventual resignation in 1930.

💡Pacto de San Sebastián

The Pact of San Sebastian was an agreement signed in 1930 by various political factions with the goal of overthrowing the monarchy. The script mentions this as a culmination of opposition to King Alfonso XIII, indicating the growing sentiment against the monarchy and setting the stage for significant political change.

💡Economic Prosperity

The video script mentions the economic prosperity of the 1920s, which allowed the Primo de Rivera dictatorship to maintain power. This prosperity is contrasted with the political repression and the eventual criticism of the regime by intellectuals, students, and workers, highlighting the complex dynamics of the period.

Highlights

Introduction to the history class by Miguel Fernández Collado on Alfonso XIII and the Restoration Crisis from 1902 to 1931.

Alfonso XIII's reign from 1902 to 1923 under the 1876 Constitution with the Conservative and Liberal parties alternating in power.

Antonio Maura's attempts to end caciquismo by modifying electoral and local administration laws.

José Canalejas' social reforms and the controversial 'Padlock Law' limiting new religious orders in Spain.

Decline in representativeness of Liberal and Conservative parties as Catalan and Basque bourgeoisie support nationalist parties.

Growth of republican, socialist, and trade union movements among the middle classes and workers.

The 'Tragic Week' of 1909 in Barcelona, sparked by the conscription of the poor for the Moroccan War.

1917 Crisis involving military discontent, political protests for Catalan autonomy, and a general strike.

Radicalization of the workers' movement between 1919 and 1923 influenced by the Russian Revolution.

Employers' response to intensified labor protests with business closures and hiring of gunmen.

Collaboration of bourgeois political parties and the Liga in governments of concept to address instability.

Dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera from 1923 to 1930 following the defeat in the Moroccan War.

Primo de Rivera's military dictatorship, abolishing the Constitution, dissolving the Cortes, and banning political parties and unions.

End of the Moroccan War in 1927 after the successful Alhucemas landing in 1925.

Economic prosperity during the dictatorship, with public works, industry promotion, and state monopolies in telecommunications and oil supply.

Criticism of the regime from intellectuals, students, workers, and nationalist groups starting in 1927.

King Alfonso XIII's withdrawal of support for Primo de Rivera leading to his resignation in January 1930.

Restoration of the 1876 Constitution and municipal elections in April 1931 amidst strong opposition to the monarchy.

The signing of the Pact of San Sebastian in 1930 by republicans, socialists, and Catalanists to overthrow the monarchy.